Amounts Of Macronutrients Research Articles

Quality and quantity of macronutrients, and their joint associations with the incidence of type 2 diabetes over a nine-year follow-up

BackgroundThe association between macronutrient consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains equivocal. Here, we investigated whether the quantity and quality of macronutrient intake are associated with T2D incidence in a West Asian population.MethodsT2D-free adults (n = 2457, mean age 38.5 ± 13.6 years, 54.2% women) who participated in the third examination cycle (2005–2008) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were followed for a median of 8.6 years. We estimated the macronutrient quality index (MQI), its individual sub-indices (carbohydrate quality index (CQI), fat quality index (FQI), and healthy plate protein quality index (HPPQI)), as well as the macronutrient quantity. The risk of T2D in relation to macronutrient quantity, quality, and their combined effects was examined using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors for T2D.ResultsDuring the study follow-up, 257 incident cases of T2D were documented. Individuals in the highest tertiles of MQI and CQI had a 27% (HR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54, 0.98) and 29% (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51–0.99) lower T2D risk than those in the lowest tertiles. The T2D incidence was 35% lower in the middle HPPQI tertile than in the lowest (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47, 0.89). The multivariable adjusted model showed that individuals in the middle and highest tertiles of carbohydrate intake had 32% (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.49–0.95) and 26% (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55–1.00) lower risks of T2D than individuals in the lowest tertile. A high-quantity, high-quality carbohydrate diet (≥ 58.5% of energy from carbohydrate with a CQI ≥ 13) and a low-glycemic index (GI), high-fiber diet (GI < 55 and fiber ≥ 25 g/d) were related to a reduced risk of T2D by 34% (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47, 0.93) and 42% (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38, 0.90), respectively.ConclusionA diet with a higher carbohydrate quality may be associated with a lower T2D incidence, particularly when the carbohydrate quantity is also high.

A simple step to improve fat and energy delivery of human milk delivered via bottle-feeding pump: An experimental study.

Enteral feeding pump systems deliver decreased amounts of macronutrients in human milk to neonates. This study determined the macronutrient loss associated with a bottle-feeding pump system and the effect of manually mixing the human milk during extended feeds. Macronutrient content from samples of donor human milk was analyzed after simulated extended feeds with a bottle-feeding pump system, using a human milk analyzer. Simulations were repeated using manual mixing of the bottle every 30 min during feeding. The percentage of the baseline was calculated, and one-sample t tests and analysis of variance compared the effect of manual mixing and the duration of feeding on macronutrient delivery. The delivery of fat and energy was lower over time, but manual mixing considerably improved retention. The length of feeding impacted fat delivery, with less fat delivered over time (P < 0.001). Manually mixing significantly increased fat delivery (P < 0.001). Similar results were found for energy, with a significant reduction in energy delivery over time (P < 0.001) and significantly more energy delivered with mixing (P < 0.001). Mixing and the duration of feeding had minimal effect on protein or carbohydrate delivery. Bottle-feeding pump systems are associated with a significant reduction in the delivery of fat and energy of donor human milk. The manual mixing of donor human milk during prolonged feeds is a simple way to improve fat and energy delivery to the neonate.

Nutrient Uptake Potential of Nonleguminous Species and Its Interaction with Soil Characteristics and Enzyme Activities in the Agro-ecosystem.

The potential nutrient uptake abilities of a plant are essential for improving the yield and quality. Green manures can take up a huge amount of macronutrients from the soil. The mechanisms underlying the differences in nutrient uptake capacity among different nonlegume species remain unclear. The plot experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of nonlegume species including forage radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus), oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus), February orchid (Orychophragmus violaceus L), and rapeseed (Baricca napus), while a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) species was used as a control. The study results showed that forage radish had the highest nutrient uptake (N and P), i.e., 322 and 101% in Hunan and 277 and 469% in the Sichuan site, respectively, compared with the control. While the greatest K uptake was found in forage radish, i.e., 123%, and February orchid, 243%, in the Hunan and Sichuan sites. Forage radish also presented higher phosphorus use efficiency in both experimental areas: Hunan by 301% and Sichuan by 633% compared to the control. Significant modifications were found in nutrient availability and enzyme activities after the cultivation of various species. The oil radish enhanced the β-glucosidase (BG) and leucine-aminopeptidase enzyme activities by 324 and 367%, respectively, while forage radish developed the highest phosphatase (Phase) and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities compared to the ryegrass in Hunan. In the Sichuan site, the oil radish promotes enzyme activities such as Phase (126%), BG (19%), and NAG (17%), compared to the control. It is concluded that forage radish, oil radish, and February orchid can easily improve soil nutrient quality in green manuring practices and provide valuable nutrient management systems.

Effect of Different Doses of Nutrients on Vegetative, Reproductive and Biochemical Parameters of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) cv. F1 Amazing Hybrid

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) is a well-known winter vegetable crop which belongs to Cruciferae family. Cauliflower needs a large amount of macronutrients as they play role in the development and growth of curd. Therefore, a field experiment was executed to check the different sources of nutrients on vegetative, reproductive and biochemical parameters. Seven different concentrations of macronutrients i.e., Control (no fertilizer), N=150 kg/acre, P=100 kg/acre, K=100 kg/acre, NP=150 + 100 kg/acre, NK=150 + 100 kg/acre and NPK=150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre were applied to cauliflower and experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Results indicated that maximum values for vegetative and reproductive parameters such as plant height, numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area, foliage fresh weight per plant, foliage dry weight per plant, curd weight, curd diameter, curd yield per hectare and chlorophyll contents (63.2 cm, 21 leaves/plant, 1233.9 cm2, 930 g/plant, 246 g/plant, 695.79 g, 15.26 cm, 25.20 tons/ha and 2.07 CCi respectively) were recorded in NPK treatment (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre). Whereas, the lowest values were noted in control treatment (no fertilizer). However, total soluble solids were noted maximum (6.49oBrix and 6.19oBrix) in NK (150+100 kg/acre) and NPK (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre) treatments and vitamin C was maximum (46.35 mg/100ml and 45.67 mg/100ml) in the treatments NPK (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre) and NK (150 + 100 kg/acre). From this study, it is concluded that application of NPK (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre) is the recommended dose for better growth, curd production and higher quality yield of cauliflower cv. F1 amazing hybrid.

Sex differences in the relationships between macronutrients and all-cause mortality in individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity

This study investigates sex differences in the effects of macronutrient quantity, quality, and timing on mortality in metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) populations. The study included 18,345 participants, including 9204 men and 9141 women. The Cox proportional risk model and isocaloric substitution effects were used to examine the association of macronutrient intake and subtype with all-cause mortality in the MUO populations. After adjusting for the potential covariates, The risk of all-cause mortality was elevated in men in the highest 25% percentile of poor-quality carbohydrates compared with men in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40–2.98). Compared with women in the lowest quartile, the risk of all-cause mortality for women in the highest 25% percentile for high-quality carbohydrates (OR: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55–0.99) and unsaturated fatty acids (OR: 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32–0.93) were decreased. In women, replacing low-quality carbohydrates with high-quality carbohydrates on an isocaloric basis reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by approximately 9%. We find that different macronutrient consumption subtypes are associated with all-cause mortality in MUO populations, with differential effects between men and women, and that the risk of all-cause mortality is influenced by macronutrient quality and meal timing.

Caracterização físico-química, teste de aceitação e análise descritiva de perfil livre de pão sem glúten desenvolvido com amido e farinha de trigo sarraceno brasileiro

ABSTRACT: Buckwheat is a pseudocereal with a high starch content and compounds of nutritional interest, making it suitable for use in gluten-free baking. A simplex-centroid design was employed to investigate the effects of the mixture components of buckwheat flour, buckwheat starch, and rice flour in nine different proportions. The minimum and maximum limits for the components were 10% and 30% for buckwheat flour, 20% and 40% for buckwheat starch, and 50% and 70% for rice flour, aiming to create diverse gluten-free breads for evaluation. The utilized flours underwent characterization, and their micro- and macronutrient amounts, along with their amino acid compositions, were determined. Specific volume analysis, water loss determination, texture assessment, and sensory evaluations were conducted on the breads. It was observed that the proportion of starch and buckwheat flour directly influenced the specific volume and water loss during product storage. Through sensory analysis, the formulation with the highest acceptance and purchase intention among tasters was identified. Free-choice profiling analysis established the sensory profiles of the developed gluten-free bread formulations. According to tasters, the formulations exhibited characteristics of whole meal bread, noticeable softness, and a homogeneous alveolar distribution. The gluten-free bread was well-received by 124 tasters, with a purchase intention rate of 93.55%.

The relationship between nutritional facts and temperament of selected Iranians' frequent food items: a summative content analysis study.

Dietary intake is considered as a major determinant factor in health maintenance as well as primary and secondary prevention of diseases. The knowledge on the relationship between food nutritional facts and their temperament (Mizaj) can be helpful in the integrative Iranian medicine and modern nutrition approach to individualized diet planning. This study was carried out in three phases using a summative content analysis method: 1) Extraction of the Iranians' frequent food items through an academic discussion panel of nutritionists and MDs, PhDs of Iranian medicine; 2) Determination of the extracted food items' temperament and nutritional facts; 3) Statistical analysis of the extracted data using SPSS software. Foods with warm temperament had higher mean levels of energy and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as iron, zinc, and manganese. On the other hand, the mean values of total fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamin B12, and retinol were significantly higher in wet temperament foods. Additionally, the dryness of food items had a positive significant association with total carbohydrates, fiber, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, copper, and manganese. Finally, wet foods had higher amounts of moisture and vitamin A. The results of the present study revealed that warmness of food items is associated with higher amounts of macronutrients as well as cell growth and proliferation related micronutrients. Moreover, foods with dry temperament had higher amounts of minerals. Further studies, especially food analytical studies, are required to validate the accuracy of aforementioned findings.

Optimization of Formulation for Development of Amaranth Incorporated Composite Fermented Milk Drink using Response Surface Methodology

Background: Fermented milk products are highly nutritious food containing a significant amount of macro-nutrients, micro-nutrients as well as bioactive molecules which are required for the growth and overall development of all age’s people. However, they lack in fibre, vitamin C and essential mineral such as iron. Pseudo-cereal like amaranth is a principal source of energy consists of significant amount of carbohydrates, protein, fibre and some micronutrients viz., calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc etc. Therefore, a study was undertaken to optimize the amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) incorporated composite fermented milk drink (AICFMD). Methods: In present study, the central composite rotatory design (CCRD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the level of various ingredients (Independent variables) i.e. roasted amaranth flour, sugar and curd acidity to formulate the most acceptable AICFMD. Result: The results revealed that composite fermented milk drink prepared from toned milk 60.5%, amaranth 4%, sugar 10.5%, water 25.0% (w/w) with curd acidity 0.831% lactic acid and final total solid content maintained to 21.2%, resulted in good quality AICFMD.

Association of postoperative dietary macronutrient content and quality with total weight loss and fat-free mass loss at midterm after sleeve gastrectomy

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the associations of macronutrient quantities and qualities with percentage total weight loss and percentage of fat-free mass loss relative to total weight loss in adults undergoing sleeve gastrectomy. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 146 patients on postoperative time since sleeve gastrectomy of 2 to 4 y. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Macronutrient quality index, carbohydrate quality index, fat quality index, and healthy plate protein quality index were calculated. The associations of dietary variables with percentage total weight loss and percentage of fat-free mass loss relative to total weight loss were determined using linear regression. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of non-response (percentage total weight loss < 25%) and excessive fat-free mass loss (percentage of fat-free mass loss relative to total weight loss > 28%) based on dietary intakes. ResultsForty-six (31.5%) were non-responders, and 49 (33.6%) experienced excessive fat-free mass loss. The fully adjusted model showed a 0.75 decrease in percentage total weight loss per 5% carbohydrate increase (95% CI, –1.45 to –0.05). The odds of non-response were 53% lower per 5% increase in protein (95% CI, 0.23–0.94). Each 5-g higher intake of fat was associated with 0.29 higher percentage of fat-free mass loss relative to total weight loss (95% CI, 0.03–0.55). The odds of excessive fat-free mass loss were reduced by 5% per gram of fiber intake (95% CI, 0.90–0.99). Each 5% increment in energy intake from protein that was isocalorically substituted for either carbohydrate or fat was associated with lower odds of nonresponse. Macronutrient quality indices had no significant associations. ConclusionsAdherence to a high-protein, high-fiber diet after sleeve gastrectomy may enhance surgical success by improving total weight loss and preventing excessive fat-free mass loss.

Literature Review: pola makan dan kualitas diet pada remaja dan dewasa dengan HIV/AIDS

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains an unresolved health problem in Brazil. Diet plays an important role in the immune system of HIV/AIDS patients because adequate amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients are important. Food quality has also been used as a proxy for predicting the risk of death and chronic diseases. Measuring diet quality is an indicator that can describe a person's dietary practices in accordance with the dietary recommendations set out to be able to live healthily.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the dietary patterns and diet quality of adolescents and adults with HIV/AIDS.Methods: This study was a systematic literature review. The protocol used in the systematic literature review of this study used the PRISMA method. The SLR protocol and evaluation were performed using the PRISMA method to select research articles that had been found. The PRISMA method collects articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, SINTA, Garuda, and Scopus databases. The search terms used were Indonesian and English. The search terms used in Indonesian were "Diet and HIV/AIDS" OR "Diet Quality and HIV/AIDS". The search terms in English were "dietary habit and HIV/AIDS" OR "diet quality and HIV/AIDS". The articles collected were published between 2014 and 2022.Results: According to the findings of a systematic literature review, consumption patterns that do not meet the needs of HIV infection will lead to chronic malnutrition and AIDS, resulting in a drastic decrease in resistance to other infections. Diet plays an important role in the immune system of HIV/AIDS patients, because adequate intake of macro-and micronutrients is essential for normal functioning. Diet quality is influenced by the diversity of food ingredients and food security, which remains low. Diet quality in HIV/AIDS patients affects their body weight, mental health status, physical health status, CD4 count, and other health problems.Conclusion: Dietary habits do not meet intake requirements due to HIV infection, which causes chronic malnutrition and, at the AIDS stage, results in a drastic decrease in resistance to other infections. Diet quality in HIV/AIDS patients affects their body weight, mental health status, physical health status, CD4 count, and other health problems.

A Higher Amount of Nutritional Intake as a Possible Cause of Hyperglycemia in Extremely Premature Infants in Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition at the Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

This study aimed to find an association between infants who had hyperglycemia and those who did not, those treated with insulin or not and several prenatal and postnatal variables or the suboptimal prescription of parenteral nutrition. We conducted a retrospective study, which included extremely premature infants (<28 weeks of gestation) admitted to the tertiary NICU, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2021. Blood glucose measurements, insulin treatment, general characteristics, nutritional data and complications of prematurity were obtained retrospectively from hospital data. There were 21 infants included in the study who did not receive insulin and 17 who were treated with insulin. Infants receiving insulin were younger and lighter compared to the non-insulin treatment group (mean gestational age 178 vs. 188 days; median birth weight 680 g vs. 990 g). The younger insulin group of infants received the same daily number of total macronutrients per kg per day compared to the older non-insulin group, i.e., glucose, lipids and amino acids, as recommended for the gestational age and birth weight. After adjusting for gestational age, no significant association with complications of prematurity was found. The postulated explanation (with the prescription of a higher amount of macronutrients during the first seven days) for hyperglycemia and treatment with insulin in the less mature and lighter infants cannot be supported by the data given.

Biochemical composition, oil profiling and elemental analysis of different cumin (Cuminum cyminum L) genotypes

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an annual plant of the family Apiaceae and the genus Cuminum has a single species Cyminum, native from the east Mediterranean to east India. In India, Gujarat and Rajasthan are the major producing states. After black pepper, cumin is the second most popular spice in the world. The present research work was carried out to study the nutritional quality parameters, oil profiling and element composition of fifteen cumin genotypes. The results showed that the moisture content was found to vary from 6.22 to 8.15 %. The carbohydrate content was higher in Kushalpura-1 (46.14 %), while the crude protein was highest in Indawar followed by GC-2 and Merta-2. Total protein content was highest in Lampolai (18.24 %) and lowest in GC-2 (11.36 %). In Lamba Jatan, highest content of non-reducing sugars (8.35 %) and total soluble sugars (9.11 %) were observed. Reducing sugars was detected in the range of 0.72 – 1.53 %. Highest amount of total free amino acids and crude fiber were found in Gawardi and Kushalpura-1, respectively. The total oil (20.27 %) and volatile oil (3.99 %) content were highest in GC-4. The petroselinic acid and linoleic acid were observed as primary fatty acids in all tested genotypes. However, Lampolai, Merta-1, GC-2 and GC-4 were good sources of both fatty acids among all the genotypes. The elemental analysis showed that the GC-2 has a high overall amount of macronutrients, while micronutrients was highest in Piplon-5.

Sustainability Engineering on Chicken Slaughterhouse Waste as a Source of Liquid Biofertilizers Supporting Eco-Farming

On average, Indonesia’s chicken slaughter sector consists of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Businesses (MSMEs), which primarily use domestic product components. The government is concerned with raising national competitiveness, especially for MSMEs, to ensure fair and equitable growth. So that development can be accomplished in a sustainable way, all of these must be accomplished without compromising environmental concerns. The Chicken Slaughterhouse (RPA) MSME industry’s production processes undoubtedly create waste that pollutes the environment. The RPA liquid waste’s high nutrient content must be utilized as a natural resource to aid in the growth of organic and environmentally friendly agriculture. One solution is to use a fermentation process to turn the trash into liquid organic fertilizer. This research was done to ascertain the quality and quantity of macronutrients in liquid biofertilizers as well as the ideal fermentation period for the process. In order to conduct this study, rotten bananas and banana gedebog, EM4, molasses, and chicken manure were added to a reactor containing RPA wastewater. Throughout the 35-day fermentation process, samples were taken on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 in order to test the macronutrient content, which included C, N, P, and K, using the UV/VIS, SSA, and N spectrophotometry methods utilizing the Kjeldahl method. The best liquid biofertilizers in this study were made from a combination of RPA waste with banana gedebog, rotten bananas, EM4, molasses (molasses), and skin chicken dung. The mixture fermented for 14 days and contained 17.4 each of the components C-Organic, N-total, K2O, and P2O5 per day. With the exception of the P2O5 level, the liquid organic fertilizer generated complies with Permentan Number 261 of 2019. Notwithstanding this, the liquid organic fertilizer obtained is of higher quality than some fertilizers that have been sold commercially.

Impact of Various Cropping Systems on the Status and Distribution of Selected Micronutrients in Subtropical Region of Himachal Pradesh, India

Globally, the majority of farmers use various cropping systems. In order to increase the production of food grains, the adaptation of these cropping systems necessitates intensive cultivation, which eventually calls for a greater quantity of macronutrients as well as micronutrients. The availability of micronutrients is greatly influenced by cropping practices, their distribution by profile and chemical pools, and their accessibility to plants. Many crops can reach beneath the soil layers and access the micronutrients with their deep roots, which they require to grow. The present study was conducted to quantify the impact of different cropping systems on DTPA extractable micronutrients viz., Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn over time. Soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-15 cm) of four cropping systems i.e., cereal-cereal (CC), cereal-oilseed (CO), vegetable-vegetable (VV), and fodder-fodder (FF). The micronutrient cations were found highest under the VV cropping system when compared with all four cropping systems. The results illustrate that availability of micronutrients is affected by the presence of high organic carbon content and favourable soil reaction.

The Concept of Light Food Ration for Military Personnel of the Russian Federation or LFR. Minimization of Weight and Size Indicators

Introduction. The conditions for the use of individual food rations (IFR) by military personnel during hostilities impose specific requirements on IFR development and the products chosen for the rations. The complex effect of various stress factors which lead to metabolic disorders in the body and protein-energy deficiency characterizes the conditions of nutrition and functioning of the human body as extreme. The difficulty or impossibility of timely food provision jeopardizes the fulfillment of military personnel's tasks and requires the achievement of minimum weight and size parameters of the diet to increase personnels' autonomy while simultaneously providing the necessary nutrients and energy.Purpose. The study substantiates the possibility of using alternative traditional products to form the diet food matrix. In the context of the article, these are the products of deep technical conversion or structural modification (derivative products), primarily proteins, carbohydrates and fats from various sources of raw materials.Materials and Methods. Analysis of information published in domestic and foreign literature concerning the basic scientific foundations of the theories of balanced and adequate nutrition, functional human nutrition under extreme conditions, research papers of US National Academies divisions including Committee on Optimization of Nutrient Composition of Military Rations for Short-Term, High-Stress Situations, Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Medicine, requirements for the diet of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and NATO countries, concept of a nutritious food, emergency nutrient norms and standards was used to determine the required adequate amount of macronutrients and micronutrients in the formation of the LFR food matrix.Results. A comparative analysis of the nutrient content, energy value, and bulk density of the IFR products and powdered forms of derivative products reveals the advantages of the latter, which provide minimization of weight and size indicators, adequate satisfaction of the need for basic macro and micronutrients, metabolizable energy, improvement of the functional parameters of military personnel. The expected economic effect from non-traditional products is estimated as savings from reduced logistics costs and purchase price. The presented conceptual groundwork shows the prospects and expediency of further practical development and creation of a light diet based on non-traditional products in light food rations. In addition, this approach contributes to the solution of one of the main tasks in Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation which is improvement of the military-economic support of the military organization based on the rational use of financial, material and other resources.

Fatty Acid Profile and Mineral Composition of Red-Toothed Triggerfish (Odonus niger) Landed in Karnataka, Southeastern Arabian Sea.

The seasonal and sex-wise variations in fatty acid and mineral composition in the tissue of Odonus niger collected from the Karnataka coast, southeastern Arabian Sea, were evaluated for the first time. The fatty acid profile was assessed using gas chromatography, nutritional indices were employed to evaluate lipid quality, and standard methods were utilized to estimate mineral composition and heavy metals. Palmitic acid (20.2-45.9%), oleic acid (10.0-19.2%), and docosahexaenoic acid (10.9-36.7%) were found in the highest proportions. The amount of ω3 fatty acids was significantly higher than ω6 fatty acids indicating the healthiest food fish and a promising source for nutrient supplementation. The P/S (PUFA/SFA) and ω3/ω6 ratios of the species were greater than those recommended by the UK Dept. of Health. Index of atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) was low, and hypocholesterolemic to the hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH), unsaturation index (UI), health-promoting index (HPI), fish lipid quality (FLQ), and polyene index (PI) were high. The relationship between the quantities of macronutrients and trace elements was calculated as K > P > Na > Mg > Ca and B > Fe > Zn > Ga > Al respectively. Heavy metals like Be, Bi, Co, and Hg were found below the detection level. Benefit-risk ratio value indicates that the species is safe for consumption.

Pan-Atlantic Comparison of Deep-Sea Macro- and Megabenthos

Deep-sea benthic fauna is vital for a well-functioning marine ecosystem but is increasingly under threat from a changing environment. To monitor and conserve this fauna, an understanding of their large-scale spatial and bathymetric distribution and their environmental drivers is necessary. In this study, we conduct a multivariate analysis on abundance benthic fauna data collected at the phylum and multitaxon levels using an epibenthic sledge (EBS) across the Atlantic, and identify the environmental factors that affect such data. Our findings show a decrease in abundance with depth in most of the Atlantic but find relatively heterogeneous abundances with depth within the Southern Ocean. Principal component analyses indicate differences in environmental conditions south of the Antarctic Polar Front (~52° S), outlining contrasts in the quantities of macronutrients and physical factors. Despite this, community composition seemed markedly similar throughout the Atlantic with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current seemingly not affecting benthic community composition for higher taxonomic levels. Those differences that did occur were largely caused by benthic chlorophyll, benthic iron, and surface silicate through a Bio-ENV. Overall, we argue that further large-scale spatial and bathymetric distribution studies are important amid environmental changes that are driving shifts in benthic community abundance and composition.

Scavenger and herbivore functional role impairment modulates changes in plant communities following mass mortality events

Abstract Mass mortality events (MMEs) of wildlife are increasingly frequent and may destabilize communities. MMEs provide a unique ecological context because they simultaneously produce a resource pulse that is sometimes coupled with the loss or severe impairment of functional roles such as predation or herbivory. Moreover, these effects are complicated by global declines in obligate vertebrate scavengers. We designed an experiment to measure the relative importance of bottom‐up (nutrient addition) and top‐down (impairment of obligate scavenger and herbivore functional roles) forces experienced during MMEs on the local plant community. Increasing carrion biomass shifted local plant assemblages from the original state promoting plants more resistant to soil disturbance (i.e. annual plants), but this effect was unique to carrion as the same amount of macronutrients entering the system did not affect the plant community. This may indicate that the effects of carrion are primarily driven by interactions with consumers rather than bottom‐up processes. Additionally, restricting obligate vertebrate scavenger access to increasing amounts of carrion biomass shifted the net effects of the carrion on the plant community by limiting perennial vines. Impairment of the herbivore functional role released plants from top‐down control, increasing plant growth and survival. Our experiment indicates that top‐down forces may have strong effects on plant communities following MMEs. As such, the global increase in wildlife MMEs may have broad consequences on ecological communities, not only on the species affected. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

MEAL REPLACEMENT AS A PART OF OBESITY TREATMENT: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Obesity is thought to be a complicated, multifaceted chronic disease that results from the combination of environmental and genotypic variables. Implementing a wide strategy for obesity prevention and management is required given the variety and complexity of factors impacting obesity. Most healthcare practitioners use dietary therapies such calorie-restricted diets, Mediterranean diets, DASH diets, and intermittent fasting to encourage weight loss. Meal replacement products (MRPs) are used as part of a calorie restricted diet which helps to control our food choices and leads to calorie reduction. This article reviews the usage of MRP as a weight loss therapy and summarizes the literature about their effectiveness to reduce weight in patients with obesity. From the literature search, it can be concluded that MRPs contain a precise amount of macronutrients, micronutrients, and fiber to provide a nutritionally balanced meal. MRPs have been extensively studied as a weight loss therapy, and several scientific studies have confirmed their efficacy. The main ways that MRPs aid in weight loss are by reducing appetite and improving diet adherence, which makes it easier for individuals to stick to their diet plan and achieve their weight loss goals. Overall, MRPs should be considered as a viable treatment option for patients who are motivated to lose weight, as they offer a simple, convenient, and effective way to reduce calorie intake, improve diet adherence, and achieve sustainable weight loss. However, it is important to note that MRPs should be used as part of a comprehensive weight loss plan that includes regular physical activity and behavior modification strategies for long-term success.

Genome sequencing and analysis of Xylaria sp. L1 provides novel insights into its utilization in IDF decomposition in okara

This study investigated the genome ofXylaria sp. L1 and its application in assisting the degradation of okara, which is an agricultural waste. The fungus process showed that there was a 50.31% cellulose loss and 56.25% hemicellulose loss, respectively. In merely 7 days, compared with untreated control, the content of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) in the substrate was significantly decreased by 62% whereas that of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) significantly increased by 413%. Importantly, the activity of cellulase showed a continuous increase trend and it reached the maximum activity at 11.37U/g on the 7th day. The pretreated biomass showed much higher levels of polysaccharides, especially for glucuronic acid (63.63%), than the untreated controls after 7 days. Additionally, Xylaria sp. L1 sporocarps had higher quantities of macronutrients, especially for Zn. Furthermore, we conducted the first annotation of Xylaria sp. L1 genome. Illumina and nanopore sequencing revealed that the genome size of Xylaria sp. L1 was 36.61 Mb. The high activity of cellulase was in accordance with the annotation the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) databases, which are related to cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. GHs were the most abundant enzymes and 203 genes were annotated to GHs. Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition was likely performed by an expressed GH43 and GH5 protein families containing their binding domains and genes A0779, A0819, A7717 played an important role in pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Therefore, the higher IDF decomposition by Xylaria sp. L1 makes it a prospective feedstock for okara degradation.