Qualitative Research Methodology Research Articles

European Union’s Development Assistance and Nation Building: A Case of Mogadishu, Somalia

This study examines the European Union's (EU) contributions to nation-building in Mogadishu, Somalia, focusing on three key areas: institutional consolidation, state stabilization, and sustainable development. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the EU’s interventions have influenced the nation-building process in Somalia’s capital. A qualitative research methodology was employed, using case studies, document reviews, and in-depth interviews with policymakers, EU officials, and local stakeholders. The findings reveal that the EU’s sustainable development initiatives have significantly enhanced economic growth and social infrastructure, contributing to improved living standards in Mogadishu. The EU’s state stabilization efforts, particularly in security sector reforms, have played a pivotal role in reducing violence and strengthening local governance. Furthermore, the EU’s institutional consolidation initiatives have fostered more transparent and accountable governance structures, contributing to the overall stability and functionality of Somalia’s public institutions. In conclusion, the study finds that the EU’s multifaceted approach to nation-building in Mogadishu has yielded positive outcomes, though challenges remain in ensuring the long-term sustainability of these efforts. The study recommends continued support for capacity building and the enhancement of local governance mechanisms to ensure lasting peace and development. This research contributes to the knowledge of international development and governance by providing insights into the role of external actors like the EU in fragile states.

Legal Protection for Consumers in the Transportation Sector: An Analysis of Consumer Rights and the Responsibilities of Public Transport Service Providers

Consumer protection in the transportation sector is a crucial aspect of public service governance, ensuring that consumer rights are safeguarded while maintaining the accountability of service providers. This study aims to analyze the legal protection mechanisms for consumers in the transportation sector, focusing on the rights of consumers and the responsibilities of public transport service providers. Using a qualitative research methodology, this study employs a literature review approach (library research) to examine relevant legal frameworks, regulations, and case studies at both national and international levels. The findings indicate that while many legal frameworks exist to protect consumer rights in the transportation sector, enforcement and implementation remain inconsistent. Consumers are entitled to safety, security, accessibility, and fair treatment, yet challenges such as inadequate regulations, lack of transparency, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms often hinder their protection. Public transport service providers, on the other hand, have a responsibility to ensure service reliability, safety standards, and adherence to consumer protection laws. This study highlights the need for stronger regulatory oversight, improved legal enforcement, and increased consumer awareness to enhance consumer protection in the transportation sector. By analyzing legal principles and international best practices, this study contributes to the discourse on consumer rights and public transport governance. Strengthening legal frameworks and promoting responsible service delivery are essential to ensuring a fair and efficient transportation system.

Nuclearization of Indian Ocean and its Impact on Pakistan's Maritime Security

This research paper aims to explore the nuclearization of Indian Ocean by world’s nuclear power states i.e., India, China directly and United States indirectly and its probable repercussions on Pakistan. The militarization of Indian ocean is directly connected to Pakistan’s security and stability. This research will analyze India’s action of turning the Indian Ocean into a nuclearized space to gain dominance in Indian Ocean Region through its land based nuclear assets and nuclear infrastructure. This research will utilize the Theory of Maritime Security and employed exploratory qualitative research methodology by using the primary and secondary data. By adding to the discourse on Indian ocean region, this research will apprise readers with the possible solutions and ways Pakistan can adopt to combat the treats and gain regional stability. Therefore, destabilizes the balance of power and the odds of violence, too, which bear implications of insecurity at the multilateral level.

Advancing AI-driven thematic analysis in qualitative research: a comparative study of nine generative models on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis data

BackgroundAs part of qualitative research, the thematic analysis is time-consuming and technical. The rise of generative artificial intelligence (A.I.), especially large language models, has brought hope in enhancing and partly automating thematic analysis.MethodsThe study assessed the relative efficacy of conventional against AI-assisted thematic analysis when investigating the psychosocial impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) scars. Four hundred forty-eight participant responses from a core study were analysed comparing nine A.I. generative models: Llama 3.1 405B, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, NotebookLM, Gemini 1.5 Advanced Ultra, ChatGPT o1-Pro, ChatGPT o1, GrokV2, DeepSeekV3, Gemini 2.0 Advanced with manual expert analysis. Jamovi software maintained methodological rigour through Cohen’s Kappa coefficient calculations for concordance assessment and similarity measurement via Python using Jaccard index computations.ResultsAdvanced A.I. models showed impressive congruence with reference standards; some even had perfect concordance (Jaccard index = 1.00). Gender-specific analyses demonstrated consistent performance across subgroups, allowing a nuanced understanding of psychosocial consequences. The grounded theory process developed the framework for the fragile circle of vulnerabilities that incorporated new insights into CL-related psychosocial complexity while establishing novel dimensions.ConclusionsThis study shows how A.I. can be incorporated in qualitative research methodology, particularly in complex psychosocial analysis. Consequently, the A.I. deep learning models proved to be highly efficient and accurate. These findings imply that the future directions for qualitative research methodology should focus on maintaining analytical rigour through the utilisation of technology using a combination of A.I. capabilities and human expertise following standardised future checklist of reporting full process transparency.

Environmental Management Accounting and Accountability for Circular Eco-Innovation Projects

Investments in circular eco-innovation projects require rigorous measurement and management accounting to assess environmental performance and enable circular economy reporting. Using a double-focused theoretical framework, a methodology is proposed to classify five circular eco-innovation projects in Spanish manufacturing companies. Projects are assessed at implementation under the prism of the resource-based view theory and over time to examine their disclosure in the stakeholder’s theoretical framework. The findings show that companies consistently report sustainability issues and circular economy principles. Specific project information is disseminated punctually, but declines significantly over time, revealing different levels of accountability throughout the lifecycle of circular eco-innovation investments. This study advances circular accounting and the eco-innovation literature by equipping practitioners with tools to compare heterogeneous projects, even during budgeting, and introducing a novel temporal perspective on circular reporting. Given the application of the European Union sustainability disclosure regulations, it also informs the debate on circular accounting and reporting. Policymakers seeking to enhance circular reporting should prioritize monitoring disclosure practices, especially for inter-company and collaborative investments. This paper first introduces the research context, followed by a description of the qualitative research methodology, the main findings, and the conclusions, where the study’s contributions and limitations are discussed.

Never before marriage? A qualitative research on married- working women

Abstract The societal perception of engaging in sexual activity prior to marriage is widely considered inappropriate in various cultures. Despite a growing tolerance over time, premarital sexual encounters generally carry negative connotations. In Turkey, premarital sexual activity is regarded as a topic that is considered taboo within society. Additionally, differing perspectives between gender.s are prevalent on this issue. Consequently, the aim of this study is to examine how married working women perceive the experience of sexuality before marriage. This study employed a phenomenological approach within the framework of qualitative research methodologies. Conducted in January 2024, it involved 12 married working women who volunteered to participate and reside in Turkey. Data obtained from semi-structured interviews with these women underwent meticulous analysis using content analysis. The findings reveal that a substantial majority of married working women, specifically 75%, do not consider premarital sexual experiences to be appropriate. Moreover, 83% of the participants perceive that such experiences could have a negative impact on marriage. The participants indicated a preference against engaging in premarital sexual experiences, as they believe such actions are inconsistent with their religious and moral values. Additionally, the data suggest that a significant portion of their families (83%) and the sociocultural environment (67%) generally hold a negative perspective regarding premarital sexual experiences. These outcomes were subsequently deliberated within the framework of pertinent literature, resulting in the proposal of several recommendations.

How to make sponsorship activations memorable: the power of meaningfulness

PurposeBuilding on memory-dominant logic, this study proposes a theoretical model explaining the antecedents and consequences of memorable activation experience.Design/methodology/approachThrough a qualitative research methodology – a narrative review, an analysis of current activation trends, eight interviews and content validity evaluation by five experts – this study hypothesized that six antecedents (positive emotions, novelty, meaningfulness, involvement, experience intensification and serendipity) positively influence memorable activation experience, which in turn significantly affects two managerial outcomes: positive word-of-mouth and sponsor recall. To evaluate the proposed hypotheses, this study analyzed data collected from consumers who participated in a sponsorship activation by Lafleur (n = 215) and Salon de jeux de Québec (n = 306) using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe results indicate that all antecedents, except for novelty, have a significant impact on memorable activation experience, which positively impacts positive word-of-mouth and sponsor recall.Originality/valueBy extending the scope of memorable experience to the sponsorship field, this study enhances its conceptualization and application. It also contributes to a better understanding of designing activations to increase the likelihood of memorability, thus improving their effectiveness.

Library Image in Children’s Imagination: A Qualitative Analysis Based on Drawings in Türkiye

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the library perceptions of children aged 7–12 through their drawings. Using qualitative research methodology, children were asked to draw drawings of libraries and briefly interviewed about their drawings. Five main themes emerged from the analysis: technological integration, integration with nature, personalized spaces, emotional context, and fun-learning synthesis. The findings showed that children perceive libraries not only as places of access to information, but also as spaces for social interaction, play and personal development. The study recommends that modern library designs should be planned to meet the three basic needs of children: learning and access to information, feeling safe and happy, and interacting with other children.

THE ROLE OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE IN AI ETHICS: EMPOWERING U.S. COMPANIES TO ACHIEVE TRANSPARENT AND RESPONSIBLE AI

This research paper explores the critical role of business intelligence (BI) in enabling U.S. companies to achieve transparent and responsible artificial intelligence (AI). The study aims to assess how BI can support ethical AI development by ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability in AI systems. A qualitative research methodology was employed, involving a comprehensive literature review, case study analysis, and expert interviews to evaluate the integration of BI tools in AI governance. The findings indicate that BI enhances ethical decision-making by providing data-driven insights that help identify and mitigate biases, improve algorithmic fairness, and ensure regulatory compliance. Additionally, BI enables organizations to establish robust governance frameworks, fostering greater public trust and competitive advantage. The study concludes that integrating BI with AI ethics is essential for developing trustworthy AI systems that align with societal values and regulatory expectations. Future research should explore the development of standardized frameworks, methodologies for evaluating AI fairness, and the role of regulatory bodies in promoting responsible AI adoption. KEYWORDS: Business Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, AI Ethics, Transparency, Responsible AI, Algorithmic Fairness, Competitive Advantage.

In-service teachers’ mathematical work on quadrilaterals and their technological knowledge

This article aims to analyze the mathematical work of teachers, associated with their technological knowledge (TK) of quadrilaterals teaching. The research subjects are secondary mathematics teachers. The study uses as a basis the technological pedagogical content knowledge model and the theory of mathematical working spaces. It follows a qualitative research methodology and a case study method. Mathematics teachers interact with digital artifacts to increase their TK in the development of their mathematical work by solving a task on quadrilaterals as their students would. This study presents the analysis of a task involving the construction of a quadrilateral by using GeoGebra. The study revealed that the mathematical work of teachers was favored by developing their TK and their confidence in the use of GeoGebra since using this digital technology implies recognizing the importance of exploring and visualizing representations of mathematical objects.

Strategi Pemerintah Kota Madiun dalam Penyelenggaraan Pembangunan Kesejahteraan Sosial Masyarakat Perkotaan

The implementation of social welfare development in accordance with the characteristics and capabilities of the Madiun City government is a strategic effort in improving the quality of life and welfare of the people of Madiun City. This study uses a qualitative research methodology, aiming to provide an overview of the various efforts implemented by the Madiun City government in implementing social welfare development for urban communities. The results of the study provide an overview of the perspective of the Madiun City government in implementing social welfare development based on the Human Development Index (HDI), with the direction of social development on equalizing the improvement of the quality of life of the people of Madiun City. The strategic steps of the Madiun City government are to maximize community and private participation and are integrated into social pillars that support social welfare development. The intervention of the Madiun City government by life cycle is a strategic effort by the government in overcoming problems and developing the capabilities of the people of Madiun City through programs based on the life stage of the people of Madiun City. Social services in Madiun City are manifested through various social security, social protection, and social empowerment programs that aim to prevent social risks and vulnerabilities, meet basic needs, and improve the quality of life of the people of Madiun City.

Women Identity Crisis in Pakistan: Application Of Habermas’ Concept Of Identity Deficit

Pakistani women are facing an acute identity crisis, a challenge that has reached a critical stage due to socio-political, legal, and institutional shortcomings. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the prevailing and projected status of women in Pakistan, incorporating legal and constitutional frameworks to identify gaps and propose timely interventions. A qualitative research methodology has been employed, utilizing statistical data from reports, scholarly articles, books, and newspaper publications. Additionally, Habermas’s theory of identity deficit has been applied to critically examine the crisis. The study investigates the role of governmental institutions and legislation in shaping women's identities and evaluates the state’s response to gender-related issues. Findings indicate that Pakistan’s institutional failures, gender discrimination, and inconsistencies in law, ethics, and societal values have exacerbated the identity crisis among women. This issue poses a significant threat to national progress and development, as gender equality is integral to a country's socio-economic stability. Through the lens of Habermas’s identity deficit theory, the research explores two key crises among Pakistani women: the legitimation crisis, where societal norms fail to validate women’s identities, and the motivation crisis, where legal and cultural contradictions hinder their empowerment. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-dimensional approach, including legal reforms, institutional accountability, and societal change. The study underscores the urgent need for a structured policy framework to bridge the gap between law and practice, ensuring women's rights and identity are protected and promoted in Pakistan.

WALK & TALK: EMERGING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIOLOGY

This study examines the Walk & Talk method as an innovative approach to qualitative research, emphasizing its ability to capture rich, contextually grounded data through mobility and embodied experiences. By integrating walking interviews into fieldwork in Nepal, the method enhances data collection via seeding, feeding, and bridging processes. These processes facilitate reflective dialogue (seeding), provide deeper insights through physical engagement (feeding), and connect individual narratives to broader social and cultural contexts (bridging). The study illustrates how the Walk & Talk method shifts from inductive to abductive reasoning, uncovering new insights and theoretical connections in real-time. Fieldwork on spiritual practices, social relations, tourism management, and climate change adaptation demonstrates the method's effectiveness in exploring the intersections of place, identity, and social dynamics. The study highlights the method's potential for interdisciplinary applications in social anthropology, cultural sociology, and environmental studies, expanding qualitative research methodologies to explore intersectional identities and community resilience across diverse contexts.

Quraish Shihab’s Tafsir of QS. 'Abasa (80): 1-10: Rethinking Disability In Contemporary Context

This study explores the contextual interpretation of QS. ‘Abasa (80): 1-10 as articulated by Quraish Shihab in his renowned work, tafsir al-misbah. The surah recounts an incident where the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) frowned and turned away from Abdullah bin Ummi Maktum, a visually impaired companion. This narrative serves as a critical foundation for discussing issues of equality and the rights of persons with disabilities within an Islamic framework. Employing a qualitative research methodology with descriptive analysis, this study examines primary and secondary data to uncover the modern applicability of these verses in addressing contemporary discrimination against persons with disabilities. The findings reveal that QS. ‘Abasa emphasizes the principles of equality and inclusivity, advocating for the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities in a manner commensurate with those of the broader society. The study concludes that a modern interpretation of QS. ‘Abasa can serve as a philosophical foundation for fostering a more just and equitable society, underscoring that piety (taqwa) is the sole criterion for human distinction in the eyes of Allah.

미술치료 효과의 지속성에 관한 미술치료사의 경험과 인식 탐구

The purpose of this study is to explore and enhance measures to promote the sustainability of the effect of art therapy by exploring the factors that maintain and sustain the effect of art therapy after the con clusion of the art therapy program. After the art therapy program was completed, a study was conducted to explore the sustainability of art therapy after the end of the art therapy program by reviewing the opin ions of art therapists operating in the clinical field. To this end, 12 art therapists were interviewed non-face-to-face and analyzed using consensus qualitative research methodology. As a result of the analy sis, a total of 4 areas, 9 sub-areas, and 28 categories were derived. The research results are as follows. First, in terms of personal, relational, and therapeutic factors, there were client facilitating factors for sus taining the effect of art therapy, and client factors that hindered the continuation of the therapeutic effect in personal and environmental factors. Second, in terms of therapist and therapeutic factors, therapist fac tors that promote the continuation effect of art therapy, and therapist factors that hinder the continuation of the therapeutic effect in personal and environmental factors were derived. Based on the research results, the significance and limitations of this study were discussed, and suggestions for further research were made.

Toleransi Menurut Jalaluddin al-Rumi dan Pengaruhnya dalam Tamadun Turki Uthmaniyah/ Tolerance According to Jalaluddin al-Rumi and His Influence in Ottoman Turkish Civilization

Jalaluddin al-Rumi was a Sufi scholar who was born in 1207 AD when the Seljuk Sultanate was ruling Anatolia. This kingdom then developed into the Ottoman Turkish Caliphate in 1299 AD in the hands of Osman I, the son of Ertugrul Ghazi who married Halime Hatun, the daughter of the Seljuk king. This study wants to relate the influence of Jalaluddin al-Rumi who taught in Anatolia all his life to shape the culture of Turkish society. This writing uses a qualitative research methodology through the method of content analysis. The results of the study show that the culture of tolerance applied by Jalaluddin al-Rumi has played a role in preparing the Ottoman Turkish Caliphate to be tolerant with the diversity of civilizations while building a glorious Islamic civilization. The Ottomans had used the Millet system which gave a voice to the Greek Orthodox, Armenian, Bulgarian and Jewish communities sheltered under the umbrella of the Caliphate. The Ottomans also became protectors and defenders of Islam because they controlled the three holy cities of Muslims, namely Makkah, Medina and Jerusalem (Palestine), and even provided fair treatment to all Muslims who visited for the Hajj and Umrah. This study explains what was taught by Jalaluddin al-Rumi regarding tolerance that contributed to the Ottoman Islamic civilization.

What are the experiences of nurses returning to work following maternity leave: a scoping review

BackgroundThere are currently significant concerns regarding the shortage and retention of nurses across the globe. Approximately 90% of the global nursing workforce is currently made up of females, yet there remains a notable absence of literature surrounding the experiences of nurses returning to work following maternity leave. The return-to-work period following maternity leave is a complex transition where women are faced with a multitude of challenges which may lead to increased work-family conflict. This is of concern given that work-family conflict has been identified as a key contributor influencing nurses’ intention to leave. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for mothers to take career breaks, work part-time, or leave the workforce altogether following maternity leave. Therefore, it is essential to explore nurses’ experiences returning to work following maternity leave and the factors influencing their retention.MethodA scoping review was undertaken which was guided by the Arksey and O’Malley (2005) framework, in conjunction with the PRISMA (PRISMA-ScR) (2020) checklist. The search encompassed four databases, focusing on the inclusion of research studies published within the past 5 years. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) 2018 was utilised to ensure the inclusion of high-quality articles.ResultsIn total, six studies were incorporated into the review, comprising of a diverse array of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. These methodologies encompassed semi-structured interviews, focus groups, surveys, and self-assessments. From these studies, a variety of themes emerged, including the challenges of managing shift work, the level of support provided by supervisors, obstacles encountered in breastfeeding despite existing policies, difficulties associated with childcare, and levels of engagement within the workplace.ConclusionOverall, the review highlighted several challenges and themes that nurses face when returning to work following maternity leave. Despite this, there is a gap in the literature regarding the factors that influence nursing retention following maternity leave. Future research should focus on further exploring the experiences of nurses returning to work following maternity and the factors that influence them to stay or leave.

대학생의 가족문제 상담에서의 경험과 의미: 포토보이스를 활용한 내러티브 탐구

Objectives This study aims to analyze the experiences and meanings of college student clients facing family issues during counseling through narrative inquiry using photovoice, and to discuss the implications of this approach in the fields of education and counseling. Methods Participants in the study were 3 collage students and in-depth interviews were conducted two to three times per participant from November 2021 to December 2021. This study combined the photovoice research procedure with the narrative inquiry procedure to understand collage student clients' experience of the counseling and explore their meaning. Results For the study participants, it was confirmed with photos and their voices that the experience of family problem counseling was ‘the process of facing oneself and family in the dark, and personal and relational changes taking place’. The meaning of the study participants' experience in the counseling for family problems was found to be “as if they were in a fog,” “courage facing pain,” “time to understand me and family,” “reconstruction of family relationships,” and “a journey with family.” Conclusions Through this study, we were able to understand their unique experience and meaning of counseling for family problems among 3 collage student clients while examining the possibility of narrative inquiry that combines photovoice in terms of methodology of qualitative research. This suggests the potential for application not only in college students' academic learning but also in various educational settings and counseling fields, making a practical contribution.

Qualitative Study on the Effect of Workload and Motivation on Performance with Supervision and SOP as Mediator Variables

This study explores the complex relationships between workload, motivation, employee performance, and the mediating roles of supervision and standard operating procedures (SOPs) in organizational contexts. Using a qualitative research methodology based on a systematic literature review, the study synthesizes findings from both theoretical and empirical research to understand how these variables interact and influence performance outcomes. Data was collected from peer-reviewed journals, books, and organizational behavior, psychology, and management case studies. The analysis uses thematic coding to identify patterns and themes within the literature, shedding light on how the workload can act as both a motivator and a stressor, depending on the support systems in place. The findings indicate that intrinsic motivation is crucial in driving sustainable performance, while supervision and SOPs are important mediators that help stabilize performance and reduce workload-related stress. Adequate supervision, characterized by supportive guidance and feedback, enhances employee resilience in high demands, while SOPs provide structure and consistency in task execution. These results have significant theoretical implications for frameworks such as the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, self-determination theory, and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory. Additionally, the study offers practical recommendations for management strategies aimed at promoting sustainable employee performance. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the importance of balancing workload, intrinsic motivation, and structured support to cultivate a high-performing and resilient workforce.

Language Choice of Teochew Chinese Students in Vinh Chau – Soc Trang Today

The Teochew Chinese have established their presence in Vinh Chau (Soc Trang Province) for over three centuries, evolving into a dynamic community that values numerous cultural dimensions intrinsic to the Teochew heritage. Nonetheless, the simultaneous existence of the Vietnamese and Khmer populations introduces significant challenges to the maintenance of these traditional cultural values. This scholarly article is predicated on the theoretical framework that posits the interplay between language and culture as a catalyst for the metamorphosis of various cultures through mechanisms of cultural exchange and acculturation. Employing a qualitative research methodology that encompasses in-depth interviews along with a thorough examination of relevant documents, materials, and scholarly articles, this study seeks to elucidate the determinants that influence the language selection of the Teochew community in Vinh Chau, Soc Trang Province. Through this investigation, we aspire to analyze, assess, and propose strategic recommendations for the preservation and enhancement of the Teochew language within the broader Chinese cultural milieu.