Quantitative Study Research Articles

Correlation between Urine Albumin Creatinin Ratio (UACR) Value to Urine Osmolality Value and Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate (EGFR) Value on Patient with Kidney Failure

BACKGROUND : Kidney failure is one of the causes of death in the world. Laboratory tests related to kidney function are very important in the management of patients with kidney failure because they are useful in identifying any decline in kidney function, monitoring treatment and progression of kidney disease. The aim of checking the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR): is to assess the protein filtration function in the glomerulus. The aim of checking urine osmolality is to assess pre-renal, renal and post-renal hemodynamic status. The aim of examining the estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) is to assess overall glomerular function. EGFR is the gold standard. AIMS : The aim of this research is to determine 1). the relationship between UACR values and EGFR, 2). The relationship between urine osmolality and EGFR. UACR and urine osmolality are independent variables. Meanwhile, EGFR is the dependent variable. The research sample was all chronic kidney failure in one group. Acute renal failure was made into a group and a separate analysis. METHOD : This study is a quantitative study with analytical observations through a cross sectional design using 30 samples and was conducted from May to June 2024 at the Central Laboratory Installation of Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, East Java Province. UACR and EGFR examination used the principle of photometric test while urine osmolality examination used the principle of electrical conductivity. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Spearman non-parametric correlation test through SPSS 27. RESULT : In the normality test results, it was found that UACR and EGFR values were not normally distributed (p = <0.001) while urine osmolality values were normally distributed (p = 0.523). Spearman's non-parametric correlation test showed that there was no correlation between UACR value to urine osmolality value (p = 0.342) and EGFR value (p = 0.481). CONCLUSION : The results of this study showed no correlation between UACR value to urine osmolality value and EGFR value in patients with kidney failure.

Exploring the Connection between a Leader's Emotional Intelligence and their Effectiveness in Managing Teams and Organization

This study focuses on leaders in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, aiming to explore the influence of emotional intelligence on various aspects such as leadership effectiveness, communication, conflict management, and the motivation and retention of employees. Questionnaires from a pre-structured set were sent to 150 business managers from a variety of industries as part of a quantitative research study. ANOVA, regression, and correlation analyses were used to develop three hypotheses. It was found that emotional intelligence has a significant impact on leadership effectiveness. One of the most important findings from the correlation study was that emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness are strongly linked (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). The study demonstrated how emotional intelligence plays a key role in communication, conflict resolution, and group dynamics. Finally, the ANOVA results showed that as a leader's emotional intelligence increases, their motivation, organizational commitment, and employee retention also rise significantly. Then, evidence was presented to add to (Goleman & Intelligence, 1995) study on emotional intelligence and underscores its importance for effective leadership. The findings suggest that emotional intelligence is an essential component of successful leadership, improving team performance, employee satisfaction, and overall organizational success. Data was gathered from self-report questionnaires administered to a broad range of leaders in Punjabi businesses.

Factors Influencing Health Literacy Among Migrants in Taiwan.

With increasing migration from the Asian countries, enhancing migrant health literacy in Taiwan is crucial. This study addresses a significant gap in health literacy research, particularly concerning immigrants of both genders and from diverse countries. Its purpose is to assess health literacy levels among migrants and identify associated factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of this issue. This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2022 and January 2024, involving first-generation migrants aged above 20 years. Data were collected anonymously using the HLS-EU-Q47 questionnaire, available in English, Vietnamese, and Indonesian. Participants, mainly of Asian background, generally had low health literacy. Significant factors associated with higher health literacy included marital status, father's education, employment, health care training, transportation usage, ability to pay medical fees, income, and household arrangements. Educational courses and health seminars also improved health literacy. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to enhance health literacy among migrants, considering demographic and socioeconomic factors.

The Impact of Teacher-Student Relationships on Students' Perceptions of Teachers' Educational Effectiveness

The impact of teacher-student relationship on student perception of the teacher's effectiveness in the delivery of education lies in the limited understanding of how the teacher-student relationship specifically shapes students' perception of the education provided by the teacher. While numerous studies have explored the impact of teacher-student relationships on various educational outcomes, such as academic achievement and student engagement, there is a lack of research specifically examining how this relationship affects students' perceptions of the teacher's educational qualifications. This study aimed to determine whether a positive and strong teacher-student relationship can influence students' perception of their teachers' knowledge and expertise in the subject matter being taught among Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTEd) college students. This descriptive, correlational and causal-comparative quantitative study was conducted to 94 BTVTEd college students of Tagum City College of Science and Technology Foundation, Inc. using an adapted-modified survey questionnaire checklist. In addition, correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis were used in interpreting the obtained data. Findings showed a high correlation between teacher-student relationship and students' perceptions on teacher's effectiveness in the delivery of education. Thus, teacher-student relationship factor specifically teaching style significantly influences how the BTVTEd college students perceived their teacher's effectiveness in the delivery of education.

Closely Related Brucella Species Widely Differ in their Vegetative and Intracellular Growth.

Growth rate is a key prokaryotic trait that allows for estimating fitness and understanding cell metabolism. While it has been well studied in model organisms, there is limited data on slow-growing bacteria. In particular, there is a lack of quantitative studies on Brucella species. This genus includes important microorganisms that are causative agents of brucellosis, one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses, affecting several species of animals, including humans. Brucella species exhibit approximately 97% genomic similarity. Despite this, Brucella species show different host preferences, zoonotic risks, and pathogenicity. After more than one hundred years of research, numerous aspects of Brucella biology, such as in vivo and in vitro growth, remain poorly characterized. In this work, we analyzed vegetative and intracellular growth of the classical Brucella species (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. ovis, and B. canis). Strikingly, each species displayed distinct growth parameters in culture. Doubling time (DT) ranged from 2.7 hs-1 in B. suis to 18h-1 for B. ovis. In the context of intracellular infection of J774A.1 phagocytic cells, DT was longer, but it widely varied across species, closely correlating with the growth observed in vitro. Overall, and despite high genome similarity, we also found species-specific growth parameters in the intracellular cell cycle.

Evaluating the Influence of Viral Marketing and Brand Awareness on Purchase Decisions a Study Tiktok Shop

This study examines the impact of Viral Marketing and Brand Awareness on Purchasing Decisions, individually and collectively. The quantitative study approach examines 90 consumers using the Tik Tok Shop in Tebing Tinggi. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling approach grounded in particular criteria. Data collection was conducted using an online questionnaire, and Data analysis was conducted via SPSS version 25. The findings indicated that Viral Marketing significantly influences Purchasing Decisions and Brand Awareness. Both Viral Marketing and Brand Awareness have a substantial and beneficial influence on Purchasing Decisions. This research enhances comprehension of The impact of digital marketing methods on consumer behavior in the era of social media.

Nigeria for women project (NFWP) and social cohesion in rural livelihoods

Purpose The purpose of this paper is critically examine the Nigeria for Women Project (NFWP) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of NFWP on social cohesion in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a quasi-experimental research design to address the scarcity of quantitative studies on women’s groups in Nigeria. A total of 2,400 respondents were sampled across the rural areas of the six geographical regions of the country. Findings Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that though scrimpy, the NFWP intervention targeted specifically for the empowerment of women, using the women’s affinity group model has recorded significant set up in improving women’s formation of social capital through advocacy, awareness creation, provision of credit, training of women on skill acquisition, among other activities. Practical implications This suggests that an increase in NFWP budget that seeks to expand participation of women in women’s groups, targeted at increasing women’s social cohesion, especially in the rural communities will help lift women and girls out of poverty in the country. Social implications It implies that women’s groups that serve as production cooperatives, saving associations and marketing groups can enhance women’s performance in entrepreneurship development and boost rural economy production in Nigeria. Originality/value This research contributes to the growing field of female entrepreneurial collaboration by proposing the moderation of social cohesion as a means to sustain agriculture and rural development in developing countries. It concludes that targeting women’s groups should form the foundation of public policy for social cohesion in women’s entrepreneurship development for rural economy.

A note on non-solvable groups with given number of particular subgroups

Considering the quantitative properties of some particular subgroups of a finite group, we prove that (1) a non-solvable group $G$ has exactly 5 non-subnormal non-supersolvable proper subgroups if and only if $G\cong A_5$ or $SL_2(5)$. (2) a non-solvable group $G$ has exactly 5 non-subnormal non-2-nilpotent proper subgroups if and only if $G\cong A_5$ or $SL_2(5)$. (3) a non-solvable group $G$ has exactly 16 non-subnormal non-2-closed proper subgroups (or two same order classes of non-subnormal non-2-closed proper subgroups) if and only if $G\cong A_5$ or $SL_2(5)$. Our results improve some known related research.

End-of-life care for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a scoping review protocol

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory disease that has a typical illness trajectory. Awareness of unique disease courses as well as providing end-of-life care (EOLC) for COPD patients is important as most patients experience varied degrees of suffering toward the end-of-life. The purpose of this scoping review is to map out key concepts, main sources, and types of evidence available in the area of research on EOLC with multiple interventions for people with COPD.MethodsThis scoping review will be conducted following the latest Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. In addition, this review process will adhere to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The initial simple search concepts will be set out as “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” and “end-of-life care”. Based on the eligibility criteria, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, CINAHL Ultimate, Embase, and Google Scholar databases will be searched, and all quantitative and qualitative studies of the after-year publication of each electronic database will be included. This process of literature selection will be carried out independently by each researcher. The results will be summarised in a narrative synthesis approach and the gaps and potential biases of the evidence identified by comparing the adopted articles for EOLC with multiple interventions for people with COPD.DiscussionThis scoping review will outline in detail the evidence and the gaps from primary studies that have been gathered from the qualitative and quantitative literature based on all eligibility criteria. Therefore, the results of this review will contribute to a new field of systematic reviews. Furthermore, providing an outline of an EOLC for COPD in this study may improve the practice of healthcare professionals in this area. Ethical approval and consent are not required as no human participants were involved in this study.Systematic review registrationThis research has been registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (https://osf.io/upd4a).

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV care continuum and associated factors in middle-income countries: A mixed-methods systematic review.

The HIV care continuum during the COVID-19 era faced specific challenges. The pandemic, affecting the delivery of HIV care, exacerbated existing healthcare inequities and vulnerabilities in middle-income countries with limited financial resources. This study aims to set the stage for the systematic review, focusing on the impact of COVID-19 on HIV care in middle-income countries with a focus on barriers and facilitators. A systematic search of relevant literature, including electronic databases and manual assessment of references, was done. The review included quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies conducted in middle-income countries, with no age or gender restrictions. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used for reporting the results. In the course of our systematic review, a comprehensive examination of the pertinent literature published between 2020 and 2024 yielded a total of 76 studies. This adverse impact was prominently attributed to an amalgamation of factors intrinsically associated with pandemic-induced restrictions, fear of contracting the COVID-19 and fear of disclosing HIV status. Moreover, an emergent theme observed in select studies underscored the enduring trend of HIV treatment continuity, which was facilitated by the burgeoning utilization of telemedicine within this context. The pandemic negatively affected income and increased vulnerability to HIV across all phases of the HIV care continuum, except for viral suppression. Prevention measures, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), were compromised, leading to increased risky behaviours and compromised mental health among people living with HIV. HIV testing and diagnosis faced challenges, with reduced access and frequency, particularly among key populations. The pandemic also disrupted linkage and retention in care, especially in urban areas, exacerbating barriers to accessing necessary HIV treatment. Additionally, this review highlights the complex and multifaceted landscape of the pandemic's impact on HIV medical appointments, adherence and treatment engagement, with various barriers identified, including fear of COVID-19, economic constraints and disruptions in healthcare services. The coexistence of pandemics has had negative effects on the HIV care continuum, with restrictions on services, an increase in care gaps and a break in the transmission chain in middle-income countries.

The effect of altered sleep timing on glycaemic outcomes: Systematic review of human intervention studies.

Alterations in sleep timing can lead to disturbances in glycaemic control, although the evidence is inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review summarizes results from human intervention studies of altered sleep timing on glycaemic outcomes. As part of a broader search on the effect of altering timing of sleep, physical activity and dietary intake, Medline and Embase were searched from inception to February 2023, and subsequent reference searches were done. With the help of a machine learning-aided program 'ASReview', we selected any type of intervention study in the general adult population, which acutely delayed sleep by ≥2 h for at least one night, while the total time in bed was the same between early and late sleep. Quality assessment was done using the quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. In total, 14 studies (159 adults with normal or increased weight) were identified. Methodological quality was high (n = 4), moderate (n = 7) or low (n = 3). Acute delays of sleep onset showed unfavourable effects in 10 out of 27 measured glycaemic outcomes (one-six studies reported on each outcome) with outcomes mostly measured in the postprandial period, compared to (early) nighttime sleep. Acutely delaying sleep timing might have unfavourable effects on glycaemic outcomes, compared to (early) nighttime sleep. Future research does however need better controlled trials, also measuring and controlling sleep quantity, sleep quality, physical activity and dietary intake, with longer follow-up periods, consistent outcomes and designs and more diverse populations to provide targeted advice regarding the optimal timing for sleep. This review is part of a larger search 'The effect of altering timing of physical activity, sleep and energy intake on glycaemia and Type 2 Diabetes risk in humans', of which the protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database on 27 November 2021 under number: CRD42021287828.

Relationship Between Depression and Falls Among Nursing Home Residents: Integrative Review.

Depression is a highly prevalent psychopathological condition among older adults, particularly those institutionalized in nursing homes (NHs). Unfortunately, it is poorly identified and diagnosed. NH residents are twice as likely to fall as community-dwelling older adults. There is a need for more knowledge about the mechanisms and relationships between depression and falls. This study aims to identify, analyze, and synthesize research on the relationships between depression and falls among NH residents. A literature search was conducted in October 2023 in the following bibliographic databases: MEDLINE ALL Ovid, Embase, CINAHL with Full Text EBSCO, APA PsycInfo Ovid, Web of Science Core Collection, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Wiley, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. Clinical trials were searched for in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Wiley, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Additional searches were performed using Google Scholar, the DART-Europe E-theses Portal, and backward citation tracking. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies were used to evaluate study quality. The review included 7 quantitative studies published in 7 different countries from 3 continents; of these, 6 (86%) were cross-sectional studies, and 1 (14%) was a prospective cohort study. Results suggested high frequencies of depressive symptoms and falls among older adults living in NHs, and depressive symptoms were considered a risk factor for falls. The 15-item and 10-item versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale were the most commonly used measurement tools, followed by the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and the Resident Assessment Instrument-Minimum Data Set 2.0. The prevalence of depression was heterogeneous, varying from 21.5% to 47.7% of NH residents. The studies used heterogeneous descriptions of a fall, and some considered the risk of falls, recurrent fallers, and near falls in their data. The prevalence of fallers was disparate, varying from 17.2% to 63.1%. Of the 7 retained studies, 6 (86%) reported a relationship between depression and falls or the risk of falls. Among the 19 other risk factors identified in the review as being associated with falls among NH residents were a history of falls in the last 180 days, >1 fall in the past 12 months, and respiratory illnesses. There is a paucity of research examining falls among older adults with depressive symptoms in NHs. These findings should alert nurses to the need to consider depression as a risk factor in their work to prevent falls. More research is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of fall risk among NH residents with depressive symptoms. RR2-10.2196/46995.

Gambaran Status Gizi Balita di Puskesmas Kotaraja Jayapura

In 2020, the (UNICEF) reported 45.4 million children under five were acutely malnourished, mainly in conflict and poor regions, with the highest proportion in South Asia (14.7%). Objective: This study aims to describe the nutritional status of toddlers at the Kotaraja Jayapura Health Center. Methods: This quantitative study used secondary data obtained through purposive sampling. Samples were taken from toddlers at the Kotaraja Health Center who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using anthropometric parameters of BB/U, PB/U or TB/U, and BB/PB or BB/TB according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Results: A total of 784 children under five in 21 posyandu of Kotaraja Health Center were examined in January 2024. The majority of children (39.7%) were aged 0-11 months, with almost equal gender distribution. Based on BB/U, 76.6% of children were well-nourished, and based on TB/U, 81.5% were normal. Based on BB/TB, 76.3% of children had normal nutritional status, but there were also cases of stunting, wasting, and obesity. Conclusion: The majority of toddlers aged 0-59 months at the Kotaraja Jayapura Health Center in January 2024 had good nutritional status. Based on BB/U, 76.6% of children under five had good nutritional status. Based on PB/U or TB/U, 81.5% of children under five were normal, and based on BW/PB or BW/TB, 76.3% of children under five were also normal.

HOW CAN STUDENTS BE ENCOURAGED TO USE ISLAMIC BANKS? ANALYSIS BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL SURVEYS

Despite being developed for more than 30 years, the market share of Islamic banks in Indonesia is still very low compared to conventional banks. Therefore, an increase in the number of customers is needed by attracting new customers, one of which is through marketing. Although there have been many studies on factors that influence the use of Islamic banks, there have been few studies that discuss the role of message strategy in marketing. This study aims to test the effectiveness of message strategy in marketing to attract new customers by focusing on the message conveyed to potential customers. This study is a quantitative study, where data is collected by experimental survey methods and analysed using Z proportion test and logistic regression. An online experimental survey was conducted on 905 students as potential customers, with one control group and four treatment groups receiving information about Islamic banks with additional information related to religion, social impact, influencers, and service excellence. The results of the analysis show that the influencer treatment significantly and positively increases the likelihood of students opening an account in an Islamic bank. On the other hand, students who have high parental influence, are Muslims, and study at Islamic universities have a greater chance of opening an account in an Islamic bank. From these findings, Islamic banks are recommended to use influencers to attract the interest of students, especially those who are Muslim and study at Islamic universities, as potential customers. The results of the study are also expected to enrich academic literature related to message strategy in marketing Islamic banks.

COTTON FARMERS' PERCEIVED RISK AND INCOME VARIABILITY AFFECTED BY COMMODITY DERIVATIVE MARKETS: A CASE STUDY ON ODISHA (INDIA)

Agricultural production, particularly cotton farming, is highly vulnerable to fluctuating commodity prices and unpredictable weather, making risk mitigation crucial for sustainability and profitability. Cotton growers face market volatility and climate challenges that impact yields and income. Previous studies, such as Sharma & Bhushan (2019), highlighted the correlation between market instability and income fluctuation for smallholder cotton farmers, emphasizing improved risk management strategies. The quantitative study used data from 1000 cotton farmers from Odisha (India), selected via stratified random sampling to capture demographic diversity. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather information on key variables, with electronic distribution increasing accessibility. While the research provides. valuable insights, its cross-sectional design limits causal conclusions, and reliance on self-reported information may introduce bias and utilize SPSS to perform structural equation modeling (SEM) to understand the relationships between farmers' perceived risk, income variability, and the use of commodity derivatives. The result shows the negligible effect of commodity derivatives on the revenue stability of cotton growers, except for input costs. The varied risk assessments of farmers indicate that essential financial aspects are overlooked.

AN INVESTIGATION OF TEACHERS' OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF ERASMUS+ MOBILITY PROGRAMME TO THE SPEAKING SKILLS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

International student mobility transforms the development of high school students by enabling them to explore their identities and life goals. This study investigates how Erasmus+ has affected the speaking skills of high school students in Samsun, Turkey. The study examines how English teachers see the overall effects of the programme, identifies factors believed to improve speaking skills, and explores the challenges and limitations teachers face in developing students' speaking skills. A quantitative study was conducted with 30 Samsun high school English teachers who participated in a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consists of three parts: teachers' impressions, programme details and barriers. Descriptive statistics, including mean scores, were used to assess teachers' perceptions and answer the study questions. According to the research results, Erasmus+ improves the speaking skills of high school students. However, issues and constraints should be addressed to maximize the effectiveness of the programme.

Analysis of Return on Asset and Inflation on Stock Returns in Telecommunication Sector Companies on IDX

Aims: The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of return on assets (ROA) and inflation on stock returns for telecoms businesses listed on the IDX from 2019 to 2023. Study Design: This research is a quantitative study that intends to investigate the effect of Return on Asset and Inflation on Stock Returns. Place and Duration of Study: Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between March to October 2024. Methodology: The research method used is descriptive method with a quantitative approach, with the classical assumption test data analysis method, multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing. The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling where only 10 of the 16 populations were sampled. Results: The Sig. result for ROA is 0.010 <0.05 and the t count value is 2.679> t table 2.012, meaning that ROA on variable Stock Return has a significant effect partially, while for inflation it is 0.011> 0.05 and the t count value is 2.657 > t table 2.012 means that Inflation on variable Stock Return does not have a significant effect partially. As for the F test results, the calculated F value is 6.233. While in the distribution table the value of F at a significant level of 5% is 3.195. The significant value is at a value of 0.004> 0.05, it can be concluded that ROA (X1), and inflation (X2) simultaneously have a significant effect on Stock Returns (Y). Conclusion: Both ROA and Inflation Partially has a negative and significant effect on stock returns. In addition, simultaneously the results showed that ROA and Inflation simultaneously had a significant effect on Stock Returns.

Public Initiatives to Combat Health Disinformation in Argentina and Spain: A Gender, Social, and Environmental Analysis

Introduction: Public health disinformation is a significant problem as demonstrated by the recent scientific literature on the COVID-19 pandemic. However, further studies that analyse disinformation in public health initiatives within specific contexts and which contains a multidimensional approach (gender, social and environmental) are required. Evidence shows that disinformation, information overload, misinformation or fake news on health issues are also influenced by these issues. Objective: To analyse health disinformation in national public initiatives implemented by the governments of Argentina and Spain before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this paper incorporated a gender-based approach and social and environmental determinants in order to identify the limitations of these initiatives and offer certain recommendations. We conducted a descriptive, qualitative and quantitative study, as well as content analysis. We focused on documents from the websites of the national health ministries of Argentina and Spain, and digital repositories of regulations at the national level. Various strategies for systematic searches on government websites were designed and implemented. This included manual searches on Google. The first step involved a general analysis of all documents found by the searches, followed by a qualitative analysis of the documents that were related to health issues. Based on this work, a comprehensive and flexible framework of (pre-established and emerging) dimensions and categories of health disinformation and infodemics was generated. Results. The work was based on a total of 202 documents (both downloadable information and information included in websites); 117 for Argentina and 85 for Spain. Of the total, 60.9% were published during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the second stage of the analysis, 55 texts were selected for Argentina and 47 for Spain. In both countries, the central communications approach used was disinformation and/or infodemics (although definitions such as fake news were also used). They were mainly linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, but other emerging health problems were also detected to a lesser degree. However, disinformation (or a related concept) was prominently present in only 17 documents in Argentina and 3 documents in Spain. In terms of document type, working materials were foremost in Argentina (44.4%) and Spain (37.6%), with little presence of policy, regulatory and evaluation documents (only 5). Gender binary language was predominantly used in these texts. Vulnerable groups and social determinants were poorly included. Environmental determinants were mentioned in conjunction with health disinformation in only one paper on the use of plastics and its impact on human health in Argentina, and in another paper from the Global Summit on Climate and Health in Spain. Conclusions: Based on the document analysis, the inclusion of health disinformation within public actions in both countries before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, was detected. However, different limitations were observed: it was clear that the problem was strongly linked to the health emergency and did not extend much beyond that. Health disinformation was secondary and did not play a key role in public policy nor did it have greater institutional importance. Limitations were also detected in terms of gender perspectives, vulnerable groups and social and environmental determinants linked to health disinformation, displaying a reductionist approach. Based on these results, this paper makes certain policy recommendations.

A reply to “Letter to the editor in response to the article ‘To assess the attitudes of Irish patients attending a pigmented lesion clinic and healthcare staff employed in an academic hospital to biobanking, a quantitative study’”

A reply to “Letter to the editor in response to the article ‘To assess the attitudes of Irish patients attending a pigmented lesion clinic and healthcare staff employed in an academic hospital to biobanking, a quantitative study’”

The Effect of Service Quality on Patient Satisfaction at King Faisal Hospital in Saudi Arabia

The healthcare sector offers medical services to those in need of medical attention. Clinics, hospitals, and community health services are all part of the health services sector. One healthcare facility crucial to enhancing the general state of public health is the hospital. In the healthcare sector, achieving patient satisfaction depends heavily on service quality. As a result of the growing degree of competition, hospitals are becoming more conscious of how important it is to give their patients the highest caliber of care. Aim: to investigate the impact of Service Quality (SQ) on Patient Satisfaction (PSAT). Methodology: a quantitative cross-sectional correlational study, a convenience sample of 380 in-patients receiving treatment at a governmental hospital, King Faisal Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected by using two questionnaires: Service Quality (SQ) and patient satisfaction (PSAT) with data analysis conducted using Amoss26 and SPSS26. Conclusion: The findings revealed Service Quality (SQ) positively influenced patient satisfaction. Limitation: Since there are fewer studies on Service Quality (SQ) in the healthcare sector than in manufacturing industries, this research substantially contributes to existing literature and merits additional study. Furthermore, this research offers significant perspectives for managers in the healthcare industry about strategic planning and decision-making procedures.