Radial head fractures are among the most common fractures in adults. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the use of radial head arthroplasty (RHA) for both traumatic and post-traumatic injuries. However, current literature on long-term outcomes after RHA remains scarce. The main objective of this study was to evaluate long-term implant survival and clinical outcomes following RHA. The secondary aim was to compare outcomes between press-fit and cemented implants. All patients who underwent primary RHA, using the Radial Head System (Tornier SAS, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France), between 2005 and 2022 at a single high-volume trauma center were retrospectively reviewed. A minimum follow-up of two years was required for inclusion. At final clinical follow-up, visual analogue scores (VAS) for pain, the Mayo elbow performance index (MEPI), and range of motion were assessed. Revision surgery was defined as any surgery in which the prosthesis was removed or replaced. Implant survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A total of 68 patients were included in this study, with 48 (71%) being female. Press-fitted implants were used in the majority of patients (n=40, 59%). Median follow-up was 7.7 [IQR: 3.3-12.1] years. Overall implant survival at 15-years follow-up was 79% [95% CI: 70-90]. Cemented implants demonstrated superior 15-year implant survival compared to press-fitted implants 93% [95% CI: 84-100) vs 70% [95% CI: 57-86], p= 0.028). Revision rate was 17.6% with a median time to revision of 12.8 [IQR: 7.4-20.5] months. At the final follow-up, the median VAS for pain at rest and after exercise was 0 (IQR: 0-15) and 10 [IQR: 0-55], respectively. Median MEPI score was 85 (IQR: 85-100). Median flexion-extension and pronation-supination arcs were 130 (IQR: 120-135) and 150 (IQR: 140-160), respectively. Radial head arthroplasty demonstrates a 15-year survival rate of 79% [95% CI: 70-90], with cemented implants showing superior outcomes compared to press-fitted implants. Despite a relatively high early revision rate, long-term patient-reported outcomes measures and range of motion are positive after RHA.

Bouldering-related trauma: Injury patterns and operative burden over 10 years at a UK major trauma centre.

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an autosomal dominant skeletal disorder frequently associated with progressive forearm deformities, including ulnar shortening, radial bowing, and radial head dislocation. Ulnar lengthening using distraction osteogenesis has become the principal surgical strategy; however, outcomes, techniques, and complication profiles vary across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesize contemporary evidence on radiographic correction, functional outcomes, and complications following ulnar lengthening for HME-related forearm deformities. A systematic search of SciSpace, PubMed, and Google Scholar was performed to identify studies published between January 2015 and December 2025 evaluating ulnar lengthening in patients with HME. Observational studies reporting radiographic, functional, or complication outcomes were included. Data were extracted on patient characteristics, surgical techniques, radiographic parameters, functional outcomes, and complications. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted, with heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic. Thirty observational studies comprising 350 patients and 380 forearms were included, with a mean follow-up of 38.6 months. The pooled mean ulnar lengthening achieved was 33.8 mm (95% CI: 28.4-39.2; I2 = 68%). Significant improvements were observed in radial articular angle (mean difference - 6.3°, 95% CI: - 8.7 to - 3.9; I2 = 52%) and ulnar variance (mean difference - 15.4 mm, 95% CI: - 18.2 to - 12.6; I2 = 58%). Radial head reduction was achieved in 76% of affected forearms. Functional outcomes improved significantly, with DASH scores decreasing by a pooled mean of 12.7 points (p < 0.001). The overall complication rate was 18.1%, with most complications being minor and manageable. Ulnar lengthening via distraction osteogenesis provides effective radiographic correction and meaningful functional improvement in patients with HME-related forearm deformities, with acceptable complication rates. Monolateral external fixation is the most commonly employed technique and yields reliable outcomes. Despite encouraging results, the evidence base is limited to observational studies with heterogeneous reporting, underscoring the need for prospective studies with standardized outcome measures and longer follow-up.

Forearm deformities are common in children with hereditary multiple osteochondromatosis (HMO) and may progress during growth, leading to functional impairment. Among these deformities, radial head dislocation (RHD) represents one of the most clinically significant and potentially preventable complications. Existing classification systems are primarily descriptive and show limited reliability in guiding surveillance and treatment decisions. This study aimed to identify radiologic predictors of RHD in HMO and to develop a quantitative, clinically applicable classification system to support risk stratification during skeletal growth. A retrospective review was conducted of 143 patients (186 forearms) with HMO treated and followed between 2006 and 2024. Standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs available at the time of evaluation were evaluated for lesion distribution, proportional ulnar length (PUL), radial bowing, ulnar variance, distal radial epiphyseal angle, carpal slip, and the presence of RHD. Forearms were classified using the Masada and Jo systems. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of RHD and to construct a risk-based classification framework. Radial head dislocation was identified in 36% of forearms. Patients with RHD demonstrated substantially lower PUL compared with those without dislocation, and a PUL threshold of ≤0.89 effectively distinguished high risk from low-risk cases. Absence of a distal radius lesion was also associated with an increased likelihood of RHD, whereas radial bowing and ulnar variance were not independent predictors. Existing classification systems showed limited applicability, with a considerable proportion of forearms remaining unclassifiable. On the basis of radiologic and statistical findings, a 3-tier risk classification was developed: type A1 (PUL ≤0.89 without distal radius lesion), type A2 (PUL ≤0.89 with distal radius lesion), and type B (PUL >0.89). Proportional ulnar length is the most reliable radiographic predictor of radial head dislocation in children with HMO. Incorporating distal radius lesion status improves risk stratification and enables a practical, growth-oriented framework for surveillance and surgical decision-making in pediatric patients. This study presents one of the largest single-center HMO cohorts to propose a reproducible risk stratification system that addresses unclassifiable cases in Masada/Jo criteria and integrates distal radius lesions as a novel modifier. Level III.

Radial head replacement with intact lateral ulnar collateral ligament vs. repair and augmentation using nonabsorbable tape and anchors: a pragmatic comparative study.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder, with abnormal ciliary motility, usually due to an ultrastructural defect, with chronic airway infections. Currently, no curative therapy exists for PCD. Given the prevalence of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) among causative mutations, we evaluated a novel base-editing approach. Specifically, we used a nickase Cas9 fused to adenosine deaminase to correct mutations in the radial spoke head component 4 A (RSPH4A) gene, causing PCD. We selected two PCD patients sharing the same SNV in RSPH4A, one with compound heterozygosity (child, patient 1) and one with homozygosity (adult, patient 2). After designing gRNAs, HEK293T cells with or without a DNA fragment containing the SNV in RSPH4A, were co-transfected with base editor plasmids. Complex formation and editing efficiency were validated by Western blot and digital PCR. We then treated patient cells with AAV containing the base editors and assessed ciliary beat frequency and motion pattern using high-speed video and confocal microscopy to evaluate delivery.Base editor complexes formed efficiently in vitro. AAV-mediated delivery in patient 1 cells led to an approximately 30.4% increase in normal motion pattern, with a corresponding reduction in circular motions (p < 0.001) compared with pre-treatment, and a 20% of editing efficiency detected by dPCR in transduced cells. Our data indicate that this limited editing efficiency is due to reduced AAV penetration in the lower layers of cells.This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of base editing for PCD, though current limitations include low editing efficiency and restricted delivery to inner cell layers in our experimental model. Future work should focus on optimizing base editors and testing novel delivery strategies to target progenitor cells, thereby enhancing the prospects for personalized gene therapy in PCD.

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine whether the choice of reduction maneuver in patients presenting to the emergency department with nursemaid’s elbow influences the likelihood of recurrent dislocation. Additionally, the study sought to describe the epidemiological characteristics of these cases. Methods This retrospective study included 1359 patients diagnosed with nursemaid’s elbow who presented to the Emergency Department of Malatya Training and Research Hospital from January 2015 to June 2025. Data on demographics, side affected, radiographic evaluation, reduction maneuver, and recurrence were analyzed. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Results The median age was 2 years, with 61.2% female. Most cases (88.1%) were in the 0–3-year age group. Left-sided involvement accounted for 63.0%, right-sided involvement 37.0%. Hyperpronation was used in 68.4%, supination–flexion in 31.6%. Recurrence rate was 4.8%, higher with right elbows and supination–flexion (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion Nursemaid’s elbow was more common in children under three, particularly girls, and affected the left arm. Recurrence was lower after hyperpronation than after supination–flexion. Level of Evidence Retrospective analysis study.

While the relationship between radial head fractures (RHF) and coronoid process fractures (CPF) is biomechanically established, the exact frequency of CPF in RHF patients without focus on elbow dislocations is underexplored. To better estimate the likelihood of CPF, the analysis of typical fracture constellations is useful. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the correlation between RHF severity and the presence and type of CPF. This retrospective study analyzed 356 RHF patients, evaluating the prevalence and correlation of CPF using CT and intraoperative data. Only cases with confirmed presence or absence of CPF based on CT imaging or surgical reports were included. CPF were classified according to O'Driscoll (OD) and correlated with the severity of the RHF according to Mason (MA). Descriptive statistics and correlation using Spearman correlation were performed. CPF was observed in 42.1 % of RHF patients. 51.3 % of CPF were OD Type 1, 26% Type 2 and 10.7% Type 3. The correlation between RHF severity and CPF presence was statistically significant but weak (Spearman r = 0.19). In this study cohort, a high proportion of additional CPF were found in the presence of RHF. Although the correlation was weak, increasing RHF severity was associated with a higher likelihood of CPF. These findings emphasize that in cases of RHF, the CP should be critically examined and CT imaging should be considered in unclear cases.

This study aimed to compare anatomical parameters on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans between patients with symptomatic isolated chronic epicondylopathia humeri radialis (cER) and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that the radial head would show an increased lateral offset in patients with cER. This retrospective radiological case-control study included patients with cER (symptomatic > 6 months) from November 2020 to July 2023. The MRIs of all included patients were compared to those of healthy controls. Radiological measurements were performed in millimetres (mm): lateral humeral epicondyle prominence, radial head diameter, lateral radial head offset, lateral radial head offset ratio (lateral radial head offset/radial head diameter; %) and posterior radial head translation. Retrospective radiological case-control study. Seventy-seven elbows (37 cER/40 healthy controls) from 57 patients (37 male; age: 39.3 ± 11.2 years; body mass index: 23.0 ± 7.6) were included. There was no significant difference between groups in lateral humeral epicondyle prominence (11.7 ± 8.8 mm vs. 11.0 ± 1.6 mm, p = 0.051) or radial head diameter (22.2 ± 4.1 mm vs. 22.2 ± 3.7 mm, p = 0.779). Lateral radial head offset was significantly greater in the cER group compared with healthy controls (mean difference: 1.84 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07-2.60; p < 0.001), while the lateral radial head offset ratio did not differ significantly (21.1% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.691). Posterior radial head translation was also significantly increased in the cER group (mean difference: 4.35 mm, 95% CI = 3.72-4.98; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in ulnohumeral incongruence between groups (2.2 ± 0.6 mm vs. 2.4 ± 0.6 mm, p = 0.238). Patients with cER showed significantly higher lateral radial head offset and posterior radial head translation on MRI compared to healthy controls. This may suggest that the dynamic stabilizers are weakened in cER patients, resulting in a relative shift of the radial head towards the lateral and posterior position. Level III.

DesignRetrospective multicentre cohort study.SettingData were collected between 2015 and 2024 from the orthopaedic departments of multiple hospitals.ParticipantsAdult patients with isolated Mason type I and selected Mason type II radial head fractures (≤2 mm displacement, no mechanical block) treated nonoperatively between 2015 and 2024 were included. A total of 174 patients met the inclusion criteria and completed a minimum follow-up of 24 months.InterventionPatients were allocated to either early controlled mobilisation using a functional brace (Group 1) or delayed rehabilitation following four weeks of long-arm cast immobilisation (Group 2).Main measuresPrimary outcome measures were the Mayo Elbow Performance Score at final follow-up. Secondary outcomes included elbow range of motion, pain assessed using the visual analogue scale, time to return to work, and treatment-related complications.ResultsEarly controlled mobilisation was associated with slightly higher functional outcome scores, including the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (89.5 vs 87.0) and the Oxford Elbow Score (87.3 vs 85.0). Differences were also observed in elbow flexion (138.0° vs 134.8°), pain scores (0.67 vs 1.01), and time to return to work (10.5 vs 11.7 weeks), whereas extension loss and forearm rotation were comparable between groups. Complication rates were similar. However, the magnitude of these differences did not exceed established minimal clinically important difference thresholds.ConclusionsEarly controlled mobilisation is a safe and reasonable approach in the nonoperative management of radial head fractures. Although small differences favouring early mobilisation were observed, no clinically meaningful difference was identified between the two approaches.

Prominent metalwork remains a common source of postoperative discomfort following fixation of olecranon fractures and often leads to elective implant removal despite successful union. This study aimed to assess the incidence and pattern of symptomatic hardware prominence among different fixation methods involving tension band wiring (TBW), plate fixation, and suture constructs in a tertiary trauma center. A retrospective review was conducted of adult patients who underwent operative fixation for olecranon fractures at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, between January 2021 and July 2025. Patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 weeks were included. Both open and closed fractures were analyzed. Fixation methods included TBW, plate fixation using pre-contoured or hook plates, and high-strength fiber-suture constructs. The primary outcome was the reoperation rate, along with other fixation-related complications. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Of the 95 patients, 62 met the inclusion criteria (30 males, 32 females; mean age 57 years). The mean follow-up was 46 weeks (range, 3-42 months). TBW was used in 11 cases, plate fixation in 46, and suture fixation in five. A total of 22 patients experienced complications, of which 15 were due to prominent metalwork. Other complications requiring surgery included nonunion (1), synostosis (1), muscle hernia (1), and revision of radial head replacement (1). Three patients with loss of reduction did not undergo further surgery due to subsequent functional improvement. Sixteen patients had open fractures, with no postoperative infections noted. Of the 15 patients with prominent metalwork, 11 underwent implant removal (three in the TBW group and eight in the plating group). There was a difference in the incidence of removal of symptomatic metalwork between TBW (3/11, 27%) and plating (8/46, 17%), although the overall rate of symptomatic metalwork was similar in both groups (27% vs. 26%, respectively). While both TBW and plate fixation provide stable fixation and reliable union, prominent metalwork remains a frequent postoperative issue and the primary reason for secondary surgery. Careful implant selection, meticulous soft‑tissue handling, and patient counseling are essential to minimize postoperative discomfort and optimize outcomes.

The 'terrible triad' injury of the elbow is defined as a dislocation of the elbow with concomitant fractures of the radial head and coronoid process. The term was based on reports of poor outcomes following this pattern of injury. However, the 'terrible triad' concept has meant that some very complex elbow fracture-dislocations are considered alongside more benign injuries, leading to problems with our understanding and interpretation of the literature. This annotation explores how our knowledge of elbow stability has evolved, and how the importance of the coronoid to this is becoming increasingly clear. It suggests how we best define, classify, and manage fractures of the coronoid as part of these complex injuries.

A Simplified Method for Determining the Safe Zone in Proximal Radial Plate Fixation.

This study investigates the biomechanical mechanisms underlying elbow dislocation, emphasizing the role of flexion angle and forearm rotation on joint stability. Simulating realistic fall dynamics and injury conditions remains a major challenge in experimental biomechanics, and this work addresses that gap through controlled in vitro testing and computational modeling. Seventy Papio anubis (baboon) and twenty-one human cadaveric arms were tested under axial and hyperextension loading conditions to evaluate dislocation thresholds and ligament failure sequences. These trials indicate that maintaining bone integrity and soft-tissue support may restore elbow stability through severalnonsurgical strategies. Across both models, dislocation resistance increased with elbow flexion and was significantly greater in pronation compared to supination. The results demonstrate that maintaining bony congruence and soft-tissue integrity substantially enhances stability and that complete dislocation typically requires combined ligament rupture and bony failure. Across 0°–45° of flexion, Stage III dislocation thresholds reached approximately 1.9–2.2 kN in pronation versus 0.8–1.0 kN in supination for Papio anubis, closely matching the human mean of 1.94 kN. Finite-element simulations confirmed these patterns, revealing stress localization at the coronoid process and radial head consistent with early-stage dislocation. The results highlight the translational relevance of the baboon model for studying human elbow instability and provide a validated framework for future surgical and rehabilitation strategies. These findings advance the mechanical understanding of elbow instability and emphasize how forearm orientation and flexion angle influence load distribution, ligament strain, and the sequence of failure.

To evaluate revision and removal rates of radial head arthroplasty (RHA) for elbow trauma using modern press-fit modular implants. Retrospective cohort study. Urban academic medical center. Patients who underwent RHA (2012-2024) for isolated comminuted radial head fractures, combined head-neck fractures, terrible triad injuries, or Monteggia variants (OTA 2R1) were study eligible. Inclusion criteria consisted of treatment with press-fit modular implants and ≥1 year of clinical follow-up. Demographics, injury patterns, elbow range of motion, and postoperative complications-including fracture-related infection, nerve injury, periprosthetic fracture, implant resection, and nonresection procedures-were assessed. Implant survivorship was evaluated via Kaplan-Meier analysis. Two hundred fifty patients were included (mean age 52.2 ± 17.8 years, range 18.1-88.3 years; mean length of follow-up 43.8 ± 35.2 months, range 12.0-128.0 months, body mass index 28.7 ± 6.3 kg/m 2 , 56.8% female). Common indications for RHA included Monteggia fractures (38.0%), isolated radial head fractures (23.6%), and terrible triad injuries (19.2%).Postindex surgery iatrogenic nerve injury occurred in 7.2%, most commonly involving the ulnar nerve. Fracture-related infection occurred in 2.8% postindex surgery, and 1 nonoperative periprosthetic fracture (0.4%) was observed.The resection rate was 7.2% (18/250), with 33.3% (6/18) of implant resection surgeries occurring within 1 year (mean length of follow-up 43.8 ± 35.2 months, range 12.0-128.0 months). Common resection indications included postoperative stiffness (n = 5), infection (n = 4), and neuropathy (n = 3). One-year implant survival was 97.6%, with mean survivorship of 8.5 ± 1.0 years (95% CI, 7.1-9.8).In total, 24 patients (9.6%) underwent additional nonresection procedures including nerve decompressions, elbow contracture releases with excision of heterotopic ossification, and manipulations under anesthesia.At final follow-up (mean 43.8 ± 35.2 months), mean range of motion was 125.4 degrees flexion, -14.9 degrees extension, 73.5 degrees pronation, and 79.3 degrees supination. No significant difference in length of follow-up was observed between patients with postoperative nerve injury (52.4 ± 38.2 months) and those without (42.5 ± 34.8 months, P = 0.16). With a 7.2% resection rate and 1-year implant survival of 97.6%, contemporary press-fit modular RHA demonstrated durable elbow trauma outcomes. Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Background: Monteggia fracture dislocations are a rare but a complex injury. Monteggia fracture is a fracture of the proximal ulna associated with dislocation of the radial head. Neglected Monteggia fracture dislocation classically implies duration of more than 4 weeks. Methods: 16 patients with Neglected Monteggia fracture were included in the study from July 2021 to December 2023. The incidence of injury was of Type I in 13 (81.25%) and Type II 3 (18.75%) cases, no cases of type III and Type IV fracture dislocation. All were treated by osteotomy of ulna with open reduction and internal fixation of ulna with plating and reconstruction of annular ligament using Bell Tawse method. Patients were evaluated at follow-up for pain, stability and disturbance of daily and sports activities. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 7.46 years (range; 6-10 years). 13 patients (81.25%) presented with Bado type 1 and 3 patients (18.75%) with Bado type 2 Monteggia fracture dislocations. All 13 (81.25%) patients of Bado type I fracture and 3 (18.75%) patients of Bado type II achieved good range of motion with no evidence of residual radial head subluxation. The functional outcome as studied using scoring by Anderson et al was excellent in 11 patients (68.7%), good in 5 patients (31.2%) and no failures were encountered. Conclusion: Our Study showed good results with ulnar osteotomy with annular ligament reconstruction using Bell Tawse procedure in neglected monteggia fractures.

Drop Sign and Radial Head Subluxation in Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex Injury: CT scan study in a cadaver model

To compare the results of radial head arthroplasty (RHA) and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for radial head fracture treatment based on patient age. Retrospective cohort study. Two academic Level 1 Trauma centers. Included were patients treated with RHA or ORIF for a radial head fracture (Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification 2R1A/B/C) between January 2015 and September 2022. Postoperative surgical outcomes, including reoperations, final elbow range of motion, and radiographic features, were collected. The outcomes of RHA and ORIF in patients above and below 40 years were compared using bivariate and multivariable regression analyses. The study cohort included 161 operative radial head fractures sustained in 160 patients of which 47% were male (n = 75). Thirty-two patients were included in the RHA <40-year group [mean age 31 years, SD 5; 72% were male (n = 23)], 96 patients in the RHA ≥40-year group [mean age 60 years, SD 11; 34% were male (n = 33)], and 22 patients in the ORIF <40-year group [mean age 27 years, SD 6; 64% were male (n = 14)]. In patients <40 years old, RHA versus ORIF had comparable flexion-extension (125 degrees vs. 128 degrees, P = 0.79) prono-supination (145 degrees vs. 140 degrees, P = 0.16), and reoperation rate (22% vs. 14%, P = 0.50). Rates of post-traumatic arthritis were higher for RHA versus ORIF in this age group (57% vs. 27%, P = 0.047), although the follow-up period for radiographic assessment in the RHA <40-year group was slightly longer than the ORIF <40-year group (12.7 ± 10.4 months vs. 7.6 ± 4.6 months, P = 0.04). When comparing patients ≥40 years old with those <40 years old, outcomes of RHA had comparable flexion-extension (125 degrees vs. 125 degrees, P = 0.93) prono-supination (145 degrees vs. 150 degrees, P = 0.07), reoperation rate (22% vs. 15%, P = 041), and post-traumatic arthritis rate (57% vs. 64%, P = 0.34). Younger patients exhibited a lower frequency and severity of stem radiolucency than older patients (53% vs. 67%, P = 0.01). For patients under 40 years, ORIF and RHA yielded comparable outcomes. RHA had a higher risk of post-traumatic arthritis, favoring ORIF for younger patients if technically feasible. Older patients should be aware of the increased risk of stem lucency when undergoing RHA. Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Introduction:Coronoid fractures, while less common than other elbow injuries, present with significant challenges in maintaining elbow stability and function. Restoring the normal anatomy of the coronoid process (CP) is crucial for stabilizing the elbow joint, with surgical intervention often necessary for displaced or comminuted fractures. Suture button fixation offers advantages, such as ease of use, bone-sparing fixation, and reduced reliance on intraoperative X-rays. It is especially effective for small or fragmented fractures, with tools, such as aiming devices and repositioning pliers aiding in accurate fragment alignment. In this study, we present a novel technique that was used in six patients at our institute, involving the use of FiberWire and an Endobutton, approached through a single lateral split of the extensor digitorum communis.Materials and Methods:Six patients from our institute, which is a tertiary care hospital, who underwent the procedure between May 2022 and July 2025, were followed for 1 year. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score.Results:Type 1 coronoid fractures fixed in this study resulted in early mobilization. The elbow joint was stable with a satisfactory functional arc. Repairing the anterior capsule and the damaged CP tip results in a more stable elbow, and fixing the associated fractured radial head and employing the suspensory action of an endobutton in type 1 and type 2 CP fractures produce positive results and a prompt return to activity. Comminuted fractures that are difficult to stabilize using a suture loop anchor can be treated with endobutton fixation.Conclusion:Coronoid fracture fixation using this technique provides a reliable fixation for Type 1 and Type 2 fractures with the advantages of minimal soft tissue disruption, strong fixation, and early mobilization. It can be considered a promising option in the surgical management of coronoid fractures.

Radial head subluxation mechanism: The “Hands-as-Feet” teaching method