This research aims to reveal how prospective teachers express democratic school culture. It is a descriptive study using a phenomenological design to examine preservice teachers' views on the characteristics of a democratic school, employing qualitative research techniques. In this context, the study aims to highlight learning opportunities about creating and maintaining democratic processes and reflectives related to its implementation. This study follows a qualitative research approach within a phenomenological model. The study group consists of 221 senior prospective teachers.A convenient sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. The research concludes that the characteristics of prospective teachers regarding democratic school culture fall under the categories of (i) student, (ii) teacher, (iii) parent, (iv) school administration, and (v) learning environment. According to the findings, the most expressed characteristics were self expression respect for human rights, equality and participation. In schools with a democratic culture, there is a learning environment and management that respect human rights. It is seen that teachers treat everyone equally and that students can express themselves and participation.The importance of creating a participatory school culture that includes values, beliefs, and attitudes supporting democratic principles and institutions among citizens, as a requirement of democracy, is discussed.

Using Think-Aloud methodology and protocol analysis in mammographic practice research.

The purpose of this study is to measure the achievement and standardization of pencak silat competitions reviewed from the management of infrastructure facilities. The measurement process is carried out by observation method. The purpose of the direct observation is to provide an overview of how the standardization of the XIX National Student Sports Week match for pencak silat sports is reviewed from the management of facilities and infrastructure. This research was conducted at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, which hosted the Pencak Silat competition of the 19th National Student Sports Week. This type of research is qualitative research. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, with the following sample criteria: Chief Executive of Pencak Silat Sport, Coordinator of Match Fields, Coordinator of Infrastructure and 10 POMNAS Athletes who won the best medals from the contingents of DKI Jakarta, Central Java, East Java, West Java, and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Data collection techniques include interviews, non-participatory observations, and documentation. This study uses descriptive qualitative analysis techniques for data analysis. The findings of the study include a strong legal foundation and goals for the 19th National Pencak Silat Sports Week. The structure of the committee consists of various parties and involves stakeholders. The event received support in the form of a complete and representative venue and infrastructure from the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The budget is very limited. The funds allocated are sufficient to cover the honorarium for the technical committee. During the competition, standard operating procedures (SOPs) are applied, but one of the rules of the competition is modified. This competition produced pencak silat champions, who are projected to be sent by the country to compete in the ASEAN University Games, as a follow-up to the national competition. This study concluded that this pencak silat event was well organized. This research provides recommendations to policymakers, which can be useful for the planning of other national sports championships, including optimizing and prioritizing budget management and optimizing promotion and branding through various media platforms.

This study examines the nexus between environmental drivers and anthropogenic mitigating measures in shaping the contemporary landscape of soil degradation in Southern Kebbi, Nigeria. Soil erosion has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in the region, driven by a combination of natural factors particularly high-intensity rainfall, soil texture, topography, and climate variability and human-induced pressures such as deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, overgrazing, mining, and rapid land-use transformation. Using respondents’ perceptions, field measurements, and spatial evidence, the study establishes rainfall as the dominant natural driver of erosion, while deforestation and inappropriate land management practices constitute the most significant anthropogenic contributors. The consequences include loss of fertile topsoil, declining soil productivity, landscape instability, and increased vulnerability of rural livelihoods that depend largely on rain-fed agriculture. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques. Primary data were obtained through interviews, focus group discussions, structured questionnaires, and field observations, while soil sampling, GIS and remote sensing analyses, and land use/land cover (LULC) change detection for a 20-year period (2004–2024) provided quantitative and spatial evidence. Findings reveal that rainfall is the dominant natural driver of soil erosion (75%), while deforestation (45%), unsustainable agricultural practices (25%), and overgrazing (15%) are the leading anthropogenic causes. Gully erosion is the most prevalent form (38.57%), followed by rill (33.10%) and sheet erosion (28.33%). The area is dominated by sandy loam and loamy sand soils, with a mean soil pH of 5.90 and mean drainage of 36.2 mm/hr, conditions that increase erosion susceptibility. Vegetation cover declined from 409,274.22 ha in 2004 to 252,315.07 ha in 2024, while agricultural land expanded to 875,797.34 ha. The study recommends integrating indigenous management practices—such as agroforestry, contour farming, crop rotation, mulching, and controlled grazing with modern soil conservation measures and effective land-use policies to curb erosion, restore degraded landscapes, and promote sustainable agricultural livelihoods in Southern Kebbi, Nigeria.

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Background: This study was motivated by low student learning outcomes in Islamic Religious Education, particularly in the topic of respecting parents, due to teacher-centered instructional practices. Objective: This study aimed to improve students’ learning outcomes in Islamic Religious Education on the topic of respecting parents through the implementation of the poster comment method. Method: This study employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach conducted in three cycles, consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The participants were seven fourth-grade students of SD Islam Al Azhar 51 Bengkulu. Data were collected through learning achievement tests, observations, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive quantitative and qualitative techniques to examine improvements in learning outcomes and instructional processes in each cycle. Result: The findings indicated an increase in the average scores and students’ learning mastery in each cycle. In the third cycle, classical learning mastery reached 100%, indicating that all students met the minimum mastery criteria. Conclusion: The poster comment method was proven effective in improving learning outcomes in Islamic Religious Education on the topic of respecting parents in fourth-grade elementary students. Contribution: This study contributes an alternative active learning strategy that teachers can apply to enhance the quality of Islamic Religious Education in elementary schools, particularly in fostering character values through participatory and collaborative approaches.

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategy of sacrificial cattle implemented by Purnomo Sapi Mulyo Farm in Boyolali Regency. The analysis focuses on the application of the marketing mix, customer satisfaction and loyalty, as well as the utilization of digital marketing in enhancing business competitiveness. A qualitative approach with a descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct observations of marketing activities and business operations, with the farm owner serving as the main informant. Data analysis was conducted using qualitative descriptive techniques through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the farm’s marketing strategy primarily emphasizes product quality, fulfillment of customer expectations, and long-term relationships based on trust. Customer satisfaction is achieved through the provision of healthy cattle that meet religious requirements, accompanied by transparent service guarantees. Customer loyalty is reflected in repeat purchases and word-of-mouth recommendations. In addition, the strategic business location contributes to ease of access and purchasing decisions. Regarding digital marketing, social media platforms have been utilized as information channels; however, their use remains largely informative and has not been optimized in terms of interactivity and entertainment. This study contributes theoretically by reinforcing the relevance of customer satisfaction, loyalty, and digital marketing concepts within the sacrificial cattle farming sector. Practically, the findings provide insights for livestock business actors to develop more adaptive, creative, and sustainable marketing strategies in response to changing market dynamics.

Purpose Politics permeates nearly every facet of human life, yet its role in tourism and hospitality research has been overlooked. While destination and country image are well-established constructs in tourism literature, political image has not been defined, measured or empirically tested as a distinct concept. This study addresses this significant gap by conceptualizing political image as a measurable construct within destination studies. The research aims to develop and validate a comprehensive measurement scale for political image and demonstrate its distinctiveness from existing image constructs in tourism research. Design/methodology/approach This study employs a rigorous five-step mixed-methods research design to develop and validate the Political Image Scale (PISCALE). The multi-item scale was created through systematic procedures and tested in the context of two politically divergent US states, providing contrasting environments for validation. The mixed-methods approach combines qualitative and quantitative techniques to ensure comprehensive construct development and psychometric validation. This methodological framework allows for robust testing of the scale’s reliability, validity and distinctiveness from related constructs such as destination image and country image. Findings The research reveals a conservative-liberal dichotomy underlying destination political image, establishing it as a measurable construct. Empirical testing demonstrates that political image is distinct from both country image and destination image, confirming its status as a separate construct worthy of scholarly attention. The validated PISCALE provides reliable measurement of political image perceptions across different destinations. The findings confirm that political dimensions of destinations can be systematically assessed and that these perceptions follow recognizable patterns along ideological lines. The scale successfully captures political image nuances in contexts with differing political orientations. Originality/value This study’s originality lies in introduction and initial empirical validation of political image as a measurable construct in tourism and hospitality research, thereby advancing theory and opening a new stream of scholarly inquiry. It provides both theoretical contributions through construct conceptualization and practical value via the PISCALE tool for scholars and destination managers. While the conceptual framework of political image may hold broader relevance across global settings, the empirical validation presented here is confined to the USA, using Florida and California as ideologically divergent cases for initial scale development. The study introduces a framework applicable across global destinations, industries and stakeholder groups to enable future research to explore the political dimension of place image and its influences on destination perceptions and tourism behavior.

Animation as an art medium comprises many important elements, including the environment. The environment is used to visualize the condition, background, time, location, culture, mood, and atmosphere of certain aspects of animation. Environment design is crucial in creating ‘realistic’ animation; realistic in terms that it is believable through the viewer’s perspective. This article aims to explain the design process of environmental aspects in the “Lost Steps” short animation. “Lost Steps” tells the story of Rahel, a grieving young woman, who lost her steps in the painting world because of her grandmother’s death. This movie focuses on how Rahel goes through her grief to release the emotional baggage that’s eating into her life. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the importance of good interior environment design in order to convey emotions through visuals. In order to explain all of these, the writer decided to use an embodied visual metaphor. This paper uses qualitative analysis techniques in its writing to discuss the environmental aspects of the movie. The result achieved through this paper is that visual metaphor is used in terms of creating layers of meaning, while mise-en-scène is applied through the use of property set, asset design, color, and lighting to visualize these layers of meaning.

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the integration of family farming into the sesame agro-industrial value chain, focusing on the Zambeze Valley region, including the districts of Maríngue (Sofala), Mopeia (Zambézia), and Catandica–Macedje (Manica). The main objective was to understand how integration mechanisms, such as agro-industrial contracts and structured partnerships, can increase productivity, improve income stability for family farmers, and generate simultaneous benefits for sesame processing companies. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, with a comparative perspective including experiences from Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Botswana. Data collection involved 135 family farmers, 15 local buyers, and 3 district agriculture supervisors, using semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and documentary analysis. The triangulation of these methods allowed for the collection of detailed information on production, market access, technology use, degree of integration, and contractual relationships. The results indicate that the absence of formal contracts and limited access to credit and technology reduce productivity and generate income instability. The implementation of agro-industrial contracts shifts production from Q₀ to Q₁, as illustrated by the Solow and Supply/Demand models, promoting productivity gains, standardization of raw materials, and risk reduction for processing companies. The regional comparative analysis highlights that successful experiences in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Botswana provide strategic inputs for public policies and development programs in Mozambique. This study contributes to academia by providing empirical evidence on family farming integration, agro-industrial value chains, and agricultural contracts. Additionally, it offers practical and policy-relevant insights for decision-makers, companies, and governments, demonstrating how formalizing relationships between farmers and agro-industries can strengthen the competitiveness of the sesame value chain, increase household income, and promote regional economic development. Keywords: family farming, agro-industrial integration, agricultural contracts, sesame, Mozambique, regional comparison.

The increasingly complex and dynamic security environment has intensified the demand for professionalism among military personnel, including those of the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU). While military professionalism has traditionally been associated with technical competence and operational readiness, recent developments indicate that interpersonal capabilities play a critical role in shaping professional conduct. This study aims to examine the role of interpersonal capital as a foundational element of professionalism among TNI AU personnel. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach to explore how interpersonal capital—comprising leadership, trust, integrity (amanah), teamwork, and interpersonal communication—contributes to the development of military professionalism. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with personnel and officials involved in education, training, and human resource development within the TNI AU, complemented by document analysis of relevant policies, training guidelines, and institutional reports. The data were analyzed using qualitative techniques involving data reduction, thematic presentation, and inductive conclusion drawing, with source triangulation applied to ensure data credibility. The findings reveal that interpersonal capital plays a significant role in shaping professionalism among TNI AU personnel. Leadership emerges as the most influential element, functioning as a primary channel for transmitting professional values and norms. Trust and integrity foster responsibility, internal discipline, and commitment beyond formal supervision, while effective teamwork and interpersonal communication enhance coordination, cohesion, and operational effectiveness. The study also finds that interpersonal values have been implicitly embedded in the education and training system of the TNI AU, although their effectiveness remains highly dependent on leadership example and organizational culture. This study concludes that interpersonal capital constitutes a fundamental pillar of military professionalism. Strengthening interpersonal capital through more structured and systematic integration into education and training programs is therefore essential for fostering sustainable professionalism and enhancing organizational effectiveness within the Indonesian Air Force.

This study investigated the influence of professional development (PD) on teachers' performance in public secondary schools in Machakos County, Kenya. Despite numerous existing PD initiatives, persistent challenges including low teacher motivation and ineffective instructional practices necessitated a thorough examination of how specific PD components affect teacher performance. The research specifically assessed the effects of pretesting, personal development goals, learning environment, and support structures on teacher performance indicators encompassing task prioritization, timeliness, creative problem-solving, and knowledge updates. Guided by four theoretical frameworks: Adult Learning Theory, Teacher Efficacy Theory, Goal-Setting Theory, and Transformational Leadership Theory, the study employed a mixed-methods research design. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to a sample of 368 public secondary school teachers in Machakos County, with analysis incorporating both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The findings revealed that professional development components collectively explain 70.6% of the variance in teacher performance (R² = 0.706). Quantitative analysis demonstrated strong positive correlations, with the learning environment emerging as the strongest predictor (β =0.41), followed by leadership support (β = 0.29), personal goal setting (β = 0.25), and pretesting (β = 0.18). Qualitative findings complemented these results, highlighting teachers' recognition of pretesting as crucial for identifying training needs and emphasizing the importance of organizational support structures for effective skill application. This study provides evidence-based recommendations for systematic pretesting implementation, enhanced support structures, and improved policy frameworks for sustainable PD programs. These insights contribute significantly to optimizing teacher professional development effectiveness and ultimately enhancing educational quality in Kenyan public secondary schools, while offering a replicable model for similar educational contexts in developing regions.

This community service program was conducted in response to the need to strengthen integrated literacy and numeracy competencies among preservice elementary school teachers. The purpose of this study was to enhance students’ reading–writing literacy and numeracy skills through the implementation of integrated thematic learning in the Elementary School Teacher Education Program (PGSD) at Universitas Satya Wiyata Mandala. The method employed was a participatory and reflective community service approach, implemented through thematic learning workshops, guided practice, mentoring, and continuous reflection activities. Participants were actively involved in critical reading, reflective writing, and contextual numeracy problem-solving embedded within thematic learning activities relevant to elementary education. Data were collected through observation, literacy and numeracy assessments, student response questionnaires, and documentation, and analyzed descriptively using qualitative and simple quantitative techniques. The findings indicate that the implementation of integrated thematic learning effectively improved students’ ability to connect reading, writing, and numeracy skills in a meaningful and contextual manner. In addition, students demonstrated increased pedagogical awareness, confidence, and readiness to design thematic learning activities that integrate literacy and numeracy for elementary classrooms. Overall, the program successfully achieved its objectives and shows strong potential for sustainable implementation in preservice teacher education to support the development of competent and reflective future elementary school teachers.

This article provides a thorough examination of Franz Magnis-Suseno’s theological and philosophical perspectives on interreligious dialogue and tolerance set against the multicultural backdrop of Indonesia. Operating as a philosopher, theologian, and public intellectual, formulates a well-founded ethical paradigm for sustaining social coexistence in the face of radicalism and the politicisation of faith. Employing qualitative analytical techniques, the study collates his major texts alongside existing scholarly articles to construct a unified evaluation of his thought. The investigation discloses three interdependent pillars underlying contribution: first, a humanistic Christian theological core asserting the inviolable dignity of human beings as the imago Dei and articulating the universal duty of the law of love; second, a philosophical elaboration of Javanese ethical precepts, especially the notions of rukun (harmony) and hormat (respect), which provide a concrete, culturally resonant basis for non-violent coexistence; and third, a critical dialogue with Western normative philosophy—foremost the categorical imperative of Immanuel Kant and the discourse ethics of Jürgen Habermas—that formulates equitable procedural standards for public deliberation. The practice of intellectual inculturation, local knowledge, religious customs, and philosophical insights aims to shape public discourse aimed at addressing intolerance and advancing democracy in Indonesia.

This study examined the effectiveness of school administrators in promoting professionalism among teachers in public secondary schools in Mkuranga District, Tanzania. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to examine the influence of administrative training on promoting professionalism, to assess the role of career development opportunities provided by school administrators in enhancing professionalism, and to evaluate how administrative accountability contributes to integrity, respect, and stewardship among staff. The study employed ‘Transformational Leadership Theory’ emphasizes on leaders’ ability to inspire and influence followers to achieve professional behavior. The study adopted a mixed-methods research approach. It involved both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. Research designed of the study followed a structured approach whereby stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures were used to collect data. The study used statistical software (SPSS) for data analysis. The 100 participants were involved in the study. The 93 teachers, four heads of schools, two Ward Education Officers, and one Teachers Service Commission officer. The results revealed that administrative training improves integrity, ethical conduct, and respect within schools, although regular training opportunities were limited. The study concluded that school administrators play a vital role in promoting professionalism through training, career support, and accountability, but their effectiveness is constrained by structural and cultural challenges. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education and Teachers Service Commission strengthen leadership training for school administrators, provide adequate resources, and support career development initiatives in regarding the promotion of teacher professionalism.

Tourism development has become a major driving force behind land use change in Canggu Village, Bali, particularly through the rapid conversion of agricultural land into tourism-oriented spaces. This study examines how these changes have reshaped land use patterns and land ownership structures, while also exploring their environmental, economic, and socio-cultural implications for the local community. Special attention is given to the role of traditional village institutions (desa adat) in regulating land use amid increasing pressure from private and foreign investors. This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, questionnaire surveys involving 108 respondents in Canggu Village, and direct field observations. Secondary data were obtained from land use maps, satellite imagery, and regional spatial planning documents. The findings reveal a significant decline in agricultural land, accompanied by traffic congestion and the reduction of green open spaces. Although tourism development has generated new employment and business opportunities, the economic benefits received by local residents remain disproportionately lower than those gained by foreign investors. Beyond economic impacts, tourism-driven land conversion has also influenced the socio-cultural landscape of Canggu Village. The study identifies a gradual decline in community participation in traditional and ritual activities, alongside the potential erosion of local cultural values. These findings suggest that the current tourism development model has yet to deliver equitable and sustainable outcomes for the indigenous community. The study therefore emphasizes the need for concrete policy measures, including strengthening the authority of desa adat in spatial and land use planning, implementing fair and transparent land ownership regulations, and enhancing community empowerment within tourism management practices.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the perishable vegetable inventory system at Pavilion Restaurant, JW Marriott Surabaya. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using observation and interviews involving three groups of research subjects, namely receiving staff, the Chef In Charge, and kitchen staff directly involved in vegetable inventory management. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques, which included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the inventory system has generally been implemented in accordance with standard operating procedures, particularly in the stages of receiving and storage, as reflected in quality inspection practices, chiller temperature control, the application of first in first out (FIFO) or first expired first out (FEFO), and the use of appropriate packaging. However, several challenges were identified, including inconsistent temperature recording, the absence of a documented issuing system, and the implementation of the min–max and reorder system that has not yet been fully based on actual usage data. In addition, human resource factors were found to influence the consistency of procedure implementation. Therefore, strengthening record-keeping practices, data-based inventory control, and the role of human resources is necessary to improve the efficiency and sustainability of inventory management.

This study investigates English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students’ perceptions of YouTube's effect as a digital tool on speaking skills, with particular attention to the influence of gender and educational level. The primary objectives are to examine differences in perceptions between male and female students and across varying academic levels within the English Department at Seiyun University. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. A questionnaire was administered to 53 students, while semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of eight students (four male and four female) representing different educational levels. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were utilized to analyze the quantitative data and assess the significance of differences in perception based on gender and academic level. Findings indicate that male students generally reported more favorable perceptions of YouTube’s effect on speaking skills than their female counterparts. Moreover, students at the fourth academic level demonstrated stronger beliefs in the platform’s efficacy in enhancing their speaking proficiency compared to those in lower levels. These results underscore the importance of considering demographic and educational variables when integrating digital media tools like YouTube into language learning curricula. The study recommends that language educators and curriculum designers adopt differentiated strategies to optimize the use of YouTube in speaking skill development, tailoring approaches based on learners’ gender and academic standing.

In the rapidly changing world of digital marketing, Instagram has emerged as a crucial platform where immersive media is transforming brand communication methods. Augmented reality (AR) filters, interactive tales, and virtual product experiences enable customers to actively engage with brands, converting conventional advertising into engaging and emotionally impactful narratives. These immersive ads allow customers to interact with the brand narrative, resulting in improved recall, heightened engagement, and increased user-generated content. This study sought to investigate the utilization of immersive media in Instagram advertising, measure audience engagement, assess audience perceptions, and find optimal strategies for building effective immersive campaigns. The primary research inquiries were on identifying the immersive characteristics utilized by brands, the nature of audience interactions with these aspects, the perception of such advertisements, and the techniques that enhance their efficacy. A qualitative case study technique was employed to analyze multiple marketing advertisements on Instagram that integrated augmented reality elements, interactive narratives, and other immersive aspects. Research indicated that campaigns utilizing immersive media attained markedly more audience engagement, enhanced emotional resonance, and superior brand retention relative to traditional advertising methods. AR filters and interactive content not only fostered engagement but also spurred organic sharing, hence enhancing marketing reach. In summary, immersive media is revolutionizing Instagram advertising by facilitating tailored, participating, and unforgettable brand encounters. Marketers must incorporate experiential and interactive elements to develop campaigns that effectively convey messages while actively engaging audiences, thereby cultivating trust, brand loyalty, and long-term participation.

The study examined the influence of instrumental support on the wellbeing of older persons in the Bamboutos Division of the West Region of Cameroon. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, utilizing a mixed‑method approach that integrated both quantitative and qualitative techniques to generate comprehensive and reliable evidence. The study sample comprised 250 older persons and 16 social workers purposively selected from the four subdivisions of the Bamboutos Division. Purposive sampling was appropriate because participants were chosen based on specific age-related criteria relevant to the study’s objectives. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and an interview guide, both of which focused on psychosocial support and the wellbeing of older persons in the area. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, while qualitative data were examined through thematic content analysis. A triangulation strategy was employed to enhance the validity of the findings by integrating insights from both qualitative and quantitative strands and by using multiple analytical tools. Qualitative responses derived from open‑ended interview questions were coded and organized into themes, and results were presented using statistical tables, charts, and code‑quotation reports. The findings revealed that instrumental support significantly affects the wellbeing of older people in Bamboutos Division. Older adults who received practical assistance—such as help with daily tasks, mobility, household chores, and access to essential services—reported better physical, emotional, and social wellbeing. Based on these findings, the study recommended that older persons be equipped with income‑generating skills in areas such as small business management, poultry, piggery, and agriculture to enhance their financial autonomy. Additionally, providing routine assistance, including house cleaning, running errands, meal preparation, and support with physically demanding activities—would substantially improve their quality of life. These responsibilities extend to family members, friends, community service providers, policymakers, and all individuals who interact with older persons in their daily lives.