Is treatment during a first hospitalization for an acute psychotic episode and after discharge associated with race or ethnicity?

This study examines the forms and strategies of political propaganda conducted by Papuan separatist networks abroad to internationalize Papua issue. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach and case study design, the research draws on digital materials, media reports, and organizational documents related to separatist campaigns. Data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's model of qualitative analysis and refers to Jowett and O’Donnell’s propaganda model of disinformation, framing, and agenda-building. These frameworks guided the identification of propaganda content, including deceptive narratives, manipulation of human rights discourses, and digital dissemination techniques. The findings reveal that separatist groups systematically frame the Papua issue through racial identity, historical injustice, and state violence, targeting foreign governments, NGOs, and international forums. This study contributes to propaganda theory and offers empirical insights into how separatist actors build legitimacy in global discourse, and provides practical implications for Indonesian government and policy practitioners in designing strategic counterpropaganda and digital diplomacy frameworks.

In 2020, Belgian composer Kris Defoort (b.1959) completed his fourth opera, The Time of Our Singing, based on the homonymous novel by Richard Powers (2003). This article proposes to examine how race and racial identity are represented in Defoort’s opera, how it differs from the novel upon which it is based, and how it contributes to (de)colonializing opera. After summarily commenting on three of the central themes in Powers’s novel, the adaptation of each of them in Van Kraaij’s and Defoort’s opera is analysed. It appears that Defoort’s opera carefully proportions the themes ‘time’, ‘music’, and ‘race’, and in so doing achieves a remarkable balance between its characters, a certain realism and objectivity in the manner in which the story is told, and artfully conveys a feeling of standstill of time, a stagnation despite the passing of more than half a century of (racial) history. Furthermore, by analysing the Belgian racial context that preceded the opera and the reactions of the European press that followed it, this article places the opera itself on the ‘arrow of time’. Finally, the question of entitlement or ownership is addressed; The Time of Our Singing answers this question from within.

Although Black women have established themselves as leaders within colleges and universities, few have advanced to the most senior levels of postsecondary administration, leaving them underrepresented in these roles (Williams et al., 2024). Existing research on Black women at this level has largely focused on the presidency, often overlooking the experiences of those serving in other executive positions (Johnson, 2025). In this phenomenological study, I examined how four Black women in executive positions perceived the influence of their racial and gendered identities on their leadership experiences at predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Guided by Black Feminist Thought, in-depth interviews explored how participants navigated their institutions. The analysis revealed participants described instances of stereotyping, exclusion, and challenges to their authority which they addressed through identity management, coalition-building, and active resistance. The findings draw attention to the persistent structural barriers Black women encounter within executive administration and their strength to adapt to institutional environments. Keywords: Black women; higher education; executive-level administration; predominantly white institutions; phenomenology; Black Feminist Thought

ABSTRACT Parents are motivated by many values and beliefs to have conversations about race with their children, and these conversations play an important role in shaping children’s attitudes and behaviors. This study tested (1) how parents’ explanations for economic inequality relate to the frequency with which they discuss race with their children, (2) how parents’ explanations for economic inequality and their racial socialization practices relate to children’s anti-Black attitudes and playmate choices, and (3) how the association between parent racial socialization and child racial biases differ by child race. The sample included 1463 3–12-year-old children (50% female, 50% male, 6 another gender identity) and their parents. Children were identified by their parents as 60% monoracial White, 15% Multiracial, 11% monoracial Asian, 5% only Latine, 4% White Latine, 4% monoracial Black, 1% another racial identity (3 children were identified as Native American, 2 as Middle Eastern, 1 as East Indian, and 1 as Moroccan), and 16 did not report their racial background. Children were from 876 different zip codes across the U.S. Findings indicate that parents who endorsed external over internal explanations for economic inequality had more frequent discussions with their children about race. Additionally, children whose parents (1) endorsed external over internal explanations for economic inequality and (2) had more frequent discussions about race expressed more positive attitudes toward a Black child. These results demonstrate the potential for parents’ beliefs and behaviors to shape children’s attitudes toward their Black peers.

ABSTRACT Processes of racialization have imprinted histories of colonialism in urban spaces, sustaining social inequalities across time and space. Urban changes triggered by all migrations are intrinsically related to the pressures on housing and the profiteering that ensues. Drawing on historical accounts and ethnographic evidence, I reveal that residents have replicated colonial racial hierarchies and the social issues that experienced twentieth-century Chilean rural migrants. Latin American and Caribbean migrants have become the ‘new urban poor’, and the so-called ‘Social Issue’ is now the ‘Migrant Issue’. This ‘Migrant Issue’ reinforces twentieth-century racialization processes by focusing on a non-national Other, configuring the Chilean national identity as White. Cleanliness has historically been used to assert class and White racialized identities. Currently, this enables a sort of social mobility more on the basis of race than class. This article uncovers how today’s migrant housing by replicating twentieth-century conventillos, has triggered new postcolonial configurations of Whiteness and processes of Othering, turning the twentieth-century class struggle into a twenty-first century racial one.

This study examines the dual nature of anxiety among diasporic subjects in Abdulrazak Gurnah’s The Last Gift. It first identifies anxiety as a product of racial conflict, class oppression, identity disorientation, and generational divides—laying bare its roots. Second, it analyzes how this anxiety is suppressed through the formation of a “Community of Silence” among diasporic groups. Third, it foregrounds anxiety’s role as a catalyst for shattering silence, rekindling emotional bonds, and ultimately transforming individual distress into collective experience. Drawing on Sianne Ngai’s theory of negative affect, this study interprets the metaphor of the “gift” in Abbas’s final deathbed recordings to trace this three-stage trajectory of anxiety. It argues that anxiety, far from being purely destructive, facilitates inter-generational and intercultural emotional connections, enabling diasporic subjects to construct emotional communities rooted in shared affective struggles. This process challenges conventional academic framings of “negative affects” and offers a narrative paradigm for resisting structural oppression in the globalized era—one that resonates with Gurnah’s critique of colonial history and his empathetic portrayal of refugee experiences.

Dr. Gloshanda Lawyer discusses the intersections of race, ethnicity, nationality and deafness, emphasizing the global experience of Blackness beyond the U.S. context. Lawyer reflects on her personal journey, grappling with her Hard of Hearing, racial and multiethnic identities amidst a predominantly white Deaf community and systemic injustices. She exposes colonization's role in the establishment of social constructs which shapes identity development and embodiment and erases linguistic practices. Lawyer urges the importance of decolonization from and for Deaf peoples indigenous to various lands, appealing for a nuanced, individualized yet collective approach to addressing systemic oppression while respecting the diverse experiences within Black Deaf communities. She underscores the need for dismantling multiple forms of oppression, including audism and linguicism, as a collective effort to forge an inclusive, equitable future.

A Person-Centered Approach to Examining Out-of-School Participation Among Black Adolescents and Its Association With Racial and Ethnic Identity.

One reason that Black and White individuals often have difficulties in their interactions may stem from differences in nonverbal communication styles (Bishop, 1979; Crago et al., 1997; J. N. Shelton et al., 2023; Varonis & Gass, 1985). Here, across four studies, we examine cultural differences in gesture, a form of nonverbal communication, in Black and White speakers. In Study 1, Black participants (N = 75) rated actors who gestured more as being more natural and White participants (N = 75) rated actors who gestured less as being more natural. In addition, Black actors were rated as being more natural when gesturing more, while White actors were rated as being more natural when gesturing less. Study 2 shows that when a Black talk show host speaks with a Black guest, he gestures more than when speaking with a White guest. Study 3 found that Black speakers (N = 25) gestured more frequently and used larger gestures compared to White speakers (N = 25). Finally, Study 4 demonstrates that Biracial Black/White speakers who had their Black identity primed (N = 32) gestured more frequently and used larger gestures than those who had their White identity primed (N = 22), suggesting that gesture is culturally tied to racial identity salience. Together, these studies suggest that there are culturally learned gesture styles based on racial group membership. Thus, gesture is an understudied aspect of interracial interactions that may influence comfort in cross-cultural communication between Black and White individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACT Research Findings: Children’s learning is shaped by inequitable access to resources, contributing to persistent socioeconomic, racial, and linguistic disparities. This study examined the validity and predictive utility of short, scalable direct assessments of cognitive regulation – inhibitory control, working memory, and processing speed – administered to a diverse sample of preschool-aged children (Fall N = 866; Spring N = 1111; Mean Age = 4.3 years). Using moderated nonlinear factor analysis, we identified measurement biases related to age, sex, socioeconomic status, and racial identity, illustrating how cognitive regulation skills may function differently across groups. In contrast, tasks showed no bias or average differences by home language, suggesting they operate equitably across linguistically diverse children. Bias-adjusted scores offered a more accurate picture than raw scores, revealing nonlinear developmental growth, distinct sex differences, and widening racial disparities over time. Fall cognitive regulation predicted teacher-reported school readiness more strongly than change from fall to spring. Practice or Policy: Findings support the promise of early cognitive regulation assessments as equitable screening tools for identifying learning strengths and needs. However, results also underscore the importance of addressing structural inequalities that shape early development. Practitioners and policymakers should consider both improving the cultural validity of early assessments and investing in early learning environments that nurture children’s regulatory skills across diverse backgrounds.

Abstract Black women remain acutely underrepresented in senior leadership roles within higher education, often experiencing precarious appointments during times of institutional instability—a phenomenon known as the “glass cliff.” While existing research addresses the barriers to leadership access, limited scholarship explores what happens once Black women assume these high-risk roles. This study asks, “What are the lived experiences of Black women in high-level leadership roles in higher education, and how do they describe navigating workplace cultures shaped by the intersections of race and gender?” Using narrative inquiry, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with five Black women who have held high-level academic leadership positions. Participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were thematically analyzed using a five-step coding process, with multivocality and researcher reflexivity employed to ensure rigor. Findings revealed eight interrelated themes, including the impact of racial and gender identity on professional trajectories, limited mentorship and sponsorship, inequitable compensation, and persistent organizational cultures reflective of glass cliff conditions. Participants described feeling devalued, under-supported, and excluded from critical decision-making spaces. Despite these challenges, they demonstrated resilience and emphasized the importance of culturally affirming support systems, intentional recruitment practices, and transparent institutional cultures. This study contributes to higher education leadership literature by demonstrating how misogynoir and racialized organizational risk shape Black women’s leadership experiences post-appointment. The findings call for urgent structural reforms in recruitment, support, and retention strategies to ensure that Black women not only access leadership roles but are positioned to thrive within them.

This manuscript explores if memorials to collective violence can promote healing and reconciliation vis-à-vis changes in intra- and intergroup attitudes. The paper focuses on a case study: the National Memorial for Peace and Justice—the first national large-scale memorial to victims of lynching—in Montgomery, Alabama. Using data collected before and after the memorial’s 2018 opening, we assess the differential individual and community effects of the memorial by racial group, comparing residents and nonresidents on measures of racial ingroup and outgroup closeness and social distance. Overall, there was no consistent relationship between the memorial and intra-/intergroup attitudes. The results reveal that White Montgomery residents had elevated levels of ingroup closeness, in comparison with White nonresidents, and all Montgomery residents had increased feelings of social distance after the memorial’s opening, net of their racial identification. The findings inform future research on the potential ways that memorialization—both passively and directly—can impact reconciliation and intergroup relations.

Transracial adoption (TRA) places children across racial or national borders into non-biological families, raising complex questions about the adoptee’s racial identity. Guided by the bicultural identity integration theory, integrative racial and adoptive identity is defined as a developmental process with transformative variations. Method: With a mixed-design method, this study examines how Asian adoptees and non-Asian American adoptive parents navigated their racial and cultural adjustment journeys. A small and non-representative sample (N = 21) (14 parents and seven adoptees) was recruited for the survey. Eleven participants (seven parents and four adoptees) attended an individual semi-structured interview to describe TRA needs and obstacles. Results: (1) Even though adoptees and parents were comfortable sharing their adoption experiences through social media, adoptees continued their racial identity inquiries, while parents thought of being role models. (2) Integrative findings show adoptees wanted to learn about their “cultural socialization” at a younger age with parental guidance and normalize “reculturation” as they continued exploring their racial identities through external support. Their TRA journeys engage families in a support network appreciating racial/cultural differences and experiencing identity shifts as a part of reculturation. Implications: A social work platform is needed to provide justice-oriented opportunities for adoptees to share integrative identity journeys and for parents to hear adoptees about their lived experiences. Their engagement in mutual communication will help them show appreciation for each other’s efforts in the adjustment process.

The economic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic combined with a pre-existing housing affordability crisis to threaten a wave of evictions from rental housing in the United States. Eviction and housing loss were associated with a range of adverse outcomes even prior to the pandemic; during the public health emergency, housing instability could have additionally increased opportunities for viral spread. Mitigating eviction risk was therefore an important form of prevention. We evaluate one federal policy response to the potential eviction crisis, the Emergency Rental Assistance program (ERA). Under ERA, approximately $47 billion was transferred to state and local governments to establish programs to financially assist at-risk renter households. We examine the relationship between receipt of rental assistance and rental housing stability, both overall and for higher-risk groups defined by presence of children and respondent racial and ethnic identity. Our analysis used U.S. Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey data (July, 2021-April, 2023) and two analytical techniques. First, we created matched treatment and comparison groups using applicants awaiting a decision and coarsened exact matching (n = 18,329) to examine the relationship between rental assistance and 1) whether the household was in rental arrears and 2) perceived risk of housing loss from eviction. Second, we estimated recursive bivariate probit models simultaneously modeling rental assistance receipt and rental arrears in a larger sample (n = 160,443). We found rental assistance receipt substantially reduced the risk of being in arrears and perceived risk of eviction. Effects on arrears were somewhat larger for households with children and for Black households compared to others in the matching analysis.

BackgroundPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a powerful tool to prevent the transmission of HIV. Interventions promoting PrEP must focus on populations most impacted by systemic barriers to uptake. Historically, young sexual minority men and transgender women have the highest demonstrated rates of new HIV diagnoses, but prevalence within other gender minority populations is now being studied. Few interventions have focused on addressing PrEP uptake with sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth, particularly through mobile health (mHealth) technologies. Built on the successful foundation of the HealthMpowerment Platform, PrEPresent aimed to engage SGM youth across diverse gender, racial, and ethnic identities in the Greater Los Angeles area.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a digital peer patient-navigation PrEP uptake app.MethodsPrEPresent incorporated patient activation theory into an mHealth intervention. The study took place over a 6-month period with visits at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The intervention period lasted from baseline to 3 months. Control participants received an information-only app. Intervention participants received an enhanced app and access to an interventionist, the PrEPresentative. Intervention participants could meet with the PrEPresentative four times over the 3-month period via phone, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant videoconferencing, or an in-app text messaging. PrEP uptake was measured through survey responses and the UrSure rapid urine test of tenofovir.ResultsPrEPresent comprised of 147 sexual and gender-diverse participants—75 participants were randomized into the control arm and 72 into the intervention arm. A total of 48% (71/147) were Latinx and 18% (27/147) were Black or African American. Most (98/147, 67%) were transgender or gender diverse, and the remaining (49/147, 33%) were cisgender men. PrEP was initiated by 25% (14/56) of intervention participants and 19% (11/58) of control participants. In total, 50% (36/72) of intervention participants completed two or more sessions with the interventionist. Intervention participants had an average of 15.93 (SD 15.85) logins compared to 6.31 (SD 9.27) logins for control participants. Average use of the mHealth platform was 9.51 (SD 11.47) minutes for intervention participants and 3.03 (SD 5.70) minutes for control participants.ConclusionsPrEPresent met primary outcome measures of feasibility and acceptability. Despite this, PrEP uptake was low, and use of the platform was low compared to other HealthMpowerment projects. While mHealth offers promising HIV prevention outcomes, fostering active app engagement is crucial in promoting behavior change. Mixed success in initiating PrEP uptake across mHealth interventions involving SGM youth warrants further inquiry into how these platforms can address prevention barriers with this population. Interventions targeting uptake and adherence will need to adapt as the landscape of PrEP delivery evolves with the adoption of on-demand and long-acting injectable modalities.

Police custody is a critical legal determination because it triggers constitutionally mandated Miranda advisements and, in many states, electronic recording requirements. However, what constitutes "custody" is both legally and empirically nebulous, and few empirical studies have examined custody perceptions. We hypothesized that participants' custody perceptions would vary across time and interrogation technique within our virtual interrogation. We also predicted that an array of individual characteristics (e.g., Black racial identity, educational problems, trauma symptoms, stereotype threat) would be associated with custody perceptions. This study exposed 168 participants (ages 18-25) to a realistic police interrogation using virtual reality technology. Virtual reality participants perceived themselves as seated in an actual interrogation room next to a young suspect interrogated about a homicide. The scripted and filmed interrogation systematically varied three different interrogation techniques (rapport building, maximization, minimization). After only 3 min of rapport-building interactions between the detective and suspect, about half of participants believed the suspect was not free to leave, and that percentage significantly declined over time and after the detective initiated confrontational interrogation techniques. Mixed-effects logistic regressions revealed that time point significantly predicted objective custody perceptions (R²m = .14; R²c = .78), with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .74. Perspective-taking custody ratings (i.e., how free to leave the suspect felt) averaged 2.5 on a 1-10 scale after the rapport-building segment and declined to near-floor levels thereafter. Mixed-effects cumulative link regressions revealed that time point significantly predicted perspective-taking custody perceptions (R²m = .39; R²c = .77), with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .85. Most people do not feel free to leave an interrogation room, even before confrontational interrogation techniques begin. This study informed the "reasonable person" standard by showing that even psychologically healthy young adults typically perceive they are in police custody, even under minimally restrictive circumstances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Colonialism and imperialism have had deeply detrimental effects on Africa, Asia, America, and other colonized regions, leading to significant cultural, social, and economic consequences. Postcolonialism, as a field of literary research, investigates the aftermath of colonial rule, focusing on how colonized populations responded to and resisted colonial oppression. The term "post" in postcolonialism refers to the period after formal colonial control ended, but it also involves the ongoing impact of colonial legacies in the lives of formerly colonized people. Decolonization aimed to dismantle colonial practices, but the struggle for identity, sovereignty, and social justice continued long after independence. Postcolonial literature critically examines themes of racial identity, national identity, gender, and the moral consequences of colonial domination. Intellectuals like Edward Said and revolutionary writers helped reshape understanding by challenging colonial paradigms and highlighting the impact of imperialism. The mid-20th century saw a rise in independence movements, especially after World War II, leading to the decolonization of many nations. Authors like Paul Scott and Rohinton Mistry explore these themes in their works, reflecting the complexities of postcolonial identity, resistance, and the struggles for self-determination. Their books serve as a window into the enduring effects of colonialism. This paper explores how Mistry’s fictional narratives reconstruct the socio-political realities of post-colonial India, particularly within the Parsi diaspora, thereby illuminating the intersections of identity, resistance, and cultural transformation.

Growing multiracial populations in the United States underscore the evolving complexity of racial identity, particularly in how racial perceptions shape perceived deservingness to resources. This research examines how individuals with Black/White and Native American/White ancestries are categorized and the influence of categorization on perceived deservingness of group-specific resources. It explores the persistence of hypodescent (assigning by non-dominant identity) and hyperdescent (assigning by dominant identity) relating to historical and policy contexts. Across two studies, participants categorized mixed-race targets and evaluated their deservingness for minority-specific resources (i.e., scholarship). Black/White targets were categorized as more Black, consistent with hypodescent bias, while Native/White targets were often categorized as more White, consistent with hyperdescent. Comparatively, these categorizations shaped perceptions of resource deservingness, especially for Black/White targets. This underscores the complexities of perceived multiracial group categorization and may suggest the need for nuanced understanding of racial identity in an increasingly diverse society.

Background and ObjectivesWith increasing efforts to ensure a racially and ethnically diverse physician workforce, it is unclear whether the improved diversity changes in medical schools have been reflected among neurology residents. We aimed to examine the demographic changes of neurology residency applicants and matriculants relative to their medical school graduate counterparts.MethodsThis was a population-based repeated cross-sectional study of Association of American Medical Colleges data on self-reported race, ethnicity, and gender of US medical school graduates, neurology residency applicants, and neurology residency matriculants from 2007 to 2020. The representation quotient (RQ) for each applicant and matriculant cohort was calculated from the ratio of the percentage of a racial, ethnic, and gender group in the population to that of those graduating medical school. Median RQs greater than 1 indicated that a cohort is overrepresented compared with their medical school graduate counterparts, whereas RQs less than 1 indicated underrepresentation. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess statistical changes in representation between applicants and matriculants within each racial and gender identity. Yearly changes in RQ were assessed using linear regressions for each race by gender.ResultsAsian men (RQapp = 1.20 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.13–1.28]), Black men (RQapp = 1.23 [IQR 0.94–1.39]), and Hispanic men (RQapp = 1.16 [IQR 0.89–1.29]) were overrepresented as applicants. RQapp for Asian men remained stagnant while all other applicants trended toward increased representation. Hispanic men were the only group to have a significant increase in RQmat during the study period. Asian women (RQapp = 0.98 vs RQmat = 1.12; p = 0.006) and White women (RQapp = 0.40 vs RQmat = 0.79; p < 0.001) experienced increases in representation when transitioning to matriculants. Black men (RQapp = 1.23 vs RQmat = 0.64; p < 0.001) experienced the largest reduction in representation, when comparing applicants with matriculants, among all groups. Black women (RQapp = 0.58 vs RQmat = 0.59; p = 0.49) were underrepresented throughout application.DiscussionRacially minoritized women were underrepresented among neurology applicants, and most did not show significant increases in representation as matriculants. Black men experienced the largest magnitude reduction in RQ when transitioning from applicants to matriculants. There is a need for greater professional support for applicants from historically underrepresented backgrounds to ensure their equitable recruitment into neurology.