ABSTRACT This paper explores how Ghanaian documentary filmmakers manage ethical issues in their daily practices by identifying the guiding ethical principles that shape their decisions. A qualitative research approach was employed for this study, using thirteen documentary filmmakers from Ghana, chosen using purposive and snowball sampling techniques as the sample size. The gathered data was analysed thematically through the lens of Kohlberg’s CMD theory. The findings revealed instances involving delicate participants’ cultural customs that filmmakers regarded as challenges to achieving veracity and comprehensiveness of film stories. It was discovered that emphasising openness, trust, and effective communication were strategies harnessed by some Ghanaian filmmakers to overcome their ethical dilemmas. The study concludes that it is important for documentary filmmakers to have context-specific ethical principles and to regularly reflect on their practices, highlighting the need for integrating ethical reflection into film training and practice in Ghana, as well as developing context-specific ethical codes for filmmakers to eliminate biases and discretionary ethical approaches that are fluid and weaken standards.

General practitioners (GPs) who take on the role of continuous medical education (CME) tutors play a vital part in facilitating small group learning among their peers. Despite the importance of this role, the personal experiences, motivations and unique challenges of CME tutors remain largely unknown. This study aimed to provide further insight into CME tutors' reflections on their role and professional identity formation. A qualitative research approach, supported by two theoretical frameworks-identity and role theory-was employed. Thirteen CME tutors across Ireland participated in semi-structured interviews conducted via Zoom. The interviews were analysed thematically. Participants primarily identified themselves as GPs, but enthusiasm for peer learning and education led them to become CME tutors. They viewed their CME tutor role as deeply rewarding and enriching their clinical practice, reflective skills and identity as both doctors and educators. As CME tutors, they also embraced the role of 'go-to' person: being perceived as someone reliable and consistently supportive. The overlap between internal and external expectations often led to role strain, which was intensified by the informal expansion of role into areas beyond their remit, including helping with personal or practical issues of peers. Yet, our participants felt that the role of CME tutor embraced their personal and professional development, strengthening their commitment to medicine and education. The career of CME tutors in Ireland was highly valued among participants; yet, additional support is needed to address role-related challenges and ensure the long-term attractiveness and sustainability of this vital professional path.

This study investigates the alignment between digital skills taught in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and those demanded by employers in the business management and health and social care sectors in the United Kingdom. Drawing on a qualitative research approach using primary data, the research explores how recent graduates and industry professionals perceive digital competencies and identifies strategies for more effective integrating of these skills into university curricula. A total of 51 graduates and 7 employers participated in the study, contributing insights through surveys distributed via email, WhatsApp, and Microsoft Teams. The findings reveal a persistent gap between graduates' digital literacy and employers' expectations, particularly in data analysis, specialised software use, and digital communication. While basic proficiency in tools like Microsoft Office is common, both groups emphasised the need for more advanced, practice-oriented digital training. Employers highlighted adaptability and digital fluency as critical yet underdeveloped attributes among recruits. The study concludes that bridging this gap requires a collaborative effort between HEIs and industry, involving curriculum reform, simulation-based learning, and certification in emerging technologies. These findings contribute to ongoing debates about graduate employability and digital readiness, offering practical recommendations for educational policy and curriculum development.

Abstract - This research investigates “Tactical Upcycling” of the locally abundant, organic, recycled plastic waste, including but not limited to HDPE sheets, LDPE films, and discarded vinyl banners, employed at primary building envelope components within transitional urban housing. Shifting from lab-based experimental research, this study takes on a socio-technical perspective to record how the global poor in Bhopal leverage the material properties of the waste stream to adapt shelter to climatic extremes. The research methodology used is qualitative in nature, comprising of Photographical surveys, On-site mapping, Semi-structured Interview with residents of selected informal clusters in the study area. The qualitative research approach allows to study “Vernacular Performance” of plastic skins, which meant to measure the thermal lag, protect for moisture during monsoon and measure the passive cooling through the spontaneous layering. This research records “Architecture without Architects” responses as possible alternatives to conventional expectations of material performance, eventually proposing a frugal bottom-up sustainable cladding framework. These results imply that such informal practices could be very scalable low-cost climate-responsive design strategies and advocate for the formal integration of upcycled polymers in low-income housing policies in future prospective central India. Key Words: tactical upcycling, upcycled polymers, building envelope, recycled plastic waste, vernacular performance, passive cooling.

Technology in nowadays’ era has made leaps and bounds in offering a lot to both society and education. Teachers are asked to undertake a new role and respond to the new technology related challenges. The Covid-19 pandemic brought distance education to the surface of the academic world. Educational robotics has infiltrated the field of education recently, but it has not been explored and utilized as it could be, especially in the field of primary education. This study aims to discuss how the combination of educational robotics and school distance education can benefit education in an effective and innovative way. The study employed literature review and a qualitative research approach utilizing a semi-conducted interview as the research tool. Ten (10) experienced teachers in the fields of Distance Education and Educational Robotics participated. The results revealed that Educational Robotics utilizing several tools and platforms can effectively support and enhance school distance education, especially within a framework of blended learning.

Recent advances have highlighted the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to assist clinicians with administrative and clinical tasks, but concerns regarding biases, lack of regulation, and potential technical issues pose significant challenges. The lack of a clear definition of AI, combined with limited focus on qualitative research exploring clinicians' perspectives, has limited the understanding of perspectives on AI in primary health care settings. This review aims to synthesize current qualitative research on the perspectives of clinicians on AI in primary care settings. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL (EBSCOhost) databases for publications from inception to February 5, 2024. The search strategy was designed using the Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, and Research type (SPIDER) framework. Studies were eligible if they were published in English, peer-reviewed, and provided qualitative analyses of clinician perspectives on AI in primary health care. Studies were excluded if they were gray literature, used questionnaires, surveys, or similar methods for data collection, or if the perspectives of clinicians were not distinguishable from those of nonclinicians. A qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis were performed. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE-CERQual) approach was used to assess confidence in the findings. The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Program) checklist for qualitative research was used for risk-of-bias and quality appraisal. A total of 1492 records were identified, of which 13 studies from 6 countries were included, representing qualitative data from 238 primary care physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and other health care professionals providing direct patient care. Eight descriptive themes were identified and synthesized into 3 analytical themes using thematic synthesis: (1) the human-machine relationship, describing clinicians' thoughts on AI assistance in administration and clinical work, interactions between clinicians, patients, and AI, and resistance and skepticism toward AI; (2) the technologically enhanced clinic, highlighting the effects of AI on the workplace, fear of errors, and desired features; and (3) the societal impact of AI, reflecting concerns about data privacy, medicolegal liability, and bias. GRADE-CERQual assessment rated confidence as high in 15 findings, moderate in 5 findings, and low in 1 finding. Clinicians view AI as a technology that can both enhance and complicate primary health care. While AI can provide substantial support, its integration into health care requires careful consideration of ethical implications, technical reliability, and the maintenance of human oversight. Interpretation is constrained by heterogeneity in qualitative methods and the diversity of AI technologies examined across studies. More in-depth qualitative research on the effects of AI on clinicians' careers and autonomy could prove helpful for the future development of AI systems.

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized as a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition whose initial signs typically emerge in early childhood and are reflected in differences in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavioral patterns. Research consistently demonstrates that autism affects not only the diagnosed child but also profoundly shapes parents’ emotional, social, and psychological experiences. Within this framework, the present study aimed to examine the perceptions of parents who have a child diagnosed with autism through a metaphorical lens in order to better understand their lived experiences. A phenomenological design was employed as the qualitative research approach, and data were collected from mothers and fathers using metaphor elicitation forms. The data were analyzed using content analysis, and metaphors were grouped into conceptual categories reflecting parents’ shared meanings. The findings revealed that parents’ perceptions were predominantly associated with difficulty, struggle, uncertainty, and resilience, while some metaphors also reflected hope and meaning-making. The results were interpreted in relation to the existing literature, and recommendations were offered to inform future research and family-centered support practices.

Social change, technological development, and increasing demands for educational quality require educational institutions to continuously adapt and engage in sustainable learning. In this context, the concept of a learning organization is highly relevant, including in modern Islamic boarding schools. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the learning organization concept at Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Campus 7 using Peter Senge’s five disciplines: personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, team learning, and systems thinking. This research employed a qualitative field research approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving KMI leaders, educational staff, and teachers. The findings reveal that Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Campus 7 has implemented all five disciplines in an integrated manner within its learning system and institutional management. These results indicate that modern Islamic boarding schools have strong potential to develop as adaptive and sustainable learning organizations in response to contemporary educational challenges.

This study aims to examine the implementation of the Jam’iyyah Mudarasatil Qur’an Lil Ḥāfiẓāt (JMQH) program in enhancing motivation and the quality of Qur’anic memorization among female memorizers (ḥāfiẓāt) in Jombang District. A qualitative research approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation involving JMQH administrators and active members. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, supported by source and technique triangulation to ensure data credibility. The findings indicate that the JMQH program is implemented through well-structured routine activities, including monthly mudarasah, tartil-based recitation, peer listening (simāʿ), and spiritual development sessions conducted alternately at members’ residences. The program significantly enhances members’ motivation by fostering peer support, collective commitment, and a supportive religious environment. Furthermore, improvements in memorization quality are evident in increased fluency, accuracy, and adherence to tajwīd rules. Key supporting factors include strong religious awareness, a sense of community belonging, and a positive social environment, while inhibiting factors involve domestic responsibilities and initial feelings of insecurity. This study concludes that community-based religious organizations such as JMQH play a vital role in sustaining Qur’anic memorization among adult female memorizers beyond formal educational institutions

After hospital discharge, survivors of critical illness often struggle to meet their nutritional needs, which can impair long-term recovery and quality of life. However, the factors influencing nutritional recovery in the early post-discharge period remain poorly understood. This qualitative study aimed to identify and describe the barriers and facilitators influencing nutritional recovery among critical illness survivors after hospital discharge. A qualitative health research approach was adopted using qualitative description. A convenience sample of 15 adult critical illness survivors were recruited from medical, surgical, and cardiac intensive care units (ICUs) in New York City from August 2024 to April 2025. Semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually 3 months after hospital discharge. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis. Reported barriers to nutritional recovery included individual-level factors (physiological, functional, and psychological) and systems-level challenges (gaps in nutrition care continuity and inadequate healthcare team communication and support). Facilitators included family support, accessible nutrition services, multidisciplinary healthcare team involvement, and improvements in recovery over time. Patients consistently expressed a desire for regular post-discharge nutrition follow-up and individualized nutrition education tailored to post-ICU recovery. Collectively, these findings revealed that survivors of critical illness encounter numerous barriers to nutritional recovery after hospital discharge, but support from family, dietitians, and healthcare teams can help overcome these challenges. Continuity of dietitian-led care and tailored nutrition education may address unmet needs and improve the nutritional recovery experience of critical illness survivors.

Livestock genetic resources represent a critical component of biodiversity conservation, food security, and socio-cultural sustainability in Indonesia, particularly in Bali Province, where indigenous livestock breeds are deeply embedded in local traditions and livelihoods. This study examines sustainability-based policy frameworks for the protection and conservation of livestock genetic resources in Bali Province. A qualitative research approach was applied, integrating policy document analysis, in-depth interviews, field observations, and stakeholder surveys. Force Field Analysis was employed to evaluate the balance between driving and inhibiting factors influencing policy effectiveness. The results show that the cumulative strength of driving forces (3.832) exceeds inhibiting forces (3.333), indicating a potential reinforcement zone for conservation policy. Socio-cultural values and regulatory availability support conservation efforts, while weak genetically specific regulations, land constraints, and market dominance of hybrid breeds remain significant challenges

The global rise of radicalization has called for a deeper understanding of its complexities, particularly in Pakistan, where various extremist ideologies and groups operate. This study undertakes an inclusive examination of the factors driving radicalization in Pakistan, drawing on insights from policymakers, journalists, academics, security officials involved in countering violent extremism, and both government and non-government organizations. Through the lens of structural functionalism and critical terrorism studies, this study explores the functional needs of the state in countering radicalism in Pakistan, including the socialization of education, social control, and the role of law enforcement agencies. By employing a qualitative research approach through semi-structured and in-depth interviews, this study highlights that radicalization in Pakistan results from a complex interaction of historical, geographical, security, geopolitical, and foreign factors. Moreover, key socio-economic, political, and religious factors are identified as primary drivers, often interacting and exacerbating one another. The findings underscore the need for an all-inclusive strategy to address radicalization in Pakistan, with a focus on customized deradicalization approaches that reflect the country’s unique context. The study further suggests that policymakers and practitioners must also consider the interconnectedness of these factors to effectively mitigate radicalization.

ABSTRACT This study utilised vignettes to investigate the diverse experiences of anxiety among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic in independent primary schools in Gauteng, South Africa. The study adopted a retrospective vignette research design, a phenomenological paradigm, and a broad qualitative research approach. Participants (n = 18) took part in focus groups and concurrent creative expressive art therapeutic (CEAT) processes. Data collection involved asking focus group participants to create artefacts based on their experiences of COVID-19-related anxiety in the classroom. Raw vignettes were developed into final vignettes from observation data through a series of vignette and resonance readings. Findings indicate the long-lasting challenges faced by teachers due to pandemic-induced anxiety. It also highlights increased collegiality and heightened mental health awareness among teachers. Their commitment to quality education, adaptability, and persistence was evident. The study aims to inform interventions for the long-term effects of COVID-19 on teachers, specifically regarding their experiences of COVID-19-related anxiety.

This study investigates how green entrepreneurship is shaped by environmental changes, cultural dynamics, and forms of capital, focusing on their impact on entrepreneurs in a city designated as a "green city" by the European Green Capital Award. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations with green entrepreneurs in Essen, Germany. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2022. Findings reveal that the city's green status significantly influences entrepreneurs' decisions to adopt green business practices, with environmental awareness playing a key role. Green entrepreneurs not only recognize environmental changes but also embrace the sustainability culture of their city. Additionally, specific forms of capital contribute to their business success. These results offer recommendations for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and society to support and promote green entrepreneurship.

Climate change has intensified environmental risks in India, exposing gaps between legislative intent, executive action, and on-ground implementation. While India possesses an extensive framework of environmental statutes and policies, the absence of a comprehensive climate-specific law has shifted significant responsibility to the judiciary. This study examines the evolving role of Indian courts in shaping climate law and environmental governance through constitutional interpretation, public interest litigation, and rights-based reasoning. The primary objective of the research is to analyze emerging judicial trends that integrate climate concerns into environmental adjudication and to assess their implications for governance, accountability, and policy coherence. Methodologically, the study adopts a doctrinal and qualitative legal research approach, involving systematic analysis of landmark judgments of the Supreme Court and High Courts, along with statutory provisions, constitutional principles, and relevant policy instruments. Judicial reasoning is examined to identify patterns related to the application of the precautionary principle, sustainable development, intergenerational equity, and the expansion of the right to life to include environmental and climate dimensions. The findings reveal a gradual but significant judicial shift from pollution-centric environmental protection toward broader climate-responsive governance. Courts have increasingly recognized state obligations to mitigate climate risks, strengthen environmental impact assessments, and ensure participatory and transparent decision-making. However, the study also finds limits to judicial intervention, including concerns of institutional competence and policy overreach. The paper concludes that while judicial innovation has been crucial in advancing climate governance in India, long-term effectiveness requires complementary legislative action and integrated climate law frameworks to translate judicial principles into enforceable and consistent outcomes.

The palm oil industry has been the subject of persistent negative campaigns, particularly in international media and advocacy discourse, often linking it to deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate change. These narratives, while partially supported by scientific findings, are frequently influenced by political, economic, and ideological agendas, leading to polarized global perceptions. This study aims to systematically map and analyze how negative campaigns against palm oil have been framed, disseminated, and interpreted within peer-reviewed academic literature. Adopting a qualitative research approach through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, the study follows the PRISMA protocol to ensure transparency and replicability. Literature was sourced exclusively from the ScienceDirect database, using a Boolean keyword combination to refine search results for “negative campaigns,” “media framing,” and “public perception” related to palm oil. A total of 1,896 initial results were screened through four filtering stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion, resulting in 36 final articles published between 2022 and 2025 that met the criteria of open access, original research, and topical relevance. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to extract patterns in how negative narratives are constructed and sustained. The results reveal five dominant themes: environmental degradation framing, socio-economic marginalization, media amplification mechanisms, geopolitical protectionism, and response gaps from producing countries. The study concludes that negative campaigns are often selectively constructed, lacking a holistic view of comparative sustainability. Future research should examine longitudinal changes in narrative framing and investigate counter-framing strategies that more equitably include producer voices.

This study aims to investigate the methods of Quran memorization and memorization management at Pondok Pesantren Tahfizhul Qur'an Raudhatul Mufassirin Indonesia. In Quranic education, memorization plays a vital role in both the quality and quantity of memorized content. The methods used at this Islamic boarding school integrate traditional and modern approaches, designed to meet the needs of students effectively. The management of memorization involves time organization strategies, progress monitoring, and motivational support for students. By combining these approaches, the pesantren ensures a structured environment conducive to successful memorization. Through the qualitative research approach, data was gathered through interviews and observations, providing insights into how these methods and strategies are implemented. The study finds that the blend of traditional and modern memorization methods has significantly improved students’ ability to memorize the Quran efficiently. Moreover, the effective management strategies help maintain a supportive atmosphere for students, facilitating continuous progress. This research aims to contribute to the broader development of Quran memorization techniques in other pesantren, offering valuable insights into best practices and strategies that can be adapted to enhance Quranic education. The study highlights the importance of combining different methods and management approaches to optimize learning outcomes.

ABSTRACT Port authorities face increasing pressure to deliver cost-effective services while meeting stringent environmental standards driven by social and regulatory demands. Low-emission tugboats offer a promising pathway to reducing maritime emissions in ports and inland waterways. This study examines the barriers to adopting low-emission technologies among Australian tug and towage providers and explores the key drivers and benefits influencing adoption. A qualitative research approach was employed, using a structured survey questionnaire to collect data from relevant stakeholders. Stakeholder perceptions were analysed in relation to policy frameworks, economic burdens, required incentives, and preferences for different low-emission technologies. The findings indicate that pollution prevention, environmental stewardship for future generations, and ecological preservation are the primary motivators for adopting low-emission tugboats. However, significant barriers remain. High capital investment costs, limited availability, and the technological immaturity of low-emission systems were identified as major challenges. In addition, a notable knowledge gap exists among stakeholders regarding current policies and regulatory mechanisms that support the adoption of low-emission tugboats in Australia. This study highlights the need for targeted policy development, pilot projects, and further research to overcome these barriers. By identifying key motivators and constraints, the study provides practical insights to support informed decision-making and promote sustainable practices within the Australian tugboat and towage industry.

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed modern business operations, making digitalization and information systems essential components of organizational success. This study aims to examine the importance of digitalization and information systems in business through a comprehensive literature review. Using a qualitative research approach, relevant academic articles, books, and conference proceedings were analyzed to identify key themes related to business performance, decision-making, competitive advantage, and implementation challenges. The findings reveal that digitalization significantly enhances operational efficiency, productivity, and customer responsiveness, while information systems such as management information systems, decision support systems, and enterprise resource planning systems play a crucial role in supporting data-driven decision-making and organizational integration. Additionally, the review highlights that digitalization contributes to innovation and sustained competitive advantage when aligned with organizational capabilities and strategic objectives. However, challenges including high implementation costs, skills gaps, cybersecurity risks, and resistance to change remain significant barriers, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by synthesizing fragmented literature and providing a holistic understanding of the strategic importance of digitalization and information systems in business. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to navigate digital transformation effectively.

Polypharmacy is a significant and persistent issue that hinders patient treatment plans and outcomes. It is associated with a wide range of harmful outcomes, including adverse drug interactions, increased morbidity and even mortality rates. The dire effects of polypharmacy have been associated with increased medication errors, hospitalisations, early readmissions and healthcare costs. Despite the extensive documentation and public awareness of these risks, little has been done to address the problem effectively. Deprescribing serves as a valuable strategy to mitigate and prevent the negative consequences associated with polypharmacy. The study sought to explore and describe prescriber's understanding and experiences regarding deprescribing of polypharmacy. The study was conducted at district hospitals in Gauteng province. A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory and contextual research approach and design was applied in the research. Non-probability purposive sampling techniques were used to select prescribers. Eight steps of data analysis were followed to analyse the data. Three themes and nine sub-themes emerged from the study: (1) Negative effects of the impact of polypharmacy (the negative impact on the patients, the impact on prescribers and the impact on the organisation), (2) factors that hinder the deprescribing of polypharmacy (prescriber-related factors, patient-related factors, complexity of the prescribing environment and deficiencies in organisations) and (3) measures that can enhance deprescribing of polypharmacy (holistic systems for the deprescribing of polypharmacy and promotion of awareness and education). This study concluded that prescribers currently believe deprescribing is a complicated process, and few of them actually engage with it. Deprescribing is a safe and effective way to manage inappropriate polypharmacy. This study recommended that improved interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches among health practitioners be introduced to encourage deprescribing, which will avert polypharmacy in the district hospitals. The research findings provide insight, create awareness and encourage safe, rational and judicious prescribing practices among authorised prescribers in district hospitals in Gauteng province.