Radial Excitation Research Articles

The New Charm-Strange Resonances in the D−K+ Channel

We evaluate the masses and decay constants of the 0+ and 1− open-charm (c¯d¯)(us) tetraquarks and molecular states from QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR) by using QCD Laplace sum rule (LSR). This method takes into account the stability criteria where the factorised perturbative NLO corrections and the contributions of quark and gluon condensates up to dimension-6 in the OPE are included. We confront our results with the D−K+ invariant mass recently reported by LHCb from B+ → D+(D−K+) decays. We expect that the resonance near the D−K+ threshold can be originated from the 0++(D−K+) molecule and/or D−K+ scattering. The X0(2900) scalar state and the resonance XJ(3150) (if J = 0) can emerge from a minimal mixing model, with a tiny mixing angle θ0 ≃ (5.2 ± 1.9)0, between a scalar Tetramole (TM0) (superposition of nearly degenerated hypothetical molecules and compact tetraquarks states with the same quantum numbers), having a mass MTM0=2743(18)MeV, and the first radial excitation of the D−K+ molecule with mass M(DK)1 = 3678(310) MeV. In an analogous way, the X1(2900) and the XJ(3350) (if J = 1) could be a mixture between the vector Tetramole (TM1), with a mass MTM1=2656(20)MeV, and its first radial excitation having a mass MTM1=4592(141)MeV with an angle θ0 ≃ (9.1 ± 0.6)0. A (non)-confirmation of these statements requires experimental findings of the quantum numbers of the resonances at 3150 and 3350 MeV.

Nonlinear forced vibration of rotating composite laminated cylindrical shells under hygrothermal environment

Abstract This work aims to study nonlinear vibration of rotating composite laminated cylindrical shells under hygrothermal environment and radial harmonic excitation. Based on Love’s nonlinear shell theory, and considering the effects of rotation-induced initial hoop tension, centrifugal and Coriolis forces, the nonlinear partial differential equations of the shells are derived by Hamilton’s principle, in which the constitutive relation and material properties of the shells are both hygrothermal-dependent. Then, the Galerkin approach is applied to discrete the nonlinear partial differential equations, and the multiple scales method is adopted to obtain an analytical solution on the dynamic response of the nonlinear shells under primary resonances of forward and backward traveling wave, respectively. The stability of the solution is determined by using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Some interesting results on amplitude–frequency relations and nonlinear dynamic responses of the shells are proposed. Special attention is given to the combined effects of temperature and moisture concentration on nonlinear resonance behavior of the shells.

Hadron resonances as rovibrational states * *Supported by the Brazilian funding agencies CNPq – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and CAPES – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

A rovibrational model, including anharmonic, centrifugal, and Coriolis corrections, is used to calculate π, K,N, and Ʃ orbital and radial resonances. The four orbital excitations of the π meson correspond to the b(1235), π2(1670), b 3(2030), and π4(2250) resonances. Its first four radial excitations correspond to the π(1300), π(1800), π(2070), and π(2360) resonances. The orbital excitations of the K meson are interpreted as the K 1(1270), K 2(1770), K 3(2320), and K 4(2500) resonances; its radial excitations correspond to the K(1460) and K(1830) resonances. The N orbital excitations are identified with the N(1520), N(1680), N(2190), N(2220), and N(2600) resonances. The first four radial excitations of the N family correspond to the N(1440), N(1880), N(2100), and N(2300) resonances. The orbital excitations of the Ʃ baryon are associated with the Ʃ(1670), Ʃ(1915), Ʃ(2100), and Ʃ(2250) resonances, whereas its radial excitations are identified with the Ʃ(1660), Ʃ(1770), and Ʃ(1880) resonances. The proposed rovibrational model calculations show a good agreement with the corresponding experimental values and allow for the prediction of hadron resonances, thereby proving to be useful for the interpretation of excited hadron spectra.

Resolving the Bethe–Salpeter KernelSupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11805024 and 11947406).

A novel method for constructing a kernel for the meson bound-state problem is described. It produces a closed form that is symmetry-consistent (discrete and continuous) with the gap equation defined by any admissible gluon-quark vertex, Γ. Applicable even when the diagrammatic content of Γ is unknown, the scheme can foster new synergies between continuum and lattice approaches to strong interactions. The framework is illustrated by showing that the presence of a dressed-quark anomalous magnetic moment in Γ, an emergent feature of strong interactions, can remedy many defects of widely used meson bound-state kernels, including the mass splittings between vector and axial-vector mesons and the level ordering of pseudoscalar and vector meson radial excitations.

Towards studying the structural differences between the pion and its radial excitation

We present an exploratory lattice QCD investigation of the differences between the valence quark structure of pion and its radial excitation $\pi(1300)$ in a fixed finite volume using the leading-twist factorization approach. We present evidences that the first pion excitation in our lattice computation is a single particle state that is likely to be the finite volume realization of $\pi(1300)$. An analysis with reasonable priors result in better estimates of the excited state PDF and the moments, wherein we find evidence that the radial excitation of pion correlates with an almost two-fold increase in the momentum fraction of valence quarks. This proof-of-principle work establishes the viability of future lattice computations incorporating larger operator basis that can resolve the structural changes accompanying hadronic excitation.

Research on Vibration Reduction Method of Nonpneumatic Tire Spoke Based on the Mechanical Properties of Domestic cat's Paw Pads.

Although there is no risk of puncture, the vibration problem caused by discontinuous structures limits nonpneumatic tire development (NPT). The vibration reduction of nonpneumatic tires is a solvable urgent problem. This current study analyzed the dynamic grounding characteristics and the vibration reduction mechanism of the cat's paw pads and then applied the mechanical properties to the bionic design of nonpneumatic tire spokes to solve the vibration problem. Domestic cats' paw pads' dynamic grounding characteristics were determined using the pressure-sensitive walkway, high-speed camera, and VIC-2D. The results indicated that the mechanical characteristics of swing deformation of paw pads during the grounding process attenuated the grounding stress and buffered the energy storage to achieve the vibration reduction effect. According to the similarity transformation, a finite element model of NPT that could accurately reconstruct the structure and realistically reflect the load deformation was employed. The structure design of asymmetric arcs on the spokes' side edges was proposed, and it can effectively reduce the radial excitation force of NPT. The three parameters, the asymmetric arc, the thickness, and the curvature of spokes, were used as design variables to maximize the vibration reduction. The orthogonal experimental, the Kriging approximate model, and the genetic algorithm were carefully selected for optimal solutions. Compared with the original tire, the results showed that peak amplitude 1, peak amplitude 2, and the root square of the optimized tire's amplitudes were reduced by 76.07%, 52.88%, and 51.65%, respectively. These research results offer great potential guidance in the design of low-vibration NPT.

Roton Excitations in an Oblate Dipolar Quantum Gas.

We observe signatures of radial and angular roton excitations around a droplet crystallization transition in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates. In situ measurements are used to characterize the density fluctuations near this transition. The static structure factor is extracted and used to identify the radial and angular roton excitations by their characteristic symmetries. These fluctuations peak as a function of the interaction strength indicating the crystallization transition of the system. We compare our observations to a theoretically calculated excitation spectrum allowing us to connect the crystallization mechanism with the softening of the angular roton modes.

Research on a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester with Rotating Magnetic Excitation

This paper presents a piezoelectric energy harvester with rotational magnetic excitation. Through the rotation of the rotating body, the intermittent magnetic force between the driving magnet and the tip magnetic mass drives the piezoelectric element to vibrate nonlinearly to generate electrical energy. The working principle and vibration model of the proposed energy harvester are studied theoretically and experimentally. With two driving magnets, 5-g tip magnetic mass, and 8-mm radial excitation distances, the piezoelectric energy harvester captures energy efficiently. The results demonstrate that the piezoelectric energy harvester produces three resonance frequencies of 5 Hz, 8 Hz, and 10 Hz. When the rotation frequency is 8 Hz, the maximum open-circuit voltages of the primary and auxiliary piezoelectric beam is 63.24 V and 30.38 V, respectively. The primary and auxiliary piezoelectric beam gets the maximum average power with external resistance is 125 KΩ and 75 KΩ, respectively. The maximum average power of the primary and auxiliary piezoelectric beam is 12.24 mW and 3.92 mW, respectively. At the maximum power of the primary and auxiliary piezoelectric beam, the voltage across the resistance is 39.12 V and 17.12 V, respectively.

Zc -like spectra from QCD Laplace sum rules at NLO

We present a global analysis of the observed Z_c, Z_cs and future Z_css-like spectra using the inverse Laplace transform (LSR) version of QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR) within stability criteria. Integrated compact QCD expressions of the LO spectral functions up to dimension-six condensates are given. Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) factorized perturbative contributions are included. We re-emphasize the importance to include PT radiative corrections (though numerically small) for heavy quark sum rules in order to justify the (ad hoc) definition and value of the heavy quark mass used frequently at LO in the literature. We also demonstrate that, contrary to a na\"ive qualitative 1/N_c counting, the two-meson scattering contributions to the four-quark spectral functions are numerically negligible confirming the reliability of the LSR predictions. Our results are summarized in Tables III to VI. The Z_c(3900) and Z_cs(3983) spectra are well reproduced by the T_c(3900) and T_cs(3973) tetramoles (superposition of quasi-degenerated molecules and tetraquark states having the same quantum numbers and with almost equal couplings to the currents). The Z_c(4025) or Z_c(4040) state can be fitted with the D*_0D_1 molecule having a mass 4023(130) MeV while the Z_cs bump around 4.1 GeV can be likely due to the (D^*_s0D_1+ D^*_0D_s1) molecules. The Z_c(4430) can be a radial excitation of the Z_c(3900) weakly coupled to the current, while all strongly coupled ones are in the region (5634-6527) MeV. The double strange tetramole state T_css which one may identify with the future Z_css is predicted to be at 4064(46) MeV. It is remarkable to notice the regular mass-spliitings of the tetramoles due to SU(3) breakings M_{T_cs}-M_{T_c}= M_{T_css}-M_{T_cs= (73- 91) MeV.

Internal resonance characteristics of hyperelastic thin-walled cylindrical shells composed of Mooney–Rivlin materials

The internal resonance characteristics are investigated for a thin-walled cylindrical shell composed of incompressible Mooney–Rivlin material, where the shell is subjected to a radial harmonic excitation. Based on the Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis, Donnell’s nonlinear shallow-shell theory and variational principle of energy, the coupled nonlinear differential equations, describing the radial motion of the shell, are obtained. The existence condition of 2:1 internal resonance is given via examining the natural frequencies of different modes. Then the multiple scale method is applied to derive the amplitude–frequency relations in the presence of 2:1 internal resonance, and the stabilities of steady-state responses are determined. In addition, the accuracy of the model is verified by using a homogeneous cylindrical shell with simply supported boundary conditions, some comparisons are made with the previous published researches and good agreement is found. The effects of excitation amplitudes and the structure parameters on the resonance responses of the system are examined. Numerical results show that the range of resonance increases along with the excitation amplitude; the typical phenomenon of double-jumping appears, and the generation and vanishing of double peaks are related to the values of structure parameters.

Broadband operation of acoustic collimated beam source

A low-frequency acoustic collimated beam (ACCObeam) source was recently developed by our team using the radial mode excitation of a piezoelectric disc. It relies on lateral clamping of the piezoelectric disc to produce a collimated sound beam while minimizing unwanted side lobes that occur for a free disc. ACCObeam has previously been explored and characterized for operation at the radial resonance frequencies; however, high-resolution ultrasound imaging requires broadband signals. We explore the characteristics of the broadband beam profile of ACCObeam. This requires beam profile characterization at multiple frequencies, typically incurring long measurement times. We investigate the possibility of characterizing beam profiles at multiple frequencies by exciting the ACCObeam with a broadband waveform such as a linear chirp or a Gaussian pulse. Subsequent post-processing can extract the beam profile for any specific frequency. In this talk, we present ACCObeam broadband measurements and compare them with both fixed-frequency measurements as well as numerical simulation. We also discuss the important parameters that affect the quality of beam profile characterization.

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis and Control of FG Cylindrical Shell Fitted with Piezoelectric Layers

In this study, the nonlinear vibration control of functionally graded laminated piezoelectric cylindrical shells under simultaneous parametric axial and radial external excitations is presented. The partial differential equations of shells are derived based on Hamilton’s principle, first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), and nonlinear von Karman relations. The coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are obtained by Galerkin’s procedure and solved by the method of static condensation. Two piezoelectric layers are placed on the outer and inner surfaces of the cylindrical shell each as distributed sensor and actuator. Then the constant-gain negative velocity feedback strategy is employed. Regarding the nonlinear equations of motion, for the first time, the vibration analysis and active vibration control of smart FG cylindrical shells under combined parametric and external excitations are analyzed using the multiple scales approach. The effects of various parameters such as power index, external excitation’s amplitude, and control gain on the dynamic behavior of the system are investigated, using bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, time histories, and Poincare maps. It is shown that quasi-periodic motion is the most common behavior of the system and controller gain and power index have inevitable effects on enhancing the quasi-periodic response of the system. Care should be exerted in selecting the parameters to have the desired response in the broad range of excitation frequency.

Observation of a New Excited D_{s}^{+} Meson in B^{0}→D^{-}D^{+}K^{+}π^{-} Decays.

Using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb^{-1} collected with the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV, the B^{0}→D^{-}D^{+}K^{+}π^{-} decay is studied. A new excited D_{s}^{+} meson is observed decaying into the D^{+}K^{+}π^{-} final state with large statistical significance. The pole mass and width, and the spin parity of the new state are measured with an amplitude analysis to be m_{R}=2591±6±7 MeV, Γ_{R}=89±16±12 MeV, and J^{P}=0^{-}, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. Fit fractions for all components in the amplitude analysis are also reported. The new resonance, denoted as D_{s0}(2590)^{+}, is a strong candidate to be the D_{s}(2^{1}S_{0})^{+} state, the radial excitation of the pseudoscalar ground-state D_{s}^{+} meson.

Study on the Leakage and Inter-Stage Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Stage Finger Seal

To solve the high leakage and high wear problems faced by sealing devices in aeroengines under the condition of high axial pressure difference, the two-stage finger seal is proposed in this paper. The finite element method and computational fluid dynamics (FEM/CFD) coupling iterative algorithm of the two-stage finger seal is developed and validated. Then the performance advantages of two-stage finger seal compared to the one-stage finger seal are studied, as well as the leakage and the inter-stage pressure drop characteristics of two-stage finger seal are investigated. Finally, the measure to improve the inter-stage imbalance of pressure drop of two-stage finger seal is proposed. The results show that the two-stage finger seal has lower leakage and lower contact pressure than the one-stage finger seal at high axial pressure difference, but there exists an inter-stage imbalance of pressure drop. Increasing the axial pressure difference and the root mean square (RMS) roughness of finger element can aggravate the imbalance of pressure drop, while the radial displacement excitation of rotor has little influence on it. The results also indicate that the inter-stage imbalance of pressure drop of the two-stage finger seal can be improved by increasing the number of finger elements of the 1st finger seal and decreasing the number of finger elements of the 2nd finger seal.

Optimal Design of Novel Electromagnetic-Ring Active Balancing Actuator with Radial Excitation

Imbalance vibration is a typical failure mode of rotational machines and has significant negative effects on the efficiency, accuracy, and service life of equipment. To automatically reduce the imbalance vibration during the operational process, different types of active balancing actuators have been designed and widely applied in actual production. However, the existing electromagnetic-ring active balancing actuator is designed based on an axial excitation structure which can cause structural instability and has low electromagnetic driving efficiency. In this paper, a novel radial excitation structure and the working principle of an electromagnetic-ring active balancing actuator with a combined driving strategy are presented in detail. Then, based on a finite element model, the performance parameters of the actuator are analyzed, and reasonable design parameters are obtained. Self-locking torque measurements and comparative static and dynamic experiments are performed to validate the self-locking torque and driving efficiency of the actuator. The results indicate that this novel active balancing actuator has sufficient self-locking torque, achieves normal step rotation at 2000 r/min, and reduces the driving voltage by 12.5%. The proposed novel balancing actuator using radial excitation and a combination of permanent magnets and soft-iron blocks has improved electromagnetic efficiency and a more stable and compact structure.

Fault Dynamic Modeling and Characteristic Parameter Simulation of Rolling Bearing with Inner Ring Local Defects

To further study the fault mechanism and fault features of rolling bearings, a two‐DOF rolling bearing fault dynamic model with inner ring local defects considering the bearing radial clearance and time‐varying displacement excitation is established based on Hertz contact theory. By comparing the simulated fault signal with bearing fault test data in the time domain and frequency domain, the accuracy of the established fault dynamic model is verified. Finally, the change rules of the characteristic parameters of the bearing inner ring fault signal, including effective value, absolute mean value, square root amplitude, peak value, kurtosis factor, pulse factor, peak factor, and shape factor, are simulated by the fault dynamic model. The results highlight that the proposed fault dynamic model is in good agreement with the experimental results. The model can simulate the fault signal characteristic parameters with the change of defect width, external load, and rotating speed effectively. The study in this paper is of engineering application value for bearing condition monitoring and fault diagnosis.

Interpretation of structure in the di- J/ψ spectrum

Structure in the di-$J/\psi$ mass spectrum observed by the LHCb experiment around 6.9 and 7.2 GeV is interpreted in terms of $J^{PC}=0^{++}$ and $2^{++}$ resonances between a $cc$ diquark and a $\bar c \bar c$ antidiquark, using a recently confirmed string-junction picture to calculate tetraquark masses. The main peak around 6.9 GeV is likely dominated by the $0^{++}(2S)$ state, a radial excitation of the $cc$-$\bar c \bar c$ tetraquark, which we predict at $6.871\pm 0.025$ GeV. The dip around 6.75 GeV is ascribed to the opening of the \Swave\ di-$\chi_{c0}$ channel, while the dip around 7.2 GeV could be correlated with the opening of the di-$\eta_c(2S)$ or $\Xi_{cc} \bar \Xi_{cc}$ channel. The low-mass part of the di-$J/\psi$ structure appears to require a broad resonance consistent with a predicted $2^{++}(1S)$ state with invariant mass around $M_{\rm inv} = 6400$ MeV. Implications for $bb \bar b \bar b$ tetraquarks are discussed.

Potential higher radial excitations in the light pseudoscalar meson family

Inspired by the event accumulation around 2.6 GeV in the $\eta^\prime\pi^+\pi^-$ invariant mass spectrum of $J/\psi\to \gamma \eta^\prime\pi^+\pi^-$, which was reported by the BESIII Collaboration, we carry out the study of the mass spectrum and decay behavior of four radial excitations in the pseudoscalar meson family, which include $\eta^{(\prime)}(6S)$ and $\eta^{(\prime)}(7S)$. Combining with these analysis, we present the calculation of the reactions induced by a pion or kaon on the proton target which are relevant to these four discussed states. According to this information, we give concrete experimental suggestion of searching for them, which will become a new task for future experiments.

Lightest flavor-singlet qqq baryons as witnesses to color

We present a new computation in a field-theoretical model of Coulomb gauge QCD of the first radial and angular excitations of a qqq system in a SU(3) flavor singlet state, Lambda_S. The traditional motivation for the study is that the absence of flavor singlets in the lowest-lying spectrum is a direct consequence of the color degree of freedom. (The calculation is tested with decuplet baryons Delta(1232) and Omega(1672).) We also analyze decay branching fractions of the flavor singlet baryon for various masses with the simplest effective Lagrangians.

X0,1(2900) and (D−K+) invariant mass from QCD Laplace sum rules at NLO

We revisit, improve and complete some recent estimates of the 0+ and 1− open charm (c¯d¯)(us) tetraquarks and the corresponding molecules masses and decay constants from QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR) by using QCD Laplace sum rule (LSR) within stability criteria where the factorised perturbative NLO corrections and the contributions of quark and gluon condensates up to dimension-6 in the OPE are included. We confront our results with the D−K+ invariant mass recently reported by LHCb from B+→D+(D−K+) decays. We expect that the bump near the D−K+ threshold can be originated from the 0++(D−K+) molecule and/or D−K+ scattering. The prominent X0 (2900) scalar peak and the bump XJ(3150) (if J=0) can emerge from a minimal mixing model, with a tiny mixing angle θ0≃(5.2±1.9)0, between a scalar Tetramole (TM0) (superposition of nearly degenerated hypothetical molecules and compact tetraquarks states with the same quantum numbers) having a mass MTM0 = 2743(18) MeV and the first radial excitation of the D−K+ molecule with mass M(DK)1=3678(310) MeV. In an analogous way, the X1 (2900) and the XJ(3350) (if J=1) could be a mixture between the vector Tetramole(TM1) with a mass MTM1=2656(20) MeV and its first radial excitation having a mass M(TM1)1=4592(141) MeV with an angle θ1≃(9.1±0.6)0. A (non)-confirmation of the previous minimal mixing models requires an experimental identification of the quantum numbers of the bumps at 3150 and 3350 MeV.