Quarry Products Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Glass Fibre Reinforced Metal mesh - PCB Hybrid Composite

This study investigated the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced Printed circuit board using epoxy resin. The macroscopic interfacing of recognizable size with combination of more than unity of distinct materials which makes the composites utilized for their basic properties, In addition to the basic properties these composite structures are best used for their upgraded electrical, thermal and environmental properties. Present day composite materials are generally upgraded to improve the necessary properties of diverse applications. So, composite materials is a combination of different materials that binds together in the form continuous matrix constituent which makes it stringer and stiffer. Thus the composite material obtained is having superior properties than the single constituent. The load is shared between the different materials of the composite. The properties of the composite are optimized for their functional properties. It could be created from various blends of constituent that fits the necessary basic application. The composites created for auxiliary applications are further enhanced by materials which increase the required properties. Glass fibers are produced from blending of quarry products at 1600 C (Gl) fibre filaments diameter are ranging from 5-24μm. The idea of hybrid frameworks is utilized for its notable basic properties in engineering design. It is the motivation for reusing the E-waste in hybrid composite materials. Studies on E-waste reusing protects the environment. In this study PCB is the material uses along with woven glass fibre is fabricated and tested for its mechanical properties.

Cement-treated recycled glass and crushed rock blends: modulus of rupture and stiffness properties

ABSTRACT Recycled waste materials are increasingly being used as low carbon construction materials in civil infrastructure works, as recycled materials have significant carbon savings compared with virgin quarried materials. In this research, the stiffness and modulus of rupture properties of crushed rock (CR) blended with recycled glass (RG) were evaluated. The engineering properties of the four cement-treated CR/RG blends evaluated were: 100% CR100 (100CR), 90% CR with 10% RG (CR90/RG10), 80% CR with 20% RG (CR80/RG20), 70% CR with 30% RG (CR70/RG30). 3% dosage of general blend (GB) cement was used in all the RG/ CR blends. The results indicated that cement-treated RG/CR blends, with up to 20% RG, are suitable as pavement subbase materials. Unconfined compression strength (UCS) values met the minimum requirement for 7 days of curing for all the CR/RG blends. The results of repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests and flexural beam tests were found to be within the ranges reported for the previous testing on other accepted recycled and quarry products. Based on this laboratory assessment, RG can be recommended for incorporation as a supplementary material in cement-treated CR pavement applications, which will increase the uptake of recycled products as a civil engineering construction material.

Radiological risk assessment of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMS) from selected quarry sites in Edo State, South-south, Nigeria

This study was carried out to evaluate activity concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) to assess the distribution of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in selected quarries in Edo State, South-south, Nigeria and to appraise the radiological hazard they may pose to the general public when used as building material. Twenty five (25) quarry samples were collected from five (5) selected quarries in the study area and their activity concentrations were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy technique. The radiological hazard parameters: radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose rate, internal and external hazard indices and annual effective dose were also determined. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th from all the quarries are observed to be higher than internationally recommended value. The average activity concentrations of 40K from two quarries were found to be below the internationally recommended value while it is higher in the remaining three quarries. The results also revealed that a couple of the calculated radiological hazard parameters are higher than permissible limit, hence, such quarry products may pose a radiological risks to the exposed population when used as building construction material. Correlation matrix for the activity concentrations of the NORMs and all the radiological variables is presented to determine the correlation between the variables in various samples.

Identification of the Sources of Overall Waste Generation that Affects the Well Being of the Environment

In the old urban regions, major reconstruction operations are taking place on a fast scale throughout the world, which gives rise to large quantities of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW). There is a gradual decline in available landfill space, while demand for quarry products is increasing. Because of its non-degradable features, CDW is a significant problem in many nations. Proper CDW management and recycling helps alleviate these issues. The contribution rates from various waste sources improve knowledge-based decision-making in the development of appropriate construction waste reduction strategy. This paper is focused on investigating the rate of recurrence and the seriousness of the contribution of waste sources that affect the well-being of the environment.

Managing emergency construction and demolition waste in Syria using GIS

The substantial quantities of construction and demolition waste (CDW) resulting from both emergency and non-emergency events poses a great threat to the environment. Available landfill space is progressively declining, while demands for quarry products are increasing. Proper management and recycling of CDW helps alleviate these problems. This paper proposes a multi-criteria Geographic Information System (GIS)-based framework to manage CDW in emergency situations, specifically in war-stricken environments. The proposed framework covers estimating quantities of CDW, building a GIS model for automatic siting of suitable land for the construction of recycling facilities, and carrying out an economic assessment of CDW recycling. The framework is applied to the case of Syria, which has been suffering from the consequences of war for the past 7 years. The results show that the suitability rating for the location of recycling facilities nationwide varies from 18 to 64 percent depending on the values allocated to various environmental factors such as topography, geology, and infrastructure.

RADIOMETRIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT AROUND TWO QUARRY SITES, BENIN-OWO EXPRESS WAY, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Total reliance on quarry products as construction materials has prompted commercial quarry activities globally. However, potential risks introduced by radiation exposure to quarries in two different locations in Ondo State, Nigeria were assessed to evaluate the background radiation and distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides associated with these areas. A ground radiometric mapping of eleven traverses across the two quarry sites was carried out using Gamma ray spectrometer. Naturally occurring radionuclides 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in natural quarried materials of coarse rock aggregates and soil samples collected at a maximum depth of 2 m and up to 500 m away from the quarry sites were measured using gamma spectrometry method. Spectrometric data were processed and presented in form of radiometric maps showing the distribution of radiation level in each location. Results show that activity concentrations varied from one location to another. The radiation level in the recently quarried coarse rock aggregates (QF1 and QF2) (372 cps and 382 cps) are higher than the previously quarried coarse rock aggregates (QP1 and QP2) (365 cps and 377 cps) of the quarry sites. Activity concentrations in soils are in the order 232 Th < 238 U < 40 K. The mean radioactivity concentration values of 232 Th, 238 U and 40 K are 0.0027±0.0003 Bq/kg, 0.028±0.0012 Bq/kg, 47.45±0.0313 Bq/kg and 0.0036±0.00036 Bq/kg, 0.026±0.0012 Bq/kg and 69.42±0.0313 Bq/kg respectively for soils within the quarries. At 500 m away from the quarry sites, mean values are 0.0008±0.75 Bq/kg, 0.020±0.0012 Bq/kg, 41.54±0.0313 Bq/kg and 0.0049±0.0004 Bq/kg, 0.052±0.0012 Bq/kg and 200.32±0.0313 Bq/kg respectively. The radiological hazard indices calculated were used to access the health implication of exposure to rock aggregates and soil of the study areas. The values obtained when compared with their corresponding world permissible values were found to be below the internationally recommended values. Therefore, the level of radiation and interaction with the rock aggregates and soils do not expose the workers and people within and around the quarries to health problem. Hence, the quarry products can be used as building material for housing and road constructions.

Evaluation of Radiological Hazard Indices Due to Radioactivity in Quarry Sites in Itu, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The radiological hazard indices due to the radioactivity in soils at quarry sites in Ayadehe, Oku Iboku, Odiok Itam and Ntak Inyang villages in Itu Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were evaluated. Soil samples were randomly collected at the depth of 30 cm in different locations from each of the quarry site. The radionuclide activity concentrations in the soil samples were measured using gamma spectroscopy method. The average values of 40 K, 238 U and 232 Th obtained is (143.54+7.56) BqKg -1 , (2.47+0.26) BqKg -1 and (3.70+ 0.22) BqKg -1 respectively for Ayadehe, (73.69+3.89) Bqkg -1 ,(2.04+0.24) BqKg -1 and (2.85+0.17) BqKg - 1 for Oku Iboku, (33.96.54+1.79) BqKg -1 , (8.84+0.92) BqKg -1 and (3.01+ 0.22) BqKg -1 for Odiok Itam and (63.77+3.34) Bqkg -1 , (7.81+0.84) BqKg -1 and (2.31+0.14) BqKg -1 for Ntak Inyang quarry sites. The average values obtained for radium equivalent, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, internal hazard index, external hazard index and excess lifetime cancer risk are 18.81 BqKg -1 , 9.80 nGyh -1 , 0.0614mSvy -1 , 0.1491, 0.0574, 0.0444 and 0.2163x10 -3 respectively for Ayadehe and 11.78 BqKg -1 , 5.93 nGyh -1 , 0.0365 mSvy -1 , 0.0912, 0.0373, 0.0315 and 0.1291x10 -3 respectively for Oku Iboku, 15.74 BqKg -1 , 7.22nGyh -1 , 0.0582 mSvy -1 , 0.1115, 0.0664, 0.0436 and 0.2046 x10 -3 respectively for Odiok Itam and 16.04 BqKg -1 , 7.61 nGyh -1 , 0.0933mSvy -1 , 0.1117, 0.0644, 0.0433 and 0.1850x10 -3 respectively for Ntak Inyang quarry sites. The values for the indices obtained when compared with their corresponding world permissible limits were found to be below the standard limits for such environments. Therefore the level of exposure at the study areas presently poses no significant health threat; hence, the quarry products of these areas can be used as building material.

Assessment of radiological hazard of quarry products from southwest Nigeria

The term “quarry products” comprises different natural rocks with different mineral contents, crushed into various sizes at quarries. The concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclides 40K, 238U and 232Th in quarry products from southwest Nigeria have been measured using gamma ray spectrometry. The gamma absorbed dose rate (DR), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), annual effective dose (Ad), activity concentration index (I), external radiation index (Hex) and internal radiation hazard index (Hin) associated with the radionuclides are evaluated in order to assess the radiation hazard of quarry products used as building materials. The results showed that a few of the calculated radiological parameters are higher than permissible limit, hence, may pose a radiological hazard when used as building materials.All the radiological variables above were subjected to correlation analysis to determine the similarities and correlations among various samples. The data sets consist of 10 measured variables. The principal component Analysis (PCA) yields a two component representation of the acquired data, in which 93.3% of the total variance is explained.

The Spanish Transition to Industrial Metabolism: Long‐Term Material Flow Analysis (1860–2010)

SummaryThe aim of this work is to reconstruct the main economy‐wide/material flow accounting indicators for the Spanish economy between 1860 and 2010. The main results indicate that from 1960 onward, the country saw a very rapid industrial transition based on the domestic extraction of quarry products and the import of fossil fuels and manufactured goods. Direct material consumption rose from 58.7 million tonnes (Mt) in 1860 to 570.2 Mt in 2010. In per capita terms, it rose from 2.76 tonnes per capita per year (t/cap/yr) to 11.61 t/cap/year. Of the decennial years studied in this article, a peak of 15.23 t/cap/yr occurs in the year 2000; the subsequent fall is explained by the crisis of 2008. Until 1930, Spain was a net exporter of resources, but since that year, and especially since 1960, it began to depend heavily on overseas resources. The physical trade balance per inhabitant in Spain was –0.01 t/cap/year in 1860 and today it is 2.45 t/cap/year. This process also reveals the change in consumption patterns, which became increasingly dependent on abiotic resources. In 1860, 98.1% of resources consumed was biomass, whereas today the figure is 16.2%. In all events, this article shows how, although the great transformation did not occur until 1960, before that date the country saw significant qualitative transformation, which did not involve relevant changes in the mobilization of resources.

First North American Record of the Palearctic Microplax albofasciata (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeoidea: Oxycarenidae)

Abstract Microplax albofasciata (Costa), a Palearctic (mainly Mediterranean) species of the small family Oxycarenidae, is reported from California as the first record for the New World. Adults of this little-known lygaeoid bug were found in 2012 and 2013 at the Hastings Natural History Reservation in northern Monterey County. It is suggested that this immigrant heteropteran arrived from the Mediterranean Basin in shipments of ceramic tiles (or quarry products) and that California’s similar Mediterranean climate aided its establishment. A diagnosis, description, and illustrations are provided to facilitate the recognition of M. albofasciata in the Nearctic Region.

Natural radioactivity measurements in the granite rock of quarry sites, Johor, Malaysia

This study was conducted to determine the concentration of natural radionuclides in the granite rocks of selected quarry sites in Johor state, Malaysia and their possible radiological effects. The activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the areas of study indicated varying values of 238U, 232Th and 40K. The highest values of 238U and 232Th concentrations (67±1 and 85±2Bqkg−1, respectively) were observed at Kamad Quarry (IJM), whereas the highest value of 40K concentration (722±18Bqkg−1) was detected in Kim Seng Quarry, while the values of activity concentration are lower in Hanson Quarry Products (Kulai) (25±0.5 for 238U, 24±0.5 for 232Th and 429±11 for 40K). Overall, 40K has the highest concentration in the granite rocks of the quarry sites, followed by 232Th and the least for 238U. The radium equivalent activity concentration was found in the range between 94 and 239Bqkg−1, the absorbed dose rate was found to be in the range between 47 and 112nGyh−1, and effective dose ranged from 58 to 137μSvh−1. Moreover, the internal and external hazard index values were given in results lower than unity.

Geologic vs. geographic constraints on cement resources

This study evaluates the importance of geologic and geographic factors in constraining the location of limestone mining operations for the production of cement in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Cities and their infrastructure require abundant cement, which is manufactured from limestone and other quarry products, but expansion of cities limits the locations of these operations. Possible locations of limestone and cement operations are controlled by geologic factors including distribution and mineralogy of geologic formations as well as depth of overburden, and geographic factors including location of wetlands, cities, and other surface features that preclude development of quarries and manufacturing operations. Overlay analysis was used to evaluate the importance of these factors. Results show that, although limestone underlies about a third of the region, almost 50 percent of this limestone is unavailable for quarrying due to coverage by the built environment, protected natural areas, or excessive overburden thickness. When characteristics such as limestone quality are also accounted for, accessible resources shrink to as little as 2 percent of the total land area. Although the remaining 2 percent of land area may supply local needs for some years, geologic factors clearly must be included in long-term regional land use planning.

English

Hanson Quarry Products Europe and the statutory nature conservation body for England, English Nature (now Natural England), have a Partnership Agreement whereby Hanson in 2002 became the UK Habitats Champion for reed bed and fen recovery. Both reed bed and fen habitats are identified as a priority to halt their recent decline and to be enhanced and expanded in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP). The mineral extraction industry can significantly contribute to the 2010 national recovery targets. In 2003 English Nature commissioned, and subsequently published in 2007, 'Design & Reporting Criteria' to guide and facilitate the successful creation of reed bed, other swamp and fen vegetation as an after use of mineral extraction sites, and their subsequent reporting for inclusion in the national UK and local Habitat BAP inventories and audits. Reed bed is a specific type of open-water transition fen dominated by the common reed Phragmites australis and fen a generic term for this and other wetland types influenced by water that has been in contact with rock or soil. The term 'fen' embraces a very wide range of vegetation composition from low sedge and moss dominated to tall reed and tall-herb swamp types, and grading into the ‘wet’ end of meadows and woodland types. The scope for the creation of the various types of fen is dependent on a number of key physical factors (climate, hydrology, substrate (soils and geology) and fertility), but also in practice, land management and the availability of plant material. The physical factors were broadly considered for reed bed and 65 other published types of fen occurring in the UK from which the scope and opportunity for restoration in mineral workings, and generic design guidelines for their creation, are set out for use by planners and other practitioners alike. In concert, 'Reporting Criteria' were devised to enable the consistent and objective reporting of reed bed swamp and fen habitats created as a result of mineral site restoration. The reporting criteria are in line with the UK National Biodiversity Network definitions enabling incorporation of the data into UKBAP & Local BAP inventories. Additional

Old Yorkshire Stone Crafts

In 1938–40 I recorded several old Yorkshire stone crafts which were either dying out or had already ceased to be followed. These records were published as articles in The Quarry Managers' Journal during the years 1940 and 1941. As few students of folk life would have easy access to that material, some of the articles are now being reprinted here, without revision.Yorkshire, on account of its size and the diverse nature of its geological structure, boasts a wide variety of quarry products. Old industries have become decadent and new ones are taking their places; districts which were important quarrying centres a century ago are now almost without evidence of their former activity, whilst other areas are being eaten away by the gaping excavations of which modern quarrying is capable. Historical records of the quarrying industry are rare and the old craftsmen who treasured memories of their forefathers' activities are fast disappearing. (Fig. 1) By this survey it is intended to place on permanent record a brief historical account of the old stone industries which flourished in the county of Broadacres.

Low-grade quarry products, reclaimed aggregates and inert wastes — Their use in unbound mixtures for road pavements

The UK Specification for Highway Works appears to encourage the use of low-grade quarry products and a range of reclaimed aggregates and inert wastes in earthworks. However, in practice, materials used in earthworks are judged against requirements designed to assess the compactibility of soils. Compliance with “compactibility” criteria rather than “fit for purpose” criteria can lead to the use of higher quality aggregates than is strictly necessary. For many years U.K. clients have had supplies of good quality granular subbase material available at low cost. The use of such aggregates in non-structural fill layers presents few risks, but diverts the aggregate from more appropriate end uses, such as asphalts. Proponents of the greater use of wastes and reclaimed aggregates face the same dilemma. The development of European (CEN) Standards may influence the situation. These Standards are designed to ensure that barriers to trade are removed for “products placed on the market”. The new Standards aim to be “blind” to the source of the material and to reflect the wide range of national practices across Europe. The CEN work may give a status to a number of tests that are more appropriate to the control of unbound mixtures than those currently used in the U.K.

5092709 Landfill site with leachate collection: John Davis, Oakville, Canada assigned to Steetley Quarry Products Ltd

5092709 Landfill site with leachate collection: John Davis, Oakville, Canada assigned to Steetley Quarry Products Ltd

The modern Spanish economy: transformation and integration into Europe

List of figures List of tables and notes Chapter 1 Evolution and structure of the Spanish economy: Evolution of the Spanish economy The Francoist economy: autarchy 1939-1959 The Francoist economy. economic miracle 1959-1973 Economic crisis, political transition and preparation for membership of the European Community, 1974-1985 Economic growth and closer European integration, 1986-1992: European integration, Opening of the Spanish economy The contemporary political economy: Human resources, Employment, Unemployment, Structural reform, Continued internationalisation Restructuring of the Spanish economy. Chapter 2 The public sector: The public sector Public enterprises Public enterprises in the Spanish economy Major non-financial public enterprise groups Evolution of the public enterprise sector Privatisation Deregulation Restructuring in the public sector. Chapter 3 Agriculture, forestry and fishing: Agriculture, forestry and fishing in the economy Changing patterns of agriculture Problems of agricultural production: The physical environment, Farm size structure, Enterprise combinations, The labour force, Productivity, Finance, Marketing, Technological dependence Government intervention: Intervention in production and marketing, Restructuring and renovation, Agrarian reform, Irrigation, Conservation of nature Application of the Common Agricultural Policy Forestry Fishing Restructuring in agriculture, forestry and fishing. Chapter 4 Minerals and mining: The mining industry Coal mining: Coal resources, Development of the coal industry, Coal industry structure and restructuring Metallic mineral mining: Pyrites and sulphur, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Mercury, Tin and precious metals, Iron Non-metallic mineral mining: Potash, Common salt Quarry products Restructuring of the mining industry. Chapter 5 Energy: Energy in Spain: National energy plans Oil: Oil industry structure and restructuring, Oil production and resources, Oil refining, Oil distribution, State intervention in the oil industry, The oil industry and the European Community Gas: Town gas, Liquefied gas, Natural gas, Natural gas resources and supplies Electricity: The structure of electricity supply, Nuclear energy, Hydroelectricity Renewable energy sources and energy conservation Restructuring the energy base. Chapter 6 Manufacturing industry: Manufacturing industry Industrial reconversion Industrial policy in the late 1980s and early l990s Iron and steel Fertilisers Textiles and clothing Food, drink and tobacco Motor-vehicles Electronics Industrial restructuring. Chapter 7 Services: The service sector, The changing environment of financial services, Banking: Government intervention, The state sector, Commercial banks, Savings banks, Foreign banks Insurance: Other financial services Retailing Telecommunication services Construction Restructuring of the service sector. Chapter 8 Tourism:

鉱石立坑内の鉱石の流れに関する研究 （第１報） 立坑内における鉱石の重力流動と混合

Most big limestone quarries in Japan use an ore pass system with large vertical or inclined ore pass to transport the ore from the bench to the crushing room. Despite their importance in controlling the quality of quarry products, the mixing property and the mechanism of the gravity flow of ore in the ore pass system are not apparent in most quarries. The mixing property is considered to depend on the material properties of the ore, the geometry of the system and also on the mechanism of the gravity flow inside the system.Based on the observation of the so called “breathing” phenomena of the ore pass in Toumi limestone quarry, a model for the gravity flow considering the bulk density variation through secondary motions of ore and the forming of a local micro arch is proposed. Several phenomena occurring in the ore pass according to the production of ore could be easily explained using this model. Extending this gravity flow model to an inclined ore pass, the possibility is shown that the mixing property of an inclined ore pass may also depend on its length.

The challenges of aggregate management in a small developing country—Trinidad and Tobago

The paper discusses the surge of activity in the construction sector in Trinidad and Tobago over the last decade as a direct result of the radically improved economic fortune. This surge had accompanied the discovery of new oil and gas fields and the new oil prices of the 1973/74 period. The paper reviews the development in the quarry industry and the question of aggregate management against a background of an unplanned explosion in demand for all quarry products. It identifies the major constraints and weaknesses of the present operation and concludes by identifying areas of necessary and urgent reform to deal with the challenges created by a decreasing demand for aggregate in the face of decreasing national oil reserves and consequent shrinkage in construction activity.

Geology of quarry products

Geology of quarry products