Amounts Of Macronutrients Research Articles

Proper balanced nutrition as the main factor of youth health

The article monitors and analyzes the main causes of unbalanced diet of young people; the basic principles of proper nutrition have been studied.
 It has been found that a balanced diet plays a fundamental role in ensuring good health. Properly formulated diet has a significant impact on the health of young people, increases efficiency, mental and physical development, creates a basis for longevity.
 In modern conditions, the problem of nutrition of young people is becoming more urgent. This issue is relevant because for a balanced diet it is necessary to take into account individual characteristics: age, sex, weight, metabolism, physical activity. This means that each diet can be recommended only to a certain group of the population (children, youth, etc.).
 It is analyzed that the state of health of modern youth is characterized by a fairly high level of morbidity, namely the persistent spread of endocrine and cardiovascular diseases and those associated with metabolic disorders. The main factor in this situation is an unbalanced menu: the vast majority of the diet consists of fast carbohydrates (pasta, potatoes, semi-finished products, sweets). There is also a significant imbalance in the amount of food on the menu (exaggerated caloric intake in accordance with physiological needs).
 The menu of young people is mostly characterized by insufficient consumption of natural products: fish, meat, dairy products, fruits and vegetables. Consumption of such products provides the body with the necessary nutrients.
 It has been found that today many young people usually do not follow a diet, eat in front of the TV or computer without controlling the amount of food consumed. This has a negative effect on the health and hormonal activity of the body. Constant overeating leads to chronically elevated levels of insulin in the blood, which increases the proliferation of cells and microorganisms, tumors, causes the so-called "diseases of civilization": atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attacks, strokes, allergies, cancer, osteochondrosis, diabetes, obesity and obesity. etc.
 It is established that a balanced diet of young people is an individual norm of the required caloric content, depending on physical indicators and load, with the calculated amount of macronutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates).
 It is determined that nutrition plays an extremely important role in the proper course of physiological processes in the body of young people. Proper nutrition depends on the normal functioning of organs and systems of the body, its resistance to various pathogens. Modern young people should eat at least four times a day, and for breakfast, lunch and dinner must be a hot dish. The body needs to consume milk, cheese, dairy products (sources of calcium and protein). Deficiency of calcium and phosphorus will also help to fill fish dishes. As a side dish it is better not to use potatoes or pasta, and stewed or boiled vegetables (cabbage, beets, onions, carrots, beans, garlic and cabbage).

The contents availability of N, P, K, and Mg in empty fruit composting of oil palms with symbiont bacteria from rhinoceros beetle larvae (Oryctes rhinoceros) (Coleoptera: Scarabidae)

The using of palm oil waste had not been optimal lately. It could be seen in oil empty fruit bunches (EFB). It was placed along the oil palm plantations. The condition was not only the trigger of air pollution but also could invite rhinoceros beetle pests (Oryctes rhinoceros) to lay their eggs and carry out reproductive activities due to availability organic matter of the trees. Oil palm plants required large amounts of macro nutrients, especially potassium. However, the potassium nutrient was found in EFB was too slow available because of its relatively long breakdown. That was the reason why it was needed a method of using EFB waste into a capable of high use value product, environmentally friendly, and could give a lot of benefits to oil palm farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of nutrient content in EFB composting by the using of symbiont bacteria from larvae O. rhinoceros. The research was experimentally conducted a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors, namely the type of bacteria and the time of decomposition. The composting stage was carried out by coarsely chopping the EFB then 75 ml of bacterial culture was applied to 1 kg of EFB. Analysis, results indicated C/N ratio (35.56% and 36.97%) and high K content (1.64% and 1.48%). The EFB composting method is achievable in 6 weeks with activators of Bacillus stratosphericus and Bacillus siamensis.

Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars

The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.

Individual Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Diet in n-of-1 Trials: Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake (WE-MACNUTR)

BackgroundThe role of different types and quantities of macronutrients on human health has been controversial, and the individual response to dietary macronutrient intake needs more investigation. ObjectivesWe aimed to use an ‘n-of-1’ study design to investigate the individual variability in postprandial glycemic response when eating diets with different macronutrient distributions among apparently healthy adults. MethodsThirty apparently healthy young Chinese adults (women, 68%) aged between 22 and 34 y, with BMI between 17.2 and 31.9 kg/m2, were provided with high-fat, low-carbohydrate (HF-LC, 60–70% fat, 15–25% carbohydrate, 15% protein, of total energy) and low-fat, high-carbohydrate (LF-HC, 10–20% fat, 65–75% carbohydrate, 15% protein) diets, for 6 d wearing continuous glucose monitoring systems, respectively, in a randomized sequence, interspersed by a 6-d wash-out period. Three cycles were conducted. The primary outcomes were the differences of maximum postprandial glucose (MPG), mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), and AUC24 between intervention periods of LF-HC and HF-LC diets. A Bayesian model was used to predict responders with the posterior probability of any 1 of the 3 outcomes reaching a clinically meaningful difference. ResultsTwenty-eight participants were included in the analysis. Posterior probability of reaching a clinically meaningful difference of MPG (0.167 mmol/L), MAGE (0.072 mmol/L), and AUC24 (13.889 mmol/L·h) between LF-HC and HF-LC diets varied among participants, and those with posterior probability >80% were identified as high-carbohydrate responders (n = 9) or high-fat responders (n = 6). Analyses of the Bayesian-aggregated n-of-1 trials among all participants showed a relatively low posterior probability of reaching a clinically meaningful difference of the 3 outcomes between LF-HC and HF-LC diets. ConclusionsN-of-1 trials are feasible to characterize personal response to dietary intervention in young Chinese adults.

Low-Carbohydrate Diets in Korea: Why Does It Matter, and What Is Next?

In recent years, low-carbohydrate diets have become highly popular in Korea as a means to lose weight. People following this regime believe that fat and protein can be consumed in unlimited quantities, as long as carbohydrate intake is strictly restricted. However, low-carbohydrate diets are more complex than simply reducing carbohydrate intake. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials revealed that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets in terms of weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects vary. Low-carbohydrate diets confer more beneficial effects on weight loss and lipid profiles such as triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but exhibited detrimental effects on lipid profiles such as total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Korean diets are typically high in carbohydrates, where carbohydrate intake is in the range of 50%–80% of total energy. Within this range of carbohydrate intake, high carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased risk of elevated triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels but with a reduced risk of elevated total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The optimal range of carbohydrate intake was depicted by a U-shaped relationship between carbohydrate intake and mortality, with 50%–60% of energy from carbohydrates having the lowest mortality risk. The distribution of macronutrients varied greatly according to age and sex groups in Korea. There is no single diet that can be recommended to all individuals, especially if focusing only on the quantity of macronutrients as opposed to their quality. The health benefits of low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets may depend on the source of protein and fat and the carbohydrate quality.

Enhancing the leaf quality of mulberry by foliar application of chitosan: Mulberry leaf quality improvement by chitosan

Chitosan is an important bio-stimulator for many crops due to its ability to promote the plant defense mechanism. A study to assess the effect of chitosan as foliar spray in enhancing the mulberry leaf quality on three mulberry different varieties (V1, MR2 and G4) was taken up. In this study, five different concentrations of chitosan viz., 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm were applied thrice at 15 days interval starting from 25 days after pruning (DAP) in early hours of the day. The result showed that foliar application of chitosan had statistically significant effect in almost all the traits studied. Mulberry plants treated with chitosan 75 ppm of V1 had maximum photosynthetic pigments viz., Chlorophyll-a (3.12 mg g-1), chlorophyll-b (0.85 mg g-1), total chlorophyll (3.23 mg g-1) and carotenoids (1.02 mg g-1); higher moisture content (75.82 %) and moisture retention capacity (72.65 ) compared to all other treatments. Correspondingly, Chitosan 75 ppm of V1 had more accumulation of primary metabolites as soluble protein (31.21 mg g-1) and total carbohydrate (20.61 mg g-1); high amount of macronutrients as nitrogen (4.73 %), phosphorus (0.51 %) and potassium (3.51 %) over the control. The same trend was observed in all three varieties in increasing the mulberry leaf quality. Therefore, the application of chitosan at chitosan 75 ppm on foliage of the plant could be an ideal way to increase the mulberry leaf quality.

Increase In Macro Nutrients By Adding Banana Waste To Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Liquid organic fertilizer is a solution from the fermentation of organic materials by involving microorganisms as a destructor of macromolecular compounds into minerals that are easily absorbed by plants. The quality of organic fertilizers is the main ingredient to get productive plants. The quality of organic fertilizer is determined by the concentration of macro nutrients such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus. Getting high amounts of macronutrients fertilized organically is not easy. Macro-nutrients in organic waste with high concentrations are very difficult to obtain because each organic waste does not have all three macro-nutrients simultaneously. It takes a combination of organic waste to increase the concentration of macro nutrients in organic fertilizers. The combination of tofu whey with banana waste is one technique to obtain organic fertilizers that are high in phosphorus content. This study aims to obtain the effect and conditions of fermentation on the addition of mass of banana waste to produce optimum levels of phosphorus (P) in liquid fertilizer of tofu waste. The type of research used is pre-experimental research. The design of this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely the first factor was the mass of banana waste (X) (X1 = 250 grams, X2 = 500 grams, X3 = 750 grams) and the second factor was the fermentation time (Y) (Y1 = 14 days, Y2 = 28 days, Y3 = 42 days). Determination of phosphorus content using UV-Vis spectroscopy instrument. Parameters measured were phosphorus (P) levels in liquid organic fertilizer. The independent variables in this study were the mass of banana waste and fermentation time, while the dependent variable in this study was the phosphorus content of the liquid fertilizer produced. The results of the analysis show that the phosphorus content (P) produced is X1Y1 = 0.1%, X2Y1 = 0.5%, X3Y1 = 0.09%, X1Y2 = 0.5%, X2Y2 = 2%, X3Y2 = 1.9 %, X1Y3 = 0.2%, X2Y3 = 0.5% and X3Y3 = 0.5%. There is an effect with the addition of a mass of banana waste as much as 250 grams at a 12-day fermentation time. It can be concluded that the liquid fertilizer produced has exceeded the SNI quality standard.

Increase In Macro Nutrients By Adding Banana Waste To Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Liquid organic fertilizer is a solution from the fermentation of organic materials by involving microorganisms as a destructor of macromolecular compounds into minerals that are easily absorbed by plants. The quality of organic fertilizers is the main ingredient to get productive plants. The quality of organic fertilizer is determined by the concentration of macro nutrients such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus. Getting high amounts of macronutrients fertilized organically is not easy. Macro-nutrients in organic waste with high concentrations are very difficult to obtain because each organic waste does not have all three macro-nutrients simultaneously. It takes a combination of organic waste to increase the concentration of macro nutrients in organic fertilizers. The combination of tofu whey with banana waste is one technique to obtain organic fertilizers that are high in phosphorus content. This study aims to obtain the effect and conditions of fermentation on the addition of mass of banana waste to produce optimum levels of phosphorus (P) in liquid fertilizer of tofu waste. The type of research used is pre-experimental research. The design of this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely the first factor was the mass of banana waste (X) (X1 = 250 grams, X2 = 500 grams, X3 = 750 grams) and the second factor was the fermentation time (Y) (Y1 = 14 days, Y2 = 28 days, Y3 = 42 days). Determination of phosphorus content using UV-Vis spectroscopy instrument. Parameters measured were phosphorus (P) levels in liquid organic fertilizer. The independent variables in this study were the mass of banana waste and fermentation time, while the dependent variable in this study was the phosphorus content of the liquid fertilizer produced. The results of the analysis show that the phosphorus content (P) produced is X1Y1 = 0.1%, X2Y1 = 0.5%, X3Y1 = 0.09%, X1Y2 = 0.5%, X2Y2 = 2%, X3Y2 = 1.9 %, X1Y3 = 0.2%, X2Y3 = 0.5% and X3Y3 = 0.5%. There is an effect with the addition of a mass of banana waste as much as 250 grams at a 12-day fermentation time. It can be concluded that the liquid fertilizer produced has exceeded the SNI quality standard.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF BIOEXTRACTS FROM HAZELNUT SHELL

The article provides a comparative analysis of data on the content of macro- and micronutrients, as well as the determination and identification of biologically active substances in the bioextracts obtained with distilled water (BE-I) and 70% ethanol (BE-II) from the shell of the common hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) plant widespread in the northwestern region of Azerbaijan. It was established that the bioextracts BE-I and BE-II have the same mineral composition and contain 25 mineral elements. The bioextracts obtained by extraction with distilled water and 70% ethanol contain 28.51% and 14.61% mineral elements respectively. The amount of macronutrients (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, P) in BE-I is 22.97%, micronutrients (Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, Sn, Sr, Y, Al, S, Se, Si, Ba, Pb, Rb, V) – 5.54%; in BE-II 11.60% and 3.01%, respectively. It was established that the BE-II contains 85.4% biologically active substances (BAS) and 28 major therapeutic substances, while the BE-I contains 71.5% BAS and 14 major therapeutic substances. Phenolic compounds with high antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial properties were found among the BAS, of which the following components dominate: 2-methoxy phenol (C7H8O2), 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (C8H8O), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (C9H10O2), 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (C8H8O3), 2-methoxy-4-propyl-phenol (C10H14O2), 4-((1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (C10H12O3), dibuthyl phtalate (C16H22O4), 1-naphtalenamin (C10H9N), 5-cholestene-ol, 24-methyl- (C28H48O), γ-sitosterol və β-sitosterol (C29H50O), stiqmast-4-en-3-one (C29H48O), 4H-pyran-4-one-, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (C6H8O4), trans-4-fluoro-4'-(methyltio) chalcone (C16H13FOS). The bioextracts obtained by the proposed methods contain vital macro- and microelements and BAS with high therapeutic effect, which allows them to be used as a therapeutic agents in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. Based on the results of the study for obtaining bioextracts rich in mineral elements, BAS, coloring pigments and flavorings the optimal regime was determined using two-stage extraction by 70% ethanol and distilled water.

BIOACTIVATED BUCKWHEAT IN TERMS OF ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUEBIOACTIVATED BUCKWHEAT IN TERMS OF ITS NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Buckwheat is a gluten-free pseudocereal crop consumed as functional food in some regions. Traditionally, buckwheat grain is used to make buckwheat groats and flour. Bioactivation improves the nutritional value of buckwheat grain by activating hydrolytic enzymes that make nutrients available for the plant’s growth and for the human body. The article contains research on the content of nutrients in bioactivated buckwheat grain of the Kupava variety grown in Belarus. The study examined hulled buckwheat kernels (not steamed) of the botanical variety Kupava, cream-coloured with a greenish hue, with the humidity 12.0%, and with the proportion of sound kernels 99.4%. At the first stage of germination, bioactivated buckwheat grain was obtained in 48 hours. It had the following characteristics: humidity (39.2±1.0)%, sprout size (2.0±0.5) mm. According to the organoleptic parameters, the grain had a pleasant sweetish taste and a subtle nutty aftertaste. The components of bioactivated buckwheat grain that provide a person with the largest amounts of macronutrients are starch (31.84±0.6)%, sugars (5.1±0.3)%, and protein (5.67±0.02)%. Bioactivated buckwheat grain contains all essential amino acids (30.5% of the total quantity of amino acids). The limiting amino acid is threonine (amino acid score 31.7%). Of nonessential amino acids, there is a high content of glutamic acid (1.0972 g per 100 g). The difference ratio of the amino acid score is 54.75%, the potential biological value of the protein is 45.25%. 100 g of sprouted buckwheat grain contains 48.5% of the daily requirement of manganese, 24.0% of copper, 18.9% and 34.0% of iron (for women and for men respectively), about 23.0% of the daily requirement of vitamin B1, and 12.7% of the daily requirement of vitamin E. Besides, bioactivated buckwheat grain contains fibre (6.5% of the daily requirement on average). Bioactivated buckwheat grain can be consumed as a meal in its own right, as a side dish, as an additive to salads and fermented dairy products, or as a dessert when mixed with fruit purée, honey, or dried fruit.

The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes.

A balanced diet is a fundamental component of athletes’ health, training, and performance. The majority of athletes choose adequate quantities of macronutrients but, at the same time, do not respect World Health Organization dietary guidelines, eating a lot of discretionary food and not drinking enough water. Athletes need more nutritional education to improve the quality of their food choice. By modifying their eating habits, they could also enhance their performance. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of nutritional intervention on eating habits in a group of Northern Italian athletes. A sample of 87 athletes (41 males and 46 females) aged 16.5 ± 2.9 was enrolled. We organized meetings and detected eating habits (before and after the meetings) using a food frequencies questionnaire. We found that nutritional intervention positively affected participants consumption of vegetables (p < 0.05), nuts (p < 0.001), legumes (p < 0.001), and fish (p < 0.05). Other aspects of the athletes’ eating habits were not significantly improved. Some gender differences were found; males increased their consumption of vegetables (p < 0.05) and nuts (p < 0.001), while females increased their intake of legumes (p < 0.001). Our finding suggested that nutritional intervention could promote healthy eating habits among athletes. If sports nutrition experts, coaches, personal trainers, sports medicine experts, and athletes cooperated, they could guarantee athletes’ health status.

Moderating Effect of Physical Activity in Prevention of Colorectal and Breast Cancer by Mediterranean Diet in Females of Pakistan

Objective: The aim and purpose of the study are to determine how cancer can be prevented by maintaining a good dietary plan and physical activity. To discuss the relationship between diet and cancer prevention, guidelines, and evidence-based strategies to reduce the cancer risk (Jennifer, Karen and Wendy 2016). Cancer prevention food plan should consist of all the right amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients. Dietary guidelines can be adapted to promote health and preventing diet-related chronic diseases—a population that hasa good dietary plan, less prone to the risk of cancer. Study Design:. A cross-sectional study Place and Duration:This study was conducted at Holy Family Hospital and Wapda Hospital of Rawalpindi for duration of six months i.e from June 2020 to December 2020. Methods: Research was conducted on a sample of 58 females. Patients were aged between 18-75 years. Patients’ detailed demographics age,residency and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. Previous history of breast and colorectal cancer were recorded among patients. Consumption and awareness of mediterranean diet among females were assessed. Effectiveness and recommendation of this diet were also observed. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results:Most of the patients 35 (60.34%) were aged between 18-24 years, 12 (20.7%) were between 25-34 years of age and the rest were 11 (18.97%) &gt;35 years of age. Mean age of the patients were 28.74±10.54 years with mean BMI 24.08±9.45 kg/m2. 41(70.7%) was not aware from mediterranean diet and regular take of this diet was found in 15 (25.9%) cases. Physical activities were found among 47 (63.%) cases. Previous history of colorectal cancer was found in 4 (6.9%) cases and breast cancer was found in 26 (44.8%) cases. 42 (72.41%) patients were agree to recommend this diet after read this useful benefits. Conclusion:We concludedin this study that the use of mediterranean diet in daily routine was useful and effective in prevention of breast and colorectal cancer. It can also be prevented by physical activities in daily work. Keywords: Colorectal cancer, breast cancer, physical activity, Mediterranean diet

Increased extreme rains intensify erosional nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes to the northern Gulf of Mexico in recent decades

Soil erosion delivers enormous amounts of macro-nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from land to rivers, potentially sustaining water column bioavailable nutrient levels for decades. In this study, we represent erosional N and P fluxes in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) and apply the model to the continental United States. We estimate that during 1991–2019 soil erosion delivers 775 Gg yr−1 (1 Gg = 109 g) of particulate N (PN) and 328 Gg yr−1 of particulate P (PP) on average to the drainage basins of the northern Gulf of Mexico, including the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River and other rivers draining to the Texas Gulf and the Eastern Gulf. Our model simulation shows that in these rivers PP is the dominant P constituent and over 55% of P exported by erosion comes from soil P pools that could become bioavailable within decades. More importantly, we find that during 1991–2019 erosional N and P fluxes increase at rates of about 15 Gg N yr−1 and 6 Gg P yr−1, respectively, due to increased extreme rains in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya river basin, and this intensification of erosional N and P fluxes drive the significant increase of riverine PN and PP yields to the northern Gulf of Mexico. With extreme rains projected to increase with warming, erosional nutrient fluxes in the region would likely continue to rise in the future, thus complicating the effort of reducing eutrophication in the inland and coastal waters.

Proximate and micronutrient compositions of four different cultivars of aubergine (Solanum melongena)

Aubergine or Garden egg is a vegetable commonly chewed as such and served as kolanut within the southeast part of Nigeria. The aim of the study is to determine the proximate and micronutrient compositions of four different cultivars of aubergine (Solanum melongena). Four cultivars of aubergine, namely Solanum anguivi - A, Solanum aethiopicum (gilo group) - B, Solanum macrocarpon - C, and Solanum aethiopicum (kumba group) - D, were purchased from the Eke-ukwu market in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Proximate compositions were determined using the standard AOAC methods. Mineral determination was carried out by using methods incorporating wet digestion while Vitamins were determined by using specific methods appropriate for each vitamin. The proximate analysis results of the samples showed that moisture content ranged from 80.29% for sample C to 90.63% for sample B; fat ranged from 1.40 (sample A) to 4.00 (sample C); Ash: 0.52 - 0.76 (C - A); Protein: 3.94 - 8.31 (A - C); Crude fibre: 2.02 - 2.86 (C - A); Carbohydrate: 0.47 - 4.86 (B - C). The micro-nutrient compositions showed that vitamin A ranged from 475.18i.u. (sample B) to 528.06i.u. (sample A); Vitamin C: 908.6 - 2929.65 mg/100g (A - C); Calcium: 97.95 - 586.02ppm (D - A); Magnesium: 80.63 - 106.31ppm (B - A); Iron: 10.14 - 14.97ppm (C - A). The four cultivars of aubergine contained fair amounts of macronutrients in addition to the substantial amounts of micronutrients. In all, Solanum anguivi cultivar was the richest of the four in nutrient compositions, and, therefore, the most preferred.

Increasing the nutritional value and consumer qualities of table potato varieties

The article presents the results of using VIR’s and RPRC’s 18 backcross hybrids as donors of a complex of agronomic characters in the implementation of the most important directions of breeding based on optimal hybridization options and selection of valuable genotypes to improve the nutritional value and consumer qualities of potato tubers. Identification of genotypes combining a high level of starch content and yield was noted only at the level of the average population level, which coincides with the average starch content of the parents. The efficiency of selection of low-starchy forms is much higher, since a decrease in the level of manifestation of a trait has no negative correlation with productivity. A high correlation (+0.78) of the protein content in the tubers of the parental forms with the average protein content of the offspring was established, which confirms the presence of control of this trait by additively acting polygenes. The largest amount of macronutrients was found in tubers of genotypes selected among the four-species hybrids of populations from crossing wild species S.vrn ×S.adg ×S.ryb with S. tuberosum varieties. The use of the selected varieties as donors of a complex of economically useful traits makes it possible to speed up the breeding process and reduce the cost of creating new potato varieties with improved nutritional value and consumer qualities of tubers.

Sugarcane Distillery Spent Wash (DSW) as a Bio-Nutrient Supplement: A Win-Win Option for Sustainable Crop Production

Industrial pollution has been continuously soaring and causing serious threats to the soil, water, and air quality. The increase in industrialization has not only covered the large areas, but also created a large quantity of wastewater which is difficult to handle. The water produced from different industries is getting its place in the agriculture. However, the challenge is to properly use wastewater, so that the application of wastewater does not cause any soil and environmental problems. The distillery spent wash (DSW) is a liquid waste that is produced from the sugarcane industry. It contains a large load of both organic and inorganic substances. Also, DSW contains a sufficient amount of macronutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and Sulphur (S)) and micronutrients (zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)), which in turn improves the growth and yield of crops. The optimized doses of DSW substantially improve soil enzymatic and microbial activities, organic carbon, nutrient uptake, soil porosity, water holding capacity, aggregate stability, and anti-oxidant activities, which in turn improve the photosynthetic efficiency, growth and yield. However, the inadequate knowledge about the DSW characteristics and methods of its agricultural application present questions concerning environmental quality for groundwater pollution. Therefore, to obtain a better understanding about the DWS, here, we discussed the effects of DSW on soil quality, crop yield, and its implications for agriculture and water quality.

What does self-selection of dietary proteins in rats tell us about protein requirements and body weight control?

Omnivores are able to correctly select adequate amounts of macronutrients from natural foods as well as purified macronutrients. In the rat model, the selected protein levels are often well above the requirements estimated from the nitrogen balance. These high intake levels were initially interpreted as reflecting poor control of protein intake, but the selected levels were later found to be precisely controlled for changes in dietary protein quality and adjusted for cold, exercise, pregnancy, lactation, age, etc. and therefore met physiological requirements. Several authors have also suggested that instead of a given level of protein intake, rodents regulate a ratio of protein to dietary carbohydrates in order to achieve metabolic benefits such as reduced insulin levels, improved blood glucose control, and, in the long term, reduced weight and fat gain. The objective of this review was to analyze the most significant results of studies carried out on rats and mice since the beginning of the 20th century, to consider what these results can bring us to interpret the current causes of the obesity pandemic and to anticipate the possible consequences of policies aimed at reducing the contribution of animal proteins in the human diet.

Effects of composted swine manure on nutrient content in grains of Panicum miliaceum L.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of composted swine manure on protein and macronutrient contents of proso millet grains and in nutrient export by the crop. The experiment was carried out in the years 2013 and 2014 in a randomized block design, with four replications and five treatments, composed of four doses of composted swine manure (0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12.0 Mg ha-1) and one dose of mineral fertilization (NPK 100-60-40 kg ha-1). Compost and mineral fertilizers were applied manually in each plot after the sowing of the crop, according to the established doses. After the harvesting, grain samples were taken to determine protein, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents, as well as the amount of macronutrients exported by the crop. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. The means of the variables related to the compost doses were compared to the control plot (absence of fertilization) and to the mineral fertilization plot using the Tukey’ test (P≤0.05), and the effects of CSM doses were assessed by regression analysis, adopting as selection criteria the model and the magnitude of the regression coefficients at 5% of significance. The export of nutrients from the field by P. miliaceum grains at the dose of 4.0 Mg ha-1 of compost was equal to the mineral fertilization recommended for the crop, justifying the use of swine manure as a substitute for mineral fertilization. The use of compost provides protein content in P. miliaceum grains similar to the use of mineral fertilizer

Adjustment of culture media to optimize in vitro rhizogenesis of domestic plums of various origins

This paper presents the results of the adjustment of 18 modifications of culture medium based on MS medium composition – Murashige and Skoog (1962) for in vitro rhizogenesis of 10 varieties of domestic plum. There were used 4 nutrient media with a full amount of macro- and microelements – MS1 with a different combination of phytohormones, 1 medium without hormones – MSc, 13 media – MS2 with half the amount of macronutrients, differing in hormonal composition. It was found that the maximum number of rooted microshoots from 21.2 to 52.2 % was on MS2–8 medium, from 11.2 to 43.1 % on MS2–5. The analysis showed that into the medium increases the percentage of microplants by 12-17 % comparing with the medium MS2–5 and MS2–7 without FA. The distinctiveness of nutrient media by the type of auxin (IAA, NAA, IBA) made it possible to clarify that IBA is the most optimal of the auxins, and the concentration of 1.7 mg/l is borderline for the growth reactions of plum varieties. It was revealed that in vitro root formation depends not only on the compositions of growth substances in the nutrient medium, but also on the genotype of the variety.

The use of precision farming technologies in the cultivation of winter wheat in the conditions of the Orel region

The analysis of the use of precision farming systems for the cultivation of winter wheat of the Moskovskaya 39 variety in the climatic and soil conditions of the Orel region of the Russian Federation is carried out. The value of the vegetation index NDVI was used as a reference indicator for determining the amount of macronutrients introduced. The effect of applied fertilizers on winter wheat plants was found to be stimulating for their targeted distribution. The application of fertilizers without taking into account the needs for this site led to uneven plant development, lodging, a decrease in yield and an increase in the cost of production.