Quality Of Briquettes Research Articles

KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET ARANG CAMPURAN ARANG AKASIA DAUN KECIL (Acacia auliculiformis) DAN ARANG ALABAN (Vitex pubescens vhal)

Petroleum is an energy that cannot be renewed, but in everyday life, fuel oil is still the main choice so that it will recult in depletion of petroleum reserves. This study aims to analyze the quality of the charcoal briquette mixture of small leaf acacia wood charcoal whit a mixture of alaban wood charcoal. Parameters tested based on (ASTM D 5142 – 02). Charcoal briquette quality result obtained using Indonesian state standards (Indonesian National Standards – SNI). The results of research from small leaf acacia charcoal and alaban charcoal resulted in the average value of moisture content testing, density testing, ansh content testing, flight substance testing bound carbon content testing and calorific value testing. Testing of moisture content, density, ash content and calorific value met Indonesian standards, while testing for aerobic substances and bound carbon content did not meet Indonesian standards. The best quality charcoal briquettes that meet all the criteria of the Indonesian state standards (Indonesian National Standards – SNI) in treatment E (75% alaban charcoal and 25% small leaf acacia charcoal). The results obtained indicate that each treatment differences in the composition of charcoal powder have a significant effect on each parameter such as moisture content, density, ash content, flying matter, carbon content and calorific value.Keywords: Energy; Brike; Acacia; Alaban

Effect of Sawdust Particle Size on Physical, Mechanical, and Energetic Properties of Pinus durangensis Briquettes

Particle size is a physical property that sometimes limits the quality of briquettes, so it is recommended to use different sizes in mixtures for their manufacture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different particle sizes of sawdust in mixtures on some physical, mechanical, and energetic properties of briquettes made from Pinus durangensis sawdust, as well as set the ranges within the appropriate values found to obtain desired values. Three particle sizes were established (large, medium, and small), and 10 mixtures were prepared using different percentages of each particle classification. The particle density, volumetric swelling, compressive strength, impact resistance index (IRI), and gross calorific value of the briquettes were evaluated. For the determination of optimal mixtures, the surface response methodology was used under a three-factor simplex-lattice model. The particle density values were in the range 0.92 to 1.02 g cm−3 and the volumetric swelling was 0.96 to 3.9%. The highest resistance to compression was 37.01 N mm−1, and the IRI was found in the range of 53 to 107%. The gross calorific values were from 19.35 to 21.63 MJ kg−1. The selection of different particle sizes for the mixtures increases the quality of the briquettes.

Production of Briquettes from a Blend of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) Plastic Wastes and Teak (<i>Tectona grandis </i>Linn<i>. </i>f) Sawdust Using Different Natural Adhesives as the Binder

HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) is one type of plastics that has been used in many various applications. We frequently used it in our daily life, such as plastic bag, dairy products packaging, etc., which often end up being waste, which is non-biodegradable. This plastic waste has good potential to be used in production of briquettes because it has a high heating value. Teak sawdust is also considered waste and usually not properly utilized. Nevertheless, it has a high heating value and sufficiently low level of volatile matter. Therefore, mixing HDPE plastic waste with biomass charcoal such as teak sawdust to make briquettes as an alternative domestic fuel is an interesting idea. The objective of this research was to make briquettes by mixing HDPE plastic waste and teak sawdust. The effects of two different natural adhesives (i.e. rice flour and corn flour) and the ratio of plastic waste and teak sawdust were investigated. The results of the experiment show that the best ratio of plastic waste and teak sawdust that produce the best quality of briquettes in this study was 50% : 50% and by using rice flour adhesive. The following are the results for this sample, the duration of fire starts to ignite was about 2.3 minutes; the duration of fire boils 125 mL of water was 12.8 minutes; and the duration of the briquettes burn to ashes was about 62 minutes.

Influence of composition and compaction pressure on the physical quality of wood residue and bottom ash mixture briquettes

Woody biomass is briquette-densified to enhance its physical and mechanical properties during handling and storage. However, Limited study on the physical consistency of briquettes made from wood biomass and bottom ash blends has been carried out. The bottom ash used in this study is a residue from burning coal for the powerplant. The physical quality was evaluated for three different compositions (70:30, 50:50, and 30:70). The piston press type machine (laboratory scale) was employed to produce a briquette. This work aims to evaluated the effect of mixing ratio (wood residue and bottom ash) and compaction pressure on the physical quality (water content, ash content, VM, calorific value) and combustion behavior. The compaction pressure was varied between 100 kg/cm 2 and 150 kg/cm 2. The result revealed that the compaction pressure affected the physical quality of the briquette. Lower moisture content (MC), ash content (AC), and calorific value (CV) were obtained at the higher compaction pressure. The moisture content of 1.6% was better for the wood residue and bottom ash mixture’s compaction pressure. The calorific value of briquette ranged from 5200 kal/g to 5700 kal/g. In conclusion, the combination of low-cost and abundant forest biomass mixed bottom ash available with wood biomass could lead to better physical quality and help meet the demand for the briquette in the future.

The effect of various varieties of cassava stems waste and tapioca adhesive concentrations on the quality of bio-coal briquette

This study aims to utilize the combination of cassava and coal waste as raw materials for making briquettes using several different concentrations of tapioca adhesives. This study uses a completely randomized design (RDC) with 2 factorials. The first factor is material composition, assigned by the letter P, which has 3 different varieties of different cassava, which are (P1) Kasetsart cassava and coal waste, (P2) Thai cassava and coal waste, and (P3) butter cassava and coal waste. The second factor is tapioca adhesive concentration, which consists of two different treatments: (M1) 15% and (M2) 20%. The combination of these different treatments then repeated 4 times resulted in 24 experimental units. The briquettes produced then underwent several characteristics tests, including water content, calorific value, combustion rate, density, compressive strength, shatter resistance index, and changes in the temperature of the pan base when the briquettes were burned. The acquired data then processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SAS v9 software. The data obtained will then be compared to SNI (Indonesia National Standard) to find out whether the briquette is fulfilling the requirement for application. The results are as follows: treatment P1M1 and P1M2 have a water content ranging from 5.36-7.09% and a calorific value between 4.427 – 5.541 cal/g, and it also fulfills the SNI Standard. Another characteristic is shown by P1M1 and P1M2 such as combustion rate around 0.37-0.4 g/min, density between 0.37-0.39 g/cm3, compressive strength between 48.67 N/cm2, and shatter resistance index numbering around 99.90-99.92%, able to fulfill 95% of the SNI requirement for bio coal briquette, as well as changes in the bottom temperature of the pan which has reached the highest temperature of 303°C in the 26th minute of the P1M1 treatment combination and the lowest is 311°C at the 28th minute of the P1M2 treatment combination.

Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste

An agricultural waste-based source of energy in the form of briquettes from rice husk has emerged as an alternative energy source. However, rice husk-based briquette has a low bulk density and moisture content, resulting in low durability. This study investigated the effect of initial moisture contents of 12%, 14%, and 16% of rice husk-based briquettes blended with 10 wt% of kraft lignin on their chemical and physical characteristics. The briquetting was done using a hand push manual die compressor. The briquette properties were evaluated by performing chemical (ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), physical (density, durability, compressive strength, and surface morphology) analyses. The durability values of all briquette samples were above 95%, meeting the standard with good compressive strength, surface morphology, and acceptable density range. The briquette made from the blend with 14% moisture content showed the highest calorific value of 17.688 MJ kg−1, thanks to its desirable morphology and good porosity range, which facilitates the transport of air for combustion. Overall, this study proved the approach of enhancing the quality of briquettes from rice husk by controlling the moisture content.

The correlation of ultimate analysis and calorific value on palm oil briquettes using durian seed adhesives

Palm fronds are one of the wastes produced from oil palm plantations that have high potential and are suitable for use as raw material for biomass as renewable energy through carbonization and briquetting processes. Durian seeds contain amylose and amylopectin which can be used as an adhesive to improve the physical quality of the briquettes produced. Palm fronds are carbonized at 300°C for 90 minutes. The charcoal produced is mashed with a ball mill. The gluing process is carried out using an adhesive from durian seeds with a concentration of 5%, 15% and 25% with a char: adhesive ratio of 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30 and compressed at a pressure of 100 kg/m2. Ultimate analysis and calorific value are carried out to test the performance and quality of bio-charcoal briquettes.

Effect of vibration frequency on the vibration-assisted densification for alfalfa

Densifying alfalfa into briquettes is one of the effective ways to increase its density and reduce the cost of storage and transportation. To explore the influence of vibration frequency on alfalfa briquetting, vibration-assisted compression tests with six vibration frequencies of 0, 9.52, 15.56, 21.24, 27.50, and 33.44 Hz were carried out. The results showed that the compression with vibration could reduce the maximum forming pressure and the energy consumption. The quality of alfalfa briquettes was improved compared with the compression without vibration. Within the range of test, when the vibration frequency was 21.24 Hz, the maximum pressure was the minimum, which was 5.83 MPa. In addition, the specific energy consumption was the lowest, which was 1374 J/g/cm3. The experimental results provided a basis for determining the optimum vibration parameters of alfalfa compression.

BIOMASS POWER CRITICAL TOOL IN FIGHTING CLIMATE CHANGE

This work carried out the comparative analysis of briquettes produced from commonly found agricultural wastes product (Maize husk and millet husk) in order to have the maximum utility of the materials. The briquettes are produced based on ratio of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50.While 100:0 (unblended) was used as control for each biomass. 25 % starch paste was used as binder to have a homogenous solution. The briquettes were produced using a simple extruder briquetting machine. The proximate analysis of the raw samples shows that the moisture content of the respective biomass has increased by two fold of the briquettes sample produced and the ash content is less while the briquettes have very high volatile matter which enhance combustion and give briquettes more quality as fuel. Higher ratios of blended briquettes of maize husk have a good flame propagation, high density, ignite faster and produced small amount of ash content after combustion. Hardness, compressive strength and combustibility test of the briquettes produced ascertained all these properties. In conclusion, maize husk briquettes give a better briquettes quality compared to millet husk briquettes.

Recycling of Mn-rich ore fines, dust and sludge briquettes in Mn alloys production

From mining operations to the production of metal alloys, mining and pyrometallurgical industries generate wastes such as sludge and dust. These manganese-rich co-products are currently mostly landfilled. Landfilling has an important impact, both environmentally and economically. ERAMET manganese alloy production plants and other metal industries seek to minimize those effects by recycling such co-products in the Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF). R&D work has been carried out to address this issue through briquetting agglomeration of manganese-rich co-products. These briquettes were used as raw material in the EXCALIBUR (Experimental Campaign of the Limit of Briquette Usage in Recycling) pilot campaign. It aimed at producing High Carbon Ferro Manganese (HCFeMn) in a pilot scale SAF. This study’s main objective is to assess the process stability during briquette recycling. Briquette quality was characterized by measuring fines formation and breakage during transport. Briquette recycling’s impact on the smelting process was quantified by dust generation, furnace stability and overall process performance. These briquette recycling tests in a pilot-scale SAF are part of the feasibility study of this process at an industrial scale.

Recovering Wood Waste to Produce Briquettes Enriched with Commercial Kraft Lignin

Aiming to use lignocellulosic biomass as energy source, one of the process that may aggregate values is the densification process, which allows the production of bioenergy using solid fuels, mainly for reducing transportation costs. In this research, solid fuel from co-briquetting of wood residues from sawmill using commercial kraft lignin as binder was investigated. The effects of compression pressure (900, 1200 and 1500 PSI) and briquette formulation (varying wood and kraft lignin proportion) on the quality and characteristics of briquettes were evaluated. The main findings were that briquetting of wood residues with kraft lignin resulted in an improvement of bulk density, strength rupture modulus, low heating value (LHV) and high heating value (HHV). The briquettes using 4% and 6% of kraft lignin, and submitted to 1200 to 1500 PSI, presented higher bulk density and strength resistance, respectively. On the other hand, the heating values showed the highest results with the addition of 2% lignin at 900 PSI, being the legal range for additives in briquettes for many countries such as in European Union.

Quality Analysis of Briquettes based on Waterding with Variation of Pressure and Pellet Geometry to Water Content and Value of Calories

This study is a research on water hyacinth-based briquettes which shows the calorific value of each form of briquettes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of water hyacinth briquettes with variations in pressure and pellet geometry. The quality analyzed includes moisture content and calorific value. The method of making briquettes starts from charcoal, pounding, then mixing with tapioca starch adhesive. The composition of the mixture used is 90% water hyacinth charcoal with 10% tapioca starch adhesive. 4 geometric variations are used, namely, solid box, hollow box, solid tube and hollow tube with 3 pressure variations, namely, 10 PSI, 20 PSI and 30 PSI. Test results and analysis,briquettes at a pressure of 20 PSI produces a calorific value range of 91.15 - 150.14 cal / gram. The resulting calorific value is higher than the briquettes at a pressure of 10 PSI and 30 PSI with a heating value range of 93.84 - 148.79 cal / gram and 89.81 - 135.39 cal / gram. Hollow briquettes produce a calorific value range of 107.24 - 150.14 cal / gram higher than solid geometric briquettes which produce a heating value range of 89.81 - 148.79 cal / gram. So that the contribution of the results of this research is that the community makes briquettes with shape and pressure with good results shown in this study.

Status of production, distribution and determinants of biomass briquette acceptability in Kampala City, Uganda

Biomass briquettes have been identified as a plausible and close alternative to commonly used energy fuels such as charcoal and firewood whose prices are escalating due to the dwindling natural resource base. However, briquettes do not seem to be as popular as would be expected. This study assessed the production, distribution and acceptability of the briquettes in Kampala district. A total of 60 respondents, 50 of whom were briquette users and 10 briquette producers were sampled from five divisions of Kampala district to evaluate consumer acceptability, preference for briquette type and shape. Households and institutions were identified to be the major consumers of briquettes while community-based organizations were the major distributors of briquettes. The Chi square test of independence showed significant association between briquette acceptability and briquette attributes of substitutability and low cost (p<0.05). The Kruskal Wallis test showed that low income class people preferred non-carbonized briquettes. Gender, marital status and income level also cause variation in preference for spherical, stick and honey comb briquettes (p<0.05). The major challenges faced by briquette users in Kampala were; production of a lot of ash, frequent crushing and limited access of briquettes. The producers of briquettes were mainly challenged by regular machine breakdown, raw material scarcity and poor carbonizing units. It was concluded that briquettes have market and are generally accepted in Kampala. However, user preferences need to be taken into account by briquette produces, suitable cook stoves should be availed to users and there is need for standards to ensure quality of briquettes

The effects of moisture content, fiber length and compaction time on African oil palm empty fruit bunches briquette quality parameters

In this paper a study on the process of densification of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is presented. An empirical-statistical model that allows the evaluation of densification process is obtained through an experimental factorial design. The main purpose of the experimental arrangement is to find the appropriate reference values for the experimental factors - moisture content, fiber length and compaction time-with which optimal performance responses of briquettes are achieved. Statistical models are obtained that explain in an acceptable way the influence of independent experimental factors on the mechanical properties of briquettes, such as briquettes density, durability index and compressive strength. It is possible to conclude that briquettes manufactured with the appropriate reference values, moisture content of 8% w.b., fiber length of 73.6 mm and a compaction time of 26.6 s respectively, meet mechanical and thermal requirements that are required in the most representative standards for biomass briquettes for energy purposes. Results obtained in the current investigation can be used as reference for the design of an industrial pilot plant destined to the densification of EFB of African oil palm.

Production of High-Quality Charcoal Briquettes from Recycled Biomass Residues

The aim of the present study is to produce high-quality charcoal briquettes from biomass residues. Experiments were conducted under conditions of three different biomass residues (rice straw, cotton stems and corn stalks), two binder materials (starch and carton paper) under two different concentrations (5 and 7 wt %) and four operating pressures (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MPa). The produced charcoal briquettes were evaluated from physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties. The charcoal briquettes quality was evaluated and compared with original form of raw biomass residues.Results clarified that high-quality charcoal briquettes could be obtained from cotton residues by operating the press machine under pressure of 1.5 MPa at starch binder material with a concentration of 7 wt%. The previous conditions achieve appropriate charcoal briquette of 400 kg/m3 bulk density, 85.23 % fixed carbon, 6.10 % volatile matter, 4.05 % ash content, 32.21 MJ/kg calorific value, 83.63 % thermal efficiency and 213.79 kg/cm2 compressive strength.

Temperature during the vibration-assisted compression of alfalfa

Compression of alfalfa into briquettes is an effective way to solve the problem of storage and transportation. In the process of compression, heat is generated and the temperature is raised in the material. In fact, the appropriate temperature can improve the quality of alfalfa briquettes and reduce the energy consumption of densification. In this study, the effect of assisted vibration on the compression temperature was tested. The results showed that when the vibration frequency was below 15 Hz, the temperature at the center and side in compressed alfalfa increased slowly with compression time. When the vibration frequency was above 20 Hz, it increased first and then decreased with the increase of time. Moreover, the maximum temperature value increased remarkably when the frequency was above 20 Hz. In the same vibration frequency and compression time, the center temperature in the compressed alfalfa was higher than the side temperature. The experimental results provide a reference for the determination of reasonable vibration parameters, and explanation of the effect of vibration on reducing energy consumption.

The Influence of the Use of Polymer Lining within the Roller Press Gravity Feeder on Briquette Quality.

When considering the operation of roller presses for the consolidation of fine-grained materials, the main problems are disturbances in the proper flow of the material and its bridging in gravity feeders. This is especially true for small and medium capacity presses, where the hoppers for dosing the material are narrow. This article presents innovative laboratory tests of the impact of using a polymer plate lining in the gravity feeder of a roller press. Polymer materials Polyacetal C (POM C) and Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMW-PE) were used for the tests. The influence of the use of plates on the material flow and quality of briquettes was investigated in comparison with the case where such plates were not used. The research showed an improvement in the flow of fine-grained materials in the feeder and an increase of the briquette strength indexes, as compared to those cases when polymer linings were not used in the feeder.

Estimation of quality of hot pressed briquettes as a type of metallurgical charge materials

The basic principles of construction are formulated in the work and a description of the technological process of hot briquetting of ferrous metal waste as a way of converting fine metal particles into a dimensional semi-finished product of a given size and chemical composition is given. The description of equipment for the implementation of this process with highly efficient non-oxidizing heating and complete safe neutralization of flue gases is given. The results of melting of hot-pressed briquettes in various melting units are presented. It is shown that briquettes cleaned from coolant with a density of 6500–7100 kg/m3 are full-fledged substitutes for bulk scrap. Recommendations and a feasibility study on the feasibility of introducing the hot briquetting process into production at the enterprises of the bearing, machine-building and metallurgical industries, followed by the use of hotpressed briquettes to produce cast billets for their own purposes, are given.

The effects of kraft lignin on the physicomechanical quality of briquettes produced with sugarcane bagasse and on the characteristics of the bio-oil obtained via slow pyrolysis

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of kraft lignin on the physicomechanical qualities of briquettes produced with sugarcane bagasse and on the chemical characteristics of the bio-oil obtained at different temperatures via slow pyrolysis. The ratios of kraft lignin to the sugarcane bagasse mass were 0%, 10%, 25% and 50%. The briquetting was performed at 140 °C temperature and at a pressure of 17 MPa for 8 min. The physicomechanical characteristics such as bulk density, longitudinal expansion and compressive strength were determined. The combustibility of the briquettes was tested, and the briquette slow pyrolysis was performed in 300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C for 1 h. The results showed the influence of kraft lignin on the bulk density and on the mechanical strength for compression. In the combustibility test was obtained higher temperatures and more uniform burning in the briquettes with addition of lignin. In the bio-oil composition obtained via pyrolysis at 500 °C, the highest yields of phenolic compounds were obtained. The kraft lignin is a raw material with the potential to be used as both a binder in compressed products and an additive for the production of bio-oil with valuable phenolic compounds.

Blends of charcoal fines and wood improve the combustibility and quality of the solid biofuels

The effects of the blends of charcoal fines and Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (parica) wood on the briquette quality and on the combustibility of this solid biofuel is not fully understood, especially from fast-growing plantations with Amazonian tree species. In addition, this paper presents new information about the occurrence of inorganic elements that may contribute to increase the emission of toxic compounds in the combustion of parica wood, for example, Cl. Thus, this study evaluated the composition of charcoal and S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood for briquettes, investigating the occurrence of inorganic elements responsible for the toxic organochlorine contaminants. Different formulations between charcoal and S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood were analyzed and later compacted in a laboratory briquetting machine with temperature of 90 °C and pressure of 5 MPa. The chemical and elemental composition of S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood was determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF). The briquettes produced were tested for bulk and energy densities, proximate composition, heating value, equilibrium moisture, and resistance to diametral compression. S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood had chlorine levels below the recommended by international standards for solid biofuel intended for non-industrial use (< 300 mg kg−1). S. parahyba var. amazonicum, despite being a fast-growing species, has ideal chemical characteristics for energy purposes (Cl, S, and ashes). The most suitable briquettes were those produced with 50% of charcoal and 50% of S. parahyba var. amazonicum wood. This solid biofuel showed higher heating value of 22.74 MJ kg−1 and ash content of 2.65% db.