Research Questions Research Articles

‘We keep focusing on being excellent’: impact of secondary organizational socialization on late-career faculty members’ delivery of PETE

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of secondary organizational socialization on six late-career faculty members’ (FMs) delivery of physical education teacher education (PETE). Our specific research questions were: (a) What forms of PETE did late-career FMs deliver? and (b) What factors reinforced or impeded late-career FMs’ delivery of PETE? We collected data through three qualitative techniques (i.e. formal interviews, documents, and a written description of FMs’ ideal PETE program). Data were reduced to themes by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Findings revealed that FMs delivered three distinct forms of PETE that were combinations of the behavioristic, traditional/craft, personalistic, and critical-inquiry orientations to teacher education. While their university cultures were largely positive, the conditions in which FMs worked were mainly unfavorable and impeded their delivery of PETE. To counter this situation, FMs employed a number of tactics in an attempt to strategically redefine their workplaces for the better. These findings may be a catalyst for change in terms of inspiring other FMs to fight back when they face adverse conditions and to reflect on the forms of PETE they deliver. The findings may also serve to make administrators aware of the difficulties sport pedagogy FMs face in general.

Endeavoring to engage in cooperative fisheries research in a contentious socio-political climate

Abstract Cooperative Fisheries Research (CFR) aims to incorporate different types of knowledge into fisheries science through the convergence of diverse perspectives, skills, and expertise. CFR can facilitate knowledge co-production and the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of science, yet it can be difficult to operationalize. In Maine’s American lobster fishery, where CFR is a hallmark of the fishery, pressure to implement conservation measures to protect North Atlantic right whales, one of the world’s most endangered large whale species, poses a major challenge for harvesters. Endeavoring to follow best practices associated with CFR, our research team set out to work with state management and fishing industry partners to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of new whale conservation regulations on the fishery. We co-defined relevant and actionable research questions and designed a sampling approach that included multiple efforts to contact industry participants. Although the process we engaged in had some of the key ingredients for success, ultimately participation was too low to achieve our research aims. We use this paper to discuss our failure and draw on the theory of scalar politics from critical geography to reflect on challenges we encountered, including how the contentious socio-political backdrop within which the initiative transpired impacted our research.

Corporate Wellness and Balanced Scorecard: the Case of a Slovenian Company

The goals of the research are to investigate the benefits of corporate wellness (CW) for an organization as well as to investigate the implementation of CW in a chosen Slovenian organizationn. We first introduce the comprehensive concept of the balanced scorecard (BSC) and provide some literature review on the CW benefits. Next, based on the literature analysis as well as on the results of semi-structured interviews in a chosen organization, we answer research questions regarding the benefits of CW integration into BSC and use of the CW programs in a Slovenian company. One of the results is also an updated theoretical concept called corporate wellness-balanced scorecard (CW-BSC). The theoretical understanding of the BSC in relation to health and well-being has thus taken a step forward. Our research reveals that CW in a selected Slovenian company is not implemented at a strategic level. The research sets the base for a more comprehensive measurement in the organization, a more effective approach to strategic management and the development of human capital management, which in turn contribute to better business performance.

FACTORS INFLUENCING USERS’ INTENTION TO ADOPT TIKTOK THROUGH USER SATISFACTION IN PHNOM PENH CITY

Purpose – The purpose of this research was to identify the factors influencing intention to adopt TikTok through user satisfaction by integrating three other variables, namely content richness, flow state, and personal innovativeness, into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).Methodology – The research uses a correlational study of the quantitative method by conducting a survey with 400 respondents who were experiencing using TikTok in Phnom Penh City. This research applied a survey design using quantitative methods. The study uses a questionnaire developed from the measurement of constructs and employs this tool to collect data from TikTok users online.Results – Most of the TikTok users participating in this research were female whose age bracket ranged mainly between 25 to 29 years old. These users mainly worked for private or company employees. Moreover, a large majority of TikTok adopters used it every day from 31 minutes to 60 minutes at night time, and most of them used TikTok in order to watch content videos shared by others. After conducting hypothesis testing by using the multiple regression analysis, the research found that subjective norm and content richness do not significantly influence user satisfaction with TikTok since the p-value is greater than 0.05. This research found that perceived behavioral control, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, flow state, and personal innovativeness have a significant effect on user satisfaction with TikTok.Implications – In this research, the researcher clarifies the research question by discussing the results with the previous studies; so that the findings of this study become meaningful. Three main subsections are discussed consequently, namely the research model, main variables in the model and the mediating effectsOriginality/Value – The research supports that there is the significant effect of user satisfaction on the intention to adopt TikTok.

Culture War: Exploring the Backing from the Portuguese Catholic Church and Christian Movements to Populist Party Chega

The endorsement from Christian circles in facilitating the rise of radical right-wing populism in Brazil and the United States, as well as the support and alliance of the Polish Catholic Church with the Law and Justice (PiS) government, are widely acknowledged. Embedded within the intricate fabric of multifaceted factors contributing to the surge of right-wing populism, the Culture War assumes a pivotal yet often underestimated role. Manifesting as a profound confrontation, the Culture War signifies an existential clash between contrasting perspectives concerning socio-cultural values grounded in religious scripture. The research employs a qualitative methodology and a singular case study focused on Portugal, owing to the nation’s enduring relationship with Catholicism. Portugal emerges as indisputably one of the most religious countries in the Western world, akin to Poland. The research question aims to understand the support or relationship from the Portuguese Catholic Church (PCC) and Christian (social) movements to the populist right-wing Chega (lit. ‘Enough!’), slightly departing from their traditional center-right support for PSD and CDS in the Culture War. The results show that the support extended to Chega by the PCC and the Portuguese Episcopal Conference is non-existent in a formal manner. Despite this fact and the lack of formal backing for Chega, some Christian social movements have shown their approval or support for Chega, as the party has some roots in the movement sector, but not as strongly as the Front Nationale. Further research is suggested in order to attain deeper conclusions from both the Portuguese Catholic Church and Christian social movements using other methods for a deeper understanding, such as semi-structured interviews and participant observation of events.

Fiscal and macroprudential policies in a monetary union

AbstractIn the European Monetary Union (EMU), monetary policy is determined by the European Central Bank (ECB). This arrangement can give rise to certain national economic imbalances that may potentially be addressed through national policies. Traditionally, fiscal policy has been the primary tool to correct these imbalances. However, following the global financial crisis (GFC), a new policy tool has emerged: national macroprudential policies, which aim to mitigate financial risks. This situation raises an intriguing research question: How do macroprudential and fiscal policies interact? Through their influence on real interest rates and economic activity, discretionary macroprudential policies can impact the trajectory of public debt and may necessitate fiscal adjustments, such as tax rate increases, to stabilize the public debt-to-GDP ratio. In a monetary union, a domestic macroprudential shock generates significant cross-border financial effects and also influences the fiscal stance of foreign countries. Furthermore, discretionary government spending policies have an impact on housing prices and households debt. Therefore, the responsiveness of macroprudential policy to changes in housing prices affects the fiscal multiplier.

Recent Advances in the Development of Mincle-Targeting Vaccine Adjuvants

The Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR), which has shown much promise as a molecular target for the development of TH1/TH17-skewing vaccine adjuvants. In 2009, the first non-proteinaceous Mincle ligands, trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and trehalose dibehenate (TDB), were identified. This prompted a search for other Mincle agonists and the exploration of Mincle agonists as vaccine adjuvants for both preventative and therapeutic (anti-cancer) vaccines. In this review, we discuss those classes of Mincle agonists that have been explored for their adjuvant potential. These Mincle agonists have been used as stand-alone adjuvants or in combination with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or immunomodulatory agents. We will also highlight recently identified Mincle ligands with hitherto unknown adjuvanticity. Conjugate vaccines that contain covalently linked adjuvants and/or adjuvant–antigen combinations are also presented, as well as the different formulations (e.g., oil-in-water emulsions, liposomes, and particulate delivery systems) that have been used for the codelivery of antigens and adjuvants. Insofar the reader is presented with a thorough review of the potential of Mincle-mediated vaccine adjuvants, including historical context, present-day research and clinical trials, and outstanding research questions, such as the role of ligand presentation and Mincle clustering, which, if better understood, will aid in the development of the much-needed TH1/TH17-skewing vaccine adjuvants.

Analysis of the Applications of Algorithm and Automatic Pathfinding

Abstract. The current development of autonomous driving technology is very hot, which involves two fundamental aspects: one is the operating system as the foundation, and the other is the algorithm application. The theme of this review is to study the related algorithmic technologies and combine them with one of the key functions of autonomous driving: autonomous routing. The review discusses the application direction and environment of this function, and involves the use of algorithms in the backend. Autonomous routing is a key concept in multiple technical fields and plays an important role in helping entities effectively navigate complex environments. This review centers on the concept of autonomous routing and focuses on its application direction, usage environment, and supporting algorithms. The core research question is autonomous routing and its working principle. The review analyzes the main application scenarios of autonomous routing, such as autonomous driving and game development, and explores the algorithms commonly used in these scenarios. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the main usage environments and algorithm structures, the review provides insights into the current state of autonomous routing technology. The research findings show that autonomous routing technology has been deeply embedded in multiple industries and is continuously expanding as the demand for technology grows. Furthermore, the review explores the potential future development of autonomous routing, anticipating that it will further develop in responding to various new challenges and opportunities.

Regional anaesthesia research priorities: a Regional Anaesthesia UK (RA-UK) priority setting partnership involving patients, carers and healthcare professionals.

Regional anaesthesia provides important clinical benefits to patients but is underutilised. A barrier to widespread adoption may be the focus of regional anaesthesia research on novel techniques rather than evaluating and optimising existing approaches. Research priorities in regional anaesthesia identified by anaesthetists have been published, but the views of patients, carers and other healthcare professionals have not been considered previously. Therefore, we launched a multidisciplinary research priority setting partnership that aimed to establish key regional anaesthesia research priorities for the UK. Research suggestions from key stakeholders (defined by their interaction with regional anaesthesia) were gathered using an online survey. These suggestions were analysed to identify common themes and then combined to formulate indicative research questions. After an extensive literature review, unanswered and partially answered questions were prioritised via an interim online survey and then ranked as a top 10 list during a final live virtual multidisciplinary prioritisation workshop. In total, 210 individuals completed the initial survey and suggested 518 research questions. Fifty-seven indicative questions were formed, of which three were considered fully answered after literature review and one not feasible. The interim online survey received 335 responses, which identified the 24 highest priority questions from the 53 presented. At the final live prioritisation workshop, through a nominal group process, we identified the top 10 regional anaesthesia research priorities. These aligned with three broad thematic areas: pain management (two questions); patient safety (six questions); and recovery from surgery (two questions). This initiative has resulted in a list of research questions prioritised by patients, carers and a multidisciplinary group of healthcare professionals that should be used to inform and support future regional anaesthesia research in the UK.

Using positionality and reflexivity to support equity in partnership-driven research.

Social and economic position and power shape everyone, including scientists and researchers. The way researchers do conservation science and the voices centered in the process are a result of researcher upbringing, experiences, access to resources, and values and are a manifestation of positionality. Positionality is a concept that can help one think about one's position and power in one's work. Creating a successful research partnership requires careful thinking about how equity, diversity, inclusivity, and accessibility are accounted for in the research environment. We drew on our own experiences as early career, mid-career, and Indigenous researchers to explore researcher positionality and how understanding one's positionality can bring to the fore power dynamics in conservation science and research. We focused on the use of reflexive practice to recognize diverse roles and responsibilities, build strong project governance, and enrich relationships. We considered 2 large research partnerships, Apoqnmatulti'k (Mi'kmaw for we help each other) and the SakKijânginnaniattut Nunatsiavut Sivunitsangit (Inuttitut for Sustainable Nunatsiavut Futures) project, to examine moments of tension and interrogation of power and the ways in which this interrogation led to stronger relationships and better research. We advise that large transdisciplinary and cross-cultural research teams use positionality and reflexivity to explicitly make choices about power dynamics in the context of executing partnership-driven work. This can be accomplished through personal and collective interrogation of the power dynamics at play in project administration, research questions, and interpersonal relationships.

Developing a participatory research framework through serious games to promote learning for children with autism

People with autism, or Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), is becoming increasingly common worldwide. Since individuals with ASC vary in their skills and methods that work for one may not work for another, many technology designers find it challenging to engage effectively with this population. Serious games (SGs) offer an intelligent learning environment that supports lifelong learning for individuals with ASC. Despite the availability of several frameworks, the question of whether SGs for individuals with ASC can have a dedicated framework remains unresolved. The objective of this study is to create a general framework for the design of serious games that can be applied to a variety of SGs targeting individuals with autism. A new participatory research framework is presented to assist game designers and relevant stakeholders in developing effective SGs for people with ASC. Through participatory sessions and a design thinking process, this framework seeks to involve users and relevant stakeholders as “design partners” in the design process. The framework was employed in the development of a new SG, called SALY (Simulation, Attention, Learn, and PLAY), designed to improve attention span and emotion recognition in individuals with ASC. Three research questions are discussed, and the mixed-methods approach adopted for the investigation. Several usability metrics were used to evaluate the game’s effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. The results show that the proposed game holds significant potential and will be of interest to educators and learners alike.

Assessment and treatment of gesture in neurogenic communication disorders: An international survey of practice.

Gesture and speech collaborate in conveying meaning, and gesture is often leveraged by people with neurogenic communication disorders, such as aphasia, cognitive-communicative impairments and primary progressive aphasia, when words fail them. Because gesture is imagistic, transitory and holistic, there are inherent challenges when assessing and treating it. The survey had three primary research questions: (1) what gesture assessment practices, and (2) what gesture treatment practices, are employed by speech and language therapists (SLTs) internationally; and (3) what are the factors that influence these practices? An online survey of practice using Qualtrics was piloted and then disseminated to practising SLTs working with people with neurogenic communication disorders. In addition to descriptive statistics summarising across the three research questions, statistical comparisons were made for two independent groups: primary work setting (research versus clinical), and primary work setting considering years of experience specific to neurogenic communication disorders (research, high; research, low; clinical, high; and clinical, low). A total of 130 international SLTs completed the first two parts of the survey. A total of 107 completed all four sections of the survey. Fifty percent of respondents reported assessing gesture sometimes/for some clients, with only 5% reporting that they never assessed gesture. Nearly 70% of respondents reported never using a published test to evaluate gesture, with qualitative results suggesting a lack of formal assessments. This was further highlighted by the most prominent barrier being a lack of published tests (50% of respondents said this). The primary reason for evaluating gesture was to assess nonverbal communication.There was no significant difference in gesture assessment practices across comparison groups. The research group, and those within the research group with most years of experience, tended to target gestures during treatment and write treatment goals containing gesture more than other respondents. The most common facilitator to assessing or treating gesture was that the family or individual prioritised gesture for enhancing communication (53.1% of respondents). No group differences were identified for barriers/facilitators. Findings indicate that whilst gesture is a critical nonverbal communicative behaviour, there is an unmet need for empirical and standardised methods for assessing gesture in speech and language clinical practice and there is a lack of gesture-specific treatment resources. SLTs working in research settings may feel more able, or have more resources, to include gesture during treatment. Essential next steps include creating empirical and standardised methods for assessing gesture in speech and language clinical practice. What is already known on the subject Gesture is a complex and crucial aspect of communication. It is a key part of the role of speech and language therapists (SLTs), as described in clinical guidelines, to assess people with aphasia's use of gesture and consider whether it could be enhanced through treatment. What this study adds to existing knowledge This is the first international survey of practice focusing on gesture assessment and treatment. It highlights the variety of methods used by SLTs to assess and treat gesture, the importance they attach to this area and the need for standardised assessment tools and treatment resources. What are the clinical implications of this work? This study provides a comprehensive overview of practices for assessing and treating gesture in neurogenic communication disorders, as well as a list of gesture resources being actively used by clinicians and researchers. These may be useful for clinicians looking to expand their understanding of approaches and resources for assessment and treatment in this domain. The study also reports on the reasons clinicians assess gesture and the barriers and facilitators they encounter which may inform clinical practice in this area.

ChatGPT and English Language Pedagogy in Nigerian Universities: Sensemaking and Assessments

Technology such as ChatGPT is central to effective instruction in English as a Second Language (ESL) pedagogy. However, language educators and students must have a shared understanding of its prospects to be used successfully in an academic setting. While extant studies have established its proliferation among students, this study investigated the sense-making of language educators as regards ChatGPT and its implications on assessment practices. A descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for this study. The population of the study were forty-three university language educators and five hundred and five pre-service teachers who were purposively selected from two higher institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria. Self-structured questionnaire titled: Sense-making of ChatGPT among Language Educators Questionnaire (SCLEQ: r = 0.87) and Students’ Utilization of ChatGPT Questionnaire (SUCQ: r = 0.81). Three research questions were answered in this study. Findings revealed that students, to a very great extent, use ChatGPT to ace their essays (¯x=3.7) but then again, there is a gap-in-knowledge regarding its uses among university language educators (¯x=1.8). On the basis of these findings, the study recommended that language educators should get acquainted with AI tool and its applications in ESL pedagogy and also be creative on the best assessment mode given the reality on the ground.

The Digitalization of Outreach Social Work: Hybrid Practices in Italian Anti-Trafficking Efforts

ABSTRACT This study contributes to understanding digital social work efforts by outreach professionals engaging in anti-trafficking interventions in Northern Italy. It aims to answer the following research questions: How are digital resources being mobilized by outreach social workers in preventing, countering, and redressing forms of exploitation and trafficking in persons? What contribution does this offer to the understanding of the new opportunities and risks created by digital social work, applied to outreach activities toward highly marginalized groups at risk of being trafficked for labor and sexual exploitation? In this paper, we first contextualize the issue through essential literature in the areas of trafficking in persons, outreach social work, and digital social work. We then briefly outline the methodology, which is followed by a presentation and discussion of some of the strategies outreach social workers have enacted to mobilize digital resources to prevent, identify, and redress exploitation. A brief conclusion highlights the main takeaways. Some methodologies aim to enhance the digital agency of persons at risk, while others generate user-led digital contact pathways or promote digital safety practices, thus contributing to achieving UN sustainable goals 5, empowering women and girls, and 16, promoting just, peaceful, and inclusive societies

Google Classroom and Students' Performance in Reading Comprehension in Ondo State, Nigeria

Reading is significant for learning; however, many Nigerian secondary students struggle. In developed nations, teachers engage their students via different online learning apps to complement classroom instruction and improve this skill. However, the same cannot be said for Nigeria, as no established online learning Apps exist. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of Google Classroom on secondary school students' reading comprehension in Ondo State, Nigeria. A quasi-experimental and descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The study population was eighty Senior Secondary School students who were purposefully selected from two secondary schools in Ondo State. The research instruments were the 2022 English Language WAEC questions and the Students' Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) r = 0.85. Two research questions were raised, and two research hypotheses were tested. The study's findings revealed that students taught reading comprehension using Google Classroom performed better (`X̅ = 29.98) than those taught using the conventional method (`X̅ =18.88). Similarly, the study's findings revealed that students held a positive attitude toward using Google Classroom for reading comprehension. On the basis of these findings, among others, the study recommended that English language teachers should explore the affordances of Google Classroom to teach reading. Furthermore, schools should allow the controlled use of phones, while the government should organize training for teachers on how to use Google Classroom effectively.

Conceptualizing the Dangerous Rise of Ethnoreligious Nationalist Literacies in Education

Reluctance to embrace change leaves societies vulnerable to the rise of authoritarian political ideologies, particularly during times of socioeconomic and political crises. Public schools have seen an increase in incidents where fundamentalist groups with differing agendas have attempted to pressure them into adopting curricula whose literacy practices are rooted in a White, northern European Protestant worldview. This essay examines this contemporary phenomenon in public education discourse, which the authors identify as “ethnoreligious nationalism.” It does so by providing a snapshot of current spectacles of ethnoreligious nationalist activism worldwide, discussing how their affective literacy strategies have contributed to the demoralization of public education as a democratic institution. We conclude by proposing potential questions for critical comparative international research on the literacies deployed by ethnoreligious nationalist movements across educational settings.

The Role of AI: Speculative Design in Redefining Artistic Collaboration

This paper considers the role of artificial intelligence as an emerging creative collaborator within artistic practices through the frame of speculative design. As technology continues to reshape the creative landscape, AI is increasingly moving from a tool to a co-creative partner in the artistic process. Speculative design is used in this paper to imagine and contrast possible future scenarios in which AI will play a significant role in the creation of art, to explore emerging opportunities and challenges from this integration. The article, guided by three key research questions, investigates how human artists perceive the role of AI in art, the key contributions of AI in collaborative settings, and how speculative design might help clarify the outcomes of AI-assisted versus traditional artistic creation. A comprehensive review of the literature underlines the current state of AI, concerning art forms in visual arts, music, and literature. This, however, must be availed with the gap about research at large in terms of authorship, originality, and ethical implications. The project shows, through speculative scenarios and interviews with practising artists, that while AI holds the potential to extend human creativity through new tools and techniques, several ethical issues regarding authorship and ownership and the possible suppression of human creativity arise. The discussion emphasizes the importance of preserving human agency and the need to develop ethics concerning the use of AI in the arts. In all, while AI affords exciting new opportunities in the realm of collaborative art, great care must be exercised in its integration.

Engaging communities: A scoping literature review of community-based participatory research in genetics service delivery settings.

Genetic counseling (GC) services have the potential to improve health outcomes, yet there are documented disparities in the use of GC services among minoritized racial/ethnic populations. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an approach to integrate diverse patient perspectives to improve GC services. The objective of this review was to assess the current state of international CBPR within GC and genetics services from 2006 to 2023. Five databases were searched for inclusion criteria: 1) published in 2006 or later; 2) peer-reviewed publication; 3) primary research studies; 4) community-based AND participatory research; 5) focused on GC, clinical genetics, testing, and/or genetic service delivery. Criteria for evaluating CBPR involvement used a synthesis of best processes framework. Screening of 3,824 studies identified 16 papers (n = 12 qualitative; n = 1 quantitative; n = 3 mixed methods). The majority of studies were conducted within the U.S. (n = 12), focused on cancer (n = 5), involved the Asian/Pacific Islander community (n = 8), and centered around genetic education (n = 12). Community partners most frequently were involved in recruitment (n = 12)and results analysis (n = 12) and least involved in research question development (n = 7) and product creation (n = 6). Studies varied substantially in the integration of 9 CBPR gold standard principles with only three studies addressing all nine principles. Few CBPR projects in GC services exist and a lack of guidelines to assess the quality of CBPR methodologies hindered the appraisal of studies. CBPR represents a promising approach to improve GC services and should be explored by genetics service delivery researchers.

Analysis of Level of Communication at the Workplace on Team Performance

Objectives: This study examines the various communication patterns and behaviours driven by cultural and gender diversity differences in a highly diverse multicultural workplace. Furthermore, it is also examining the relationship between effective communication patterns/ techniques and employee’s engagement and productivity. Methods: The Descriptive Analysis, Reliability, Pearson Correlation and Hypotheses testing through Regression analysis conducted by SPSS version 22 software and AMOS software version 22. Results: Analyses of data collected in this study is significant in order to test the hypothesis and answer the research questions for making accurate prediction about the results. The quantitative analysis and interpretation of data was carried out in two phases based on the results of the questionnaire. Conclusions: The study is focused on analysing the impact of meaningful multicultural communication among employees and the role played by supervisor-employees communications on employees’ self-esteem, job engagement, intention to change the job and overall job satisfaction. To satisfy the scope of the study existing review of literature, secondary available data, case studies, qualitative and quantitative research techniques are used. The core literature was sourced from various studies conducted around the world on diversity.

Analysis of Leader Cultural Intelligence and Workforce Diversity on Team Performance

Objectives: A new model from the existing constructs could give a new and different results such as Leader Cultural Intelligence (CQ) could be explored as a mediator and Workforce Diversity as an independent variable. Methods: The first part, deals with the Descriptive Analysis, Reliability, Pearson Correlation and Hypotheses testing through Regression analysis conducted by SPSS version 22 software and AMOS software version 22. The second part, deals with the Validity, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) for model fit carried by AMOS version 22 software. Results: Analyses of data collected in this study is significant in order to test the hypothesis and answer the research questions for making accurate prediction about the results. The quantitative analysis and interpretation of data was carried out in two phases based on the results of the questionnaire. Conclusions: Many people encounter ‘Culture’ in numerous ways. Some defined it as tool for survival; some identified it as a full range of learned human behavior. Researchers defined it as “patterned way of thinking, feeling and reacting.