Quoted Research Articles

Reported speech in individuals with Down syndrome: First evidence.

Narratives are enriched by taking the perspective of the protagonists, which can be expressed using reported speech. Nevertheless, the use of reported speech is unaddressed internationally among individuals with Down syndrome. Narratives of 28 children and adolescents with Down syndrome were collected using a non-verbal picture book. Occurrence and forms of reported speech were analysed and compared to typically-developing children (TD; n = 33). Participants from both populations use reported speech in their narratives with a comparable proportion. Nevertheless, differences appear concerning forms of direct speech with persons with Down syndrome using more free direct speech than TD-children. The results suggest that children and adolescents are able to implement the use of reported speech regardless of their syntactic impairments. Concerning the occurring forms of direct speech, the results might point to cognitive impairments that manifest in limited consideration of the interlocutor's knowledge.

Botulinum toxin and conservative treatment strategies in people with cervical dystonia: an online survey

Isolated cervical dystonia is a focal, idiopathic dystonia affecting the neck muscles. Treatment usually consists of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections into the dystonic muscles. Our aim is to investigate the use of BoNT treatment and conservative treatments by people living with cervical dystonia. An online survey in English was conducted between June and August 2022. Participants were eligible to participate if they were living with cervical dystonia, were over 18 years old and could read and understand English. The survey consisted of demographic questions, characteristics of dystonia, questions relating to BoNT use and the perceived utility of conservative treatments. The data were analysed descriptively, and open-ended questions were grouped into similar topics represented by direct quotes. We received 128 responses from people with cervical dystonia, with an average age of 59 years and 77% women. Most participants (52%) described their cervical dystonia as mild to moderate with an average pain score of 5/10. Eighty-two (64%) participants were having regular BoNT injections, with overall positive perceived effects. Common activities reported to improve the symptoms were the use of heat packs, massage, relaxation, physiotherapy and participation in general exercise. Common coping strategies reported were getting sufficient rest, having the support of friends and family, and remaining engaged in enjoyable hobbies. We found that most participants received regular BoNT injections and that heat packs, exercise, massage, physiotherapy and relaxation were mostly perceived as effective in reducing the symptoms of cervical dystonia.

Tindak Tutur Direktik Pidato Persuasif Siswa Kelas IX SMP melalui TikTok

This study aims to describe the form of persuasive speech directive speech acts of grade IX MTsN 9 Gunungkidul students through TikTok. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data taken is speech that contains a form of directive speech act. The source of the data is persuasive speech videos of class IX students via TikTok. Data collection techniques use purposive sampling techniques. The instrument in this study is the researcher himself. The data collection method uses the listen method with free listening techniques, proficient involvement and record listening techniques. The technique of testing the validity of the data in this study by using source triangulation and method triangulation. Data analysis techniques use pragmatic analysis techniques. The results showed that of the 219 directive forms of speech found there were forms of asking (91), commanding (21), ordering (24), advising (71), and recommending (12). The directive speech act form asks to be marked with the words come, come, allow, please. The form of directive speech act reigns marked particle –lah, suffix –i, the word don't, must, oblige. The order directive speech act form is marked with the words hopefully, want, for, particle. The form of the act of advising uses the words should, should, so that, should, should, need, how good, and conjunctions cause and effect. The speech act form recommends using word several steps, in a way, doable, solutions to.

Service Learning in Building an Attitude of Religious Moderation in Pesantren

This article aims to describe the application of Service Learning learning in the formation of religious moderation in the Darussalam Pare Kediri Pondok Pesantren. A qualitative approach with the design of case studies is used to understand the impact of the application of this learning in developing a moderate attitude and a balanced religious understanding over the centuries. The research participants consisted of the centers involved in the Service Learning program and the educators who planned and oversaw its implementation. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with centers, participatory observations of learning activities, and analysis of program-related documents. Data credibility is strengthened through the triangulation of data sources and the verification of findings with respondents. Data portability is observed through an in-depth description of the training context. Data confirmability is emphasized by using direct quotes from the original data to support interpretation. The result of this research is to reveal the application of service learning capable of providing a real experience to the center in serving the community, understanding social reality, and connecting it with religious values. This research contributes to understanding how the application of Service Learning learning can help shape religious moderation among the clergy. These findings provide insight into the effectiveness of this approach in integrating religious understanding with real-life experiences in society.

The Pragmatics of Persuasion in Fictional Communication

By drawing on a pragmatic approach manifested in five pragmatic concepts: directive speech acts, rhetorical questions, back-channel support, gap-bridging, and interruption, this paper attempts to explore the pragmatic weight of the five pragmatic concepts as conduits of persuasion and/or manipulation at the intradiegetic level of fictional communication represented by Orwell’s Animal Farm. The main objective of the paper, therefore, is to provide a linguistic analysis of the pragmatic strategies effecting persuasiveness in Orwell’s novel. One overarching research question is addressed here: to what extent are the five pragmatic concepts employed as strategies of persuasion and/or manipulation in the selected data? The paper reveals three main findings: first, the five pragmatic strategies under investigation contribute effectively to the production of three types of persuasion at the character-to-character level of discourse: pure, manipulative, and coercive persuasion. Second, the five strategies at hand are manifested in various linguistic forms, including imperatives, interrogatives, lexicalization, and slogans. Third, despite the fact that the pragmatic approach is much more pertinent to the conversational genre, it is linguistically evidenced in this paper that the same approach proves analytically relevant to the study of narrative texts, which further accentuates the crucial role of fictional discourse as a source of data in the advancement of linguistic models and analytical frameworks.

Directive Speech Actions in the TikTok Comments Column Kompas TV

The objective of this study is to investigate and provide a comprehensive analysis of the many roles of directed speech acts seen inside the comment section of @Kompas TV on TikTok. The theoretical framework employed in this study pertains to the analysis of directive speech acts as proposed by Searle. This study employs a qualitative methodology and employs content analysis techniques to facilitate the identification and categorization of data by the researchers. The information was gathered from a TikTok video posted by @Kompas TV that addressed revisions to the Minister of Education’s college admission exams. Included in this research data is every comment made by a netizen that was found to have an intended use. Data collection methods used in this study include note-taking, listening, and documentation. The study’s findings indicated that 848 comments from netizens contained 61 directive expressions. Out of the total of 61 utterances, the set of five functions attributed to directive speech acts comprises the actions of directing, ordering, requesting, advising, and recommending. The most dominant function of directive speech acts is the act of suggesting through 18 utterances. This is due to the intention of the netizen to prompt the recipient of the comment to follow the recommendation expressed. In contrast, the least expression function is advising, which typically involves four data. This is due to the fact that online users frequently offer advice rather than thoughtful criticism that the recipient may or may not find acceptable.

Diminishing defensiveness in anti-racist discourse: Common pushbacks to online anti-racism content and suggestions for strategic maneuvers

When students are confronted with the knowledge that racism exists and detrimentally impacts the lives of others, there can be a sharp pushback experienced by anti-racist educators. However, not providing anti-racist education can lead to radicalization which causes further harm. However, by analyzing common “pushback” responses, educators can enter these spaces with knowledge to help strategize ways to guide people away from defensiveness, fear, and other strategies of resistance. Thus, our article aims to address the question: “What are common push-back maneuvers encountered in response to anti-racist education on social media?” This article draws on social media comments listed in response to four anti-racism educational films developed by the authors, which encompass both the racism expressed in response, and the ways that some commenters dealt with this pushback. The films were viewed nearly half a million times, and inspired many comments, both positive and negative. We analyzed these comments and noted a strong theme of push-back to anti-racism work, which we broke into specific categories. This article details the categories of this push-back, along with ways to move against its flow. We would like to remind readers that the content in this article involves direct quotations from public comments which include racism and hate and can be difficult or triggering to read.

What was the language of the judgment again?: Traces of bilingualism in monolingual judgments

Multilingualism is often perceived as a burden for judicial institutions that are used to holding proceedings in a specific language. However, by translating resources and evidence from a different language into the language of a proceeding, courts are enabled to write judgments based on a monolingual set of resources potentially with minimal or no reference to their source language. This article aims at uncovering this myth of judicial monolingualism, showing how multilingual courts act when indispensable resources are only available in a language different from that of the proceedings. By analysing monolingual criminal judgments delivered by Justices of the Peace in the bilingual (German/Italian) Province of South Tyrol, Italy, this article shows how, in citing case-law available only in Italian, traces of Italian are introduced in judgments written in German. Through a quantitative study, three approaches to deal with this issue have been analysed (i) collages between the two languages; (ii) direct quotation from Italian; and (iii) translation. The article critically analyses these three approaches and highlights an alternative approach, consisting in a combination between direct quotation from Italian and a translation into German, in order to guarantee both legal certainty and adequate understanding for all concerned parties.

DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACT IN EXPRESSION OF MAGICAL POWER ON THE WALLS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

This study aims to describe the form of directive speech act, mode, and function in expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school at Karesidenan Surakarta. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data are in the form of words, expressions, and sentences contained expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school at Karesidenan Surakarta. Analyzing data of the research uses referential equivalent, pragmatic, translational, and distribution methods of reading markup techniques. Collecting data uses the documentation method. The results show that first, the expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school at Karesidenan Surakarta indicate two forms of speech acts, namely direct speech act and indirect speech act. Second, the sentence mode used is the imperative mode, the obligative mode, and the declarative-imperative mode. Third, the existing speech act function consists of imperative mode (order, appeal, prohibiting, and invitation/exclamation), obligative mode functions to require, and declarative-imperative mode functions to assert, remind, advise, propose/offer/suggest, governing, and threatening. The novelty of this research found that the expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school generally uses an indirect strategy. The strategy is expressed through a declarative sentence but has an imperative mode with the aim of smoothing the command to the reader. It is intended that the reader follows the command in the expression of magical power on the walls of elementary school.

The documentary nature of A. Gelasimov’s novel “Pure High”

The article is devoted to the work of the notable contemporary writer A. Gelasimov. Over the past two decades, domestic literature has reflected a steady interest in the category of documentaries, resorting to various genre forms of nonfiction, style dominants, narrative strategies, etc. A. Gelasimov’s novel “Pure High” is largely organized based on the documentary principle, which manifests itself in the text at different levels of the whole: in the genre form of a biography, narrative, method of collecting information, adventurousness of the plot, stylized documents, language manner, etc. The document is used in the design of the publication, the section “Acknowledgements” correlates the names of the people from the environment of rapper Basta with the details of the novel, direct quotes from his songs are given, the biography is based on real facts. This use of documentary elements allows the author to actualize the tragic nineties of Russian history in the reader’s mind, to raise the issue of “the lost generations”, the forms and the causes of their destructive behavior and to show a possible experience of overcoming “the historical trauma”. Touching upon important social problems of our time, A. Gelasimov rediscovers the value of such categories as home, family, love, loyalty and friendship in the present.

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts of Apologizing in “Venom Let There Be Carnage” Movie

The objective of this research is to identify direct and indirect apologizing speech acts in the utterances of the characters in the movie "Venom let there be carnage". The data source for this study was taken from a movie entitled "Venom let there be carnage" in which many apologizing speech acts are found in it. The method used is a qualitative method. The theory used to identify apologizing speech acts was put forward by Searle & Vanderveken (1985) while to identify the direct and indirect used by the characters in the film using the theory put forward by Yule (1996). The results of this research found 14 types of apologizing speech acts consisting of 12 direct uses and 2 indirect uses.

Local Wisdom in Primary School Students' Directive Speech Acts

Local Wisdom in Primary School Students' Directive Speech Acts

The Effects of School Quality Assurance on Teachers’ Performance in Public Primary Schools in Iringa District, Tanzania

The study focused on the district of Iringa, Tanzania of school quality assurance (SQA) on teachers’ performance in public primary schools in Iringa, Tanzania. The research used a qualitative approach, hence, purposive and snowball sampling technique employed to acquire the required data. Targeted populations involved the Quality Assurance Officer, public primary school teachers, district education officer, academic teachers and head teachers. Moreover, data were collected through interview and focus group discussion and data were analysed thematically with direct quotation. Arguably, SQA involves systematic monitoring and review of education programs to maintain and improve the quality, equity and efficiency. For teachers, SQA is believed to improve their work performance and professional growth and therefore positively influence the teaching and learning processes. For instance, studies have also shown that SQA activities help teachers to attend school and classes, improve their school curriculum delivery as well as classroom management skills. The findings showed that SQA helped schools to improve and was effective in different aspects such as; teachers’ classroom assessment, discussion with teachers after classroom assessments, providing classroom assessment reports, advising higher authorities on issues related to school improvement as well as strengthening internal SQA.

Development of one translator’s style: A corpus-based investigation of Allan Barr’s style of translating Yu Hua’s works

This paper examines the evolution of translator Allan Barr's style and methodology. Regarded as the primary English translator of Yu Hua's works for fifteen years, Barr's corpus is examined in order to catalogue the development of his translation style. This corpus consists of Yu Hua’s Huanghun li de Nanhai and Siyue Sanri Shijian and their translations Boy in the Twilight: Stories of Hidden China (2003) and The April 3rd Incident: Stories (2018). The mixed-methods approach was applied to analyze Barr's idiosyncrasies in translating Direct Speech (DS) presentations at different stages of his career using the revised S-type model. A quantitative analysis identified a translator’s changing preferences in translating DS. The subsequent qualitative analysis addressed the translation strategies of (Free) Direct Speech and Barr's preferred position of report clauses at different points in time. The results suggest that Barr's translation styles were more influenced by his assumptions and attitude towards the implicit target readers and then dominated his stylistic choices, leading him to be more loyal to the source text and the author in his later translation and more inclined to present the literary world of the source text with less interference and interpretation by the translator. The implications proposed that the development of the translator’s style may be due to the promotion of the author’s familiarity with the literary field of the target language, the influence of the norms of the source language in which the translator is immersed in translation practice, and his increasing knowledge of style.

Accelerating artificial intelligence: How federated learning can protect privacy, facilitate collaboration, and improve outcomes.

Cross-institution collaborations are constrained by data-sharing challenges. These challenges hamper innovation, particularly in artificial intelligence, where models require diverse data to ensure strong performance. Federated learning (FL) solves data-sharing challenges. In typical collaborations, data is sent to a central repository where models are trained. With FL, models are sent to participating sites, trained locally, and model weights aggregated to create a master model with improved performance. At the 2021 Radiology Society of North America's (RSNA) conference, a panel was conducted titled "Accelerating AI: How Federated Learning Can Protect Privacy, Facilitate Collaboration and Improve Outcomes." Two groups shared insights: researchers from the EXAM study (EMC CXR AI Model) and members of the National Cancer Institute's Early Detection Research Network's (EDRN) pancreatic cancer working group. EXAM brought together 20 institutions to create a model to predict oxygen requirements of patients seen in the emergency department with COVID-19 symptoms. The EDRN collaboration is focused on improving outcomes for pancreatic cancer patients through earlier detection. This paper describes major insights from the panel, including direct quotes. The panelists described the impetus for FL, the long-term potential vision of FL, challenges faced in FL, and the immediate path forward for FL.

A Variationist Study of Quotative System in the Non-native Speech of French

Abstract: Based on sociolinguistic data collected with 40 Chinese L1 learners of French in Paris, this article examines the quotative markers used by nonnative speakers of French in their direct speech reporting. Our results confirm previous findings in other ethnic groups that both linguistic and extralinguistic factors influence the use of some socio-pragmatic variables in non-native speech. On the one hand, it provides new data on the acquisition of socio-pragmatic competence by a less studied learner group; on the other hand, it offers a further reflection on the influence of linguistic taboo on learners’ L1 and the impact of the critical period in the immigration process on their language acquisition.

A Pragmatic Study of Narcissism in the American Movie Big Eyes (2014)

Narcissism is a complicated phenomenon that can be reflected in the narcissist’s language. Investigating narcissism in terms of linguistics, and pragmatics in particular, does not seem to have been given its due attention, as this study reveals. Thus, this study is an endeavor to discover how narcissism is reflected in the American movie Big Eyes (2014). It is known for introducing narcissistic behaviors. This paper aims to identify the types, motivations, and pragmatic manifestations of narcissism in the selected movie. Three pragmatic theories are chosen to scrutinize narcissism in the data: Searle’s speech acts (1969), Grice’s maxims breaching (1975), and Culppeper’s impoliteness (1996). To cope with the nature of the data and the aims of the study, an analytical framework that embraces three layers has been designed. These are the types, motivations, and pragmatic strategies of narcissism. Upon analyzing the data, the study concludes that exhibitionist narcissism abounds in the movie. In terms of motivations, environmental influence is the main factor behind narcissism in the data. Representative, directive and expressive speech acts appear in the data. The maxims have been breached to result in the use of metaphor and hyperbole. Four impoliteness strategies (positive, negative, bold on record, and mock impoliteness) are used to show narcissism in the data.

Principals’ Transformative Leadership on the Performance in Science Subjects in Girls’ Public Secondary Schools in Tharaka Nithi County

This study examined the influence of principals’ transformative leadership traits on the performance in science subjects in girls’ public secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. It was guided by the following specific objectives: to ascertain whether principal-teacher role modelling influences performance in science subjects and to find out the relationship between the provision of supportive learning resources and the performance in science subjects in girls’ public secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The study was guided by transformational leadership theory. A concurrent triangulation design was adopted. The sample size for the study constituted 11 principals, 1 county director, 330 students and 100 teachers. The study used questionnaires to collect data from teachers and students, while interviews were conducted with principals and the County Director of education. Quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The data from quantitative instruments was presented using frequencies and%ages on tables, graphs, and pie charts. Qualitative data was analysed in themes, and the reporting was done in direct quotations and narratives. The results revealed that the transformational leadership of principals, as evidenced by their role modelling for teachers and the provision of supportive learning resources, plays a crucial role in shaping the academic performance of students in science subjects within girls’ public secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County. The study’s findings led to the conclusion that school principals are not consistently able to converse with and uplift girls facing difficulties in science subjects. Additionally, it was concluded that students lack adequate resources necessary for excelling in science subjects, notably the insufficiency of laboratory equipment, which has consequently impeded their performance in these subjects. The study recommended that principals actively engage and motivate girls to pursue science subjects. Additionally, it proposes that the government should focus on maintaining well-equipped and modern school science laboratories, providing science books in libraries, and offering online resources, educational apps, and e-learning platforms. These measures would supplement traditional teaching methods, creating a more interactive learning experience and ultimately boosting girls’ engagement and success in science subjects.

Действующие лица христианской религии. Тварные существа. Фрагмент систематического французско-русского словаря религиозной лексики

This work is a continuation of the publication of separate parts of the Systematic French-Russian Dictionary of Religious Vocabulary. This is part of a large section on "Characters of the Christian Religion", which also includes a subsection on "God", which has not yet been published. The material of this publication is divided into chapters, which unite the vocabulary devoted to certain aspects of the topic. As in previous cases, not only individual lexemes are presented, but also the usual phrases accepted in the religious language, clichés, statements characteristic of Orthodoxy and Catholicism and reflecting a special view of the world order. Speaking about the purely linguistic side, one must keep in mind that the Russian religious usage is characterized by the use of more archaic lexemes than the French one. Therefore, we considered it possible to include, along with the usual translation into Russian, also especially original Russian equivalents of Orthodox authors, Church Slavonicisms, if they occur in the texts of the XX-XXI centuries. In this case, such translations are marked church-arch.As in previous publications, expressions in quotation marks not only illustrate the use of a single word, but also contain, as a rule, a new unit or reveal the content of a concept related to the section. Usually they are made up of elements (both individual lexemes and phrases) appearing in French and Russian sources, but are not direct quotations. This work was submitted for review to a candidate of theology, a specialist in comparative theology, rector of the St. Nicholas Patriarchal Cathedral in New York, Fr. Igor (Vyzhanov), whom I thank for thoughtful reading and help. At the same time, the work on the topic (as in previous cases) is far from being completed by the publication of this story, and all comments, both conceptual and purely linguistic, please send to my email address.

The Discourse of Dream Reports in Jordanian Arabic: Agenre-Pragmatic Study

This study examined the tactics and components employed in Jordanians' dream reports to fulfil their communicative purpose. Drawing on Swales' schematic structure, six moves were identified. The opening move encompasses religious, formal, or informal greetings, often featuring a direct quotation from Islamic greetings. The second move involves the identification of the dreamer, typically utilizing the third person, indicating a tendency among dreamers to conceal their identity and refer to others within their family. The third move focuses on conveying the dream content, representing the pivotal element in the communicative interaction between the dreamer and interpreter. The fourth move comprises the request for interpretation, involving appeals to the interpreter for assistance in discerning the dream's meaning. The fifth move consists of appeals, which are prominently present in a majority of Jordanian dreams. The final move entails the closing, wherein formulaic phrases are commonly employed, invoking blessings from Allah upon the interpreter, expressing gratitude, or making additional appeals. The study highlights the significance of these formulaic phrases as a distinct move within Jordanian dreams, with prevalent examples being "Please, I need interpretation and thank you very much" or "I need interpretation and thank you." The corpus analyzed in this study was sourced from Sheikh Falah Mufleh's Facebook page.