PVC Substrates Research Articles

Colonisation and bioerosion of experimental substrates by benthic foraminiferans from euphotic to aphotic depths (Kosterfjord, SW Sweden)

In the cold-temperate setting of the Swedish Kosterfjord area, experimental carbonate and PVC substrates were deployed for a 6, 12 and 24-month duration along a transect from euphotic to aphotic depths in order to study bioerosion and carbonate accretion patterns. Among the organisms that contribute to the latter by secreting calcareous skeletons, epibenthic foraminiferans represent a major component, both in terms of diversity (a dozen species) as well as in the number of individuals (exceeding 50,000 individuals per m2 at certain depths). The by far dominating species were found to be Cibicides lobatulus and the agglutinating Lituotuba lituiformis, along with smaller numbers of Planorbulina mediterranensis, Tholosina vesicularis and Nubecularia lucifuga. The foraminiferal distribution exhibits a pronounced abundance maximum in shallow waters at 7 and especially 15 m and a maximum in diversity at 15-50 m water depth. Some of the foraminiferans encountered, such as Cibicides lobatulus and the rare Gypsina vesicularis, were found to contribute also to the bioerosion of the calcareous substrates by etching shallow attachment scars. These prominent traces witness the former presence of benthic foraminiferans on fossil to Recent hardgrounds, inferring a potential applicability as an in situ proxy where tests are not preserved. Estimated minimum carbonate production rates for the dominant Cibicides lobatulus reach a maximum of 0.326 g/m2/year with the highest rates occurring at 7 to 30 m water depth. Carbonate production rates are up to two magnitudes higher on the PVC (0-0.326 g/m2/year) than on the carbonate substrates (0-0.010 g/m2/year) and are considerably higher than estimates previously reported from the western Baltic.

Optimization of Transparent Conducting ZnO Films Deposited on PVC Substrate by PLD Method

Approximately 300 nm-thick Al-doped transparent conducting zinc oxide films (AZO(Al2O3:1.5 wt.%)) have been deposited on glass and PVC substrates by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using ArF excimer laser (λ=193 nm) with energy of 40-100 mJ at the repetition frequency of 50 Hz. When fabricated with the laser energy of 40-100 mJ, similar characteristics of electrical properties and optical transmittance were obtained for the AZO films deposited on glass or PVC substrates. Namely, the lowest resistivity obtained was 6.34×10-4Ω·cm and an average optical transmittance was more than 80 % in the visible range. But, when prepared with the laser energy of 80-100 mJ, surface roughness for the AZO films fabricated on PVC substrates decreased compared to the films deposited on glass substrates. Moreover, for the AZO films fabricated on PVC substrates, an average optical transmittance in the visible range was reduced to 30-50 %.

パルスレーザー堆積法による酸化亜鉛系透明導電膜の有機基板上への成膜

Approximately 300-nm-thick 1.5 wt.% Al-doped zinc oxide(AZO: 1.5 wt.% Al2O3) films have been deposited on glass substrates and PVC substrates at room temperature by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using ArF excimer laser (λ=193 nm). The film deposition was carried out under the condition of laser energy density with 2 to 5 J/cm2. For AZO films deposited on PVC substrates with low laser energy density, electrical and optical properties were equivalent to that for AZO films deposited on glass substrates. However, for AZO films prepared by high laser energy density, the value of surface roughness was large and the value of Hall mobility remarkably decreased compared to that for AZO films grown on glass substrates.

Potassium-selective atomic force microscopy on ion-releasing substrates and living cells.

A new method for simultaneous mapping of cell topography and ion fluxes was developed. A highly sensitive ion sensor system was generated by coating atomic force microscopy tips with a PVC layer containing valinomycin, an ionophore for potassium. The activity of specific ions was traced on artificial ion-releasing PVC substrates. A boundary potential was generated owing to the selective exchange of a specific ion between coated tip and ion-releasing substrate. The boundary potential was detectable as a force induced by ion-selective electrostatic interactions. The selectivity coefficient of valinomycin for potassium against sodium (K(K,Na)f) was -2.5 +/- 0.5. Potassium efflux was measured on living MDCK-F1 cells expressing BK(Ca) channels. We could demonstrate localized areas of high potassium concentrations at the cell surface. The potassium efflux could be reversibly inhibited by thapsigargin, which is known to inhibit the efflux of potassium from BK(Ca) channels by suppression of calcium ATPase.

Phase Behavior of Supercritical CO2/Styrene/Poly(vinyl chloride) System and Synthesis of Polystyrene/Poly(vinyl chloride) Composites

The phase behavior of the supercritical (SC) CO2/styrene/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) system was studied at 40 °C in the pressure range from 80 to 160 bar. The styrene concentration in the fluid phase ranged from 0 to 0.4 mol/L. The mass uptakes of styrene in PVC films before and after depressurization were obtained. A considerable amount of styrene in the films was carried out by CO2 in the venting process. When styrene contains 0.3 mol % initiator 2,2‘-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), the mass uptake is much higher than that in the absence of the initiator. The mass uptakes can be controlled by soaking time, pressure, and styrene concentration. PVC/polystyrene (PS) composites were prepared by the polymerization of styrene in PVC substrates. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the original PVC grains are broken into the primary particles in the course of SC CO2 swelling at the low temperature of 40 °C, and the PVC primary particles force the PS particles to be well dispersed between them. The mechanical measurements show that the addition of PS not only can toughen brittle PVC but also can reinforce it in the PS content range from 0.074 to 0.24 g/g.

Isotropic and anisotropic interphases in polymer systems

A polyisoprene-poly 4-vinyl pyridine (PIP/P4VP) diblock polymer has been used as adsorbate and adhesive on PVC and PMMA substrates. The diblock polymer is able to undergo surface restructuring, the rubber constituent being preferentially surface localized during contact with non-polar media, the P4VP moiety becoming dominant when in contact with polar media. Acid-base characterization shows that specific acid-base interaction takes place in the PVC-PIP/P4VP pairing, but not in the PMMA case. The block copolymer chain configuration on PVC is independent of the adsorbed layer thickness, creating an isotropic interphase. Adsorbed on PMMA, the copolymer chain undergoes a configurational change, creating an anisotropic interphase. Bond strength data indicate that the presence of acid-base interactions and of isotropic interphases is beneficial to both the initial value and to the retention of bond characteristics during accelerated aging.

Surface Modification Of Polymers With Grafting And Coating Of Silane Hybrids And Their Bioactivity

ABSTRACTHydrated silica rich Si-OH and Si-0- groups serve in a body environment as sites for nucleation of apatite, and are known as an essential chemical species for bioactive materials. Organic polymers having surface modified with the hydrated silica will show bioactivity: bone tissues grow toward the apatite layer and bond to materials. Thus MOPS-M (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) was grafted under emulsion polymerization procedure to high density polyethylene (HDPE), poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polyamide (PA) substrates to examine in vitro deposition of apatite (bioactivity) after soaking in a simulated body fluid (Kokubo solution). Bioactivity was confirmed for the grafted PVC and PA substrates and discussed in terms of contact angle and relative amount of grafted silane molecules.

Zinc sulfide thin films grown by SILAR on poly (vinyl chloride) and polycarbonate substrates

Zinc sulfide thin films were grown at room temperature and ambient pressure on poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) and polycarbonate (PC) substrates using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. For PVC substrates, washing with ethanol was sufficient for adsorption of the first layer, but PC substrates needed a pretreatment with KMnO4 followed by rinsing with HO and water. In addition a KOH pretreatment was used for both substrate materials. The ZnS films were homogeneous and the attachment of the films to the polymer surface was good. The ZnS films were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS).

Synthesis of heterocyclic metal complexes and their evaluation as marine antifoulants

Abstract4‐Amino‐3‐thio‐1,24‐triazolidine (L1) and 4‐amino‐5‐thio‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (LII) as well as their metal complexes of the general formulae MLI·2H2O and MLIICl (M; Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II)) were prepared. With Sn(II), we obtained Sn(LI)2·2H2O and SnLIICl, respectively. The structures of the compounds were identified through elemental analysis, and IR and UV spectra measurements, in addition to thermal analysis in case of the metal complexes. The antifouling properties of the compounds were tested by their incorporation into paint formulations which were applied to PVC substrates and tested in water from Alexandria western harbour. When the compounds were added at 17·5% by volume, the coated panels were fouled after 3 months of immersion. The addition of 6·7% by volume of tributyltin oxide to 15·8% of the prepared compounds in one formulation elevated the paint efficiency and prevented fouling for 11 months. Paint containing solely tributyltin oxide at the same concentration was inactive against algae.

Ion beam induced reactions in Fe-PVC thin film structures

Films of57Fe, 50–100 A thick, were evaporated onto PVC substrates. Samples were irradiated with 48 McV Br8+ ions. Recoiling target atoms, ejected from the sample, were collected in a time of flight-energy detector telescope to monitor effects induced by the impinging Br ions. Conversion electron Mossbauer spectra were recorded before and after ion irradiation. Substantial radiation induced alterations were observed both in recoil and Mossbauer spectra.

Contact adhesive developed for PVC substrates

Contact adhesive developed for PVC substrates

Preparation of Surface Standards of Copper on Substrates of Platinum and Glass for X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Adsorption Studies

Abstract Changes in concentration of very dilute solutions of metals, due to adsorption on the walls of the container, are well known. Earlier studies, however, have been confined to follow the changes in trace metal concentration of the solution phase with time. Characterisation of the solid surface is equally important and for such a study are needed reproducible thin layers of the ions under consideration on the particular substrate. Deposition of thin layers of copper on platinum by electrodeposition and solution evaporation of CuCl2 on platinum gave comparable results on examination of the Cu 2p peaks by XPS. Solution evaporation was found successfully for the sodium glass substrate as well. However, solution evaporation could not be applied to Teflon or PVC substrates.

Algal Ecology of Southern Icelandic Hot Springs in Winter

A survey of algal habitats of southern Icelandic hot springs (Hengill-Olfus district) was made between December 15, 1968, and January 20, 1969. Carbon-14 primary productivity was measured in experiments designed to compare the role of direct solar radia- tion on algal habitats of different aspect and inclination. Incident light (0.4-0.7 gLm) energy on December 20, was 23.1, 3.3, and 5.1 g-cal/cm2 day for south-facing 600 slopes, north- facing 600 slopes, and horizontal surfaces, respectively. Primary productivity for algal cores incubated (in vials) in these positions was 1110, 260, and 1130 mg C/M2 - day. Coincidence of productivity of south-facing and horizontally-incubated cores suggested that the latter re- ceived far more illumination than was indicated by light meter readings. Similar results were noted for incubations carried out on January 8, 1969. Submersed algal habitats exhibited a dramatic cutback from their summer appearance. Residual populations of Mastigocladus lanminosus Cohn were found up to 552C in quiet waters. Healthy mats of Phormidiuin corium (C.A. Ag.) Gomont, Lyngbya inartensiana Menegh. and Mastigocladus occurred locally in south flowing effluents (410-310C) in mod- erate to fast flow. The aerial blue-green algal community bordering the hot springs appeared unchanged from that of the summer. The cryptic persistence of Mastigocladus on submerged rock from habitats (550-40'C) having a swept bare appearance was demonstrated in the laboratory. This finding obviates the suggestion that nonthermal overwintering niches might serve as seeding sources for the large-scale resumption of growth in the spring. Eight of the 14 PVC substrates left for 15 days in thermal effluents showed signs of colonization, which indicated that the 24-h compensation point for this period had been exceeded.