The development of digital platforms such as TikTok has encouraged the emergence of affiliate-based marketing practices in e-commerce activities. Affiliate marketing is a digital marketing system that promotes another person's product or service through a special affiliate link and earns a commission if a purchase or transaction is made through that affiliate link. Product promotion content has become one of the most effective marketing methods in the digital world. However, in practice, there are cases where affiliates reuse video content belonging to creators for promotional purposes and to earn sales commissions without permission. This study aims to analyze the provisions of digital video copyright protection under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and to examine forms of copyright infringement in the use of TikTok videos by affiliates. The method used is a normative study, employing a legal approach, a conceptual approach, and factual analysis. Primary and secondary legal materials were used in this study, which was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of the study show that TikTok videos fall under the category of cinematographic works that are protected as stipulated in Article 40 paragraph (1) letter m of the Copyright Law. Copyright protection arises automatically based on the declarative principle since the creation is realized in a tangible form, covering moral and economic rights. The use of TikTok videos by affiliates for promotional purposes and to earn sales commissions constitutes commercial use which, if done without the creator's permission, violates the creator's economic rights as stipulated in Article 9 paragraph (3) and potentially violates moral rights under Article 5 of the Copyright Law.

Fusarium wilt is a major problem in agriculture. It significantly affects the growth and development of chickpea and its management mainly relies on heavy use of chemical fertilizers. The negative impacts posed by the excessive use of chemical pesticides necessitate the investigation into microbial antagonism. Currently, root-associated single microorganisms form the basis for microbe-based biological control. Recent studies have highlighted the synergistic interaction among microbes for management of biotic stresses. The present study focussed on the development of an effective microbial consortium for enhanced plant growth and health. The biocontrol agents, Paenibacillus lentimorbus (NBRI-CHM12), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (NBRI-SN13) and Trichoderma harzianum (NBRI-Fx), were combined with P solubilizer Pseudomonas putida (NBRI-RA) based on their compatibility, plant growth-promoting traits (PGP) and antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum. The best selected consortium of NBRI-CHM12 and RA was inspected for disease management against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris on sensitive (JG-62) and resistant (K-850) chickpea cultivars. The NBRI-CHM12+RA consortium led to increased productivity (dry weight) in both JG-62 (81.48%) and K-850 (20.5%) cultivars. Modulation in pectin- and cellulose-degrading enzymes (PCDEs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants and phenylpropanoid activity in plant justifies enhanced induced systemic resistance in the presence of consortium. The consortium also showed a reduction in Fusarium population compared to individual treatments, positively correlating with enhanced soil microbial enzymatic activities. The use of microbial consortia is best suited to fulfil the dual purpose of plant growth promotion and disease suppression.

The emergence of the digital era has impacted the contemporary utilisation of corporate identity, particularly in online solutions. Various applications of corporate identity can be discerned through online and offline channels. The primary emphasis of corporate identity remains, as it constitutes an integral aspect of corporate design or corporate imagery for any company or entity. Consequently, researchers observed that obstacles to the application of corporate identity online, particularly on social media platforms, still persist. Following to the right social media platform requirements that embrace corporate branding can assist firms using social media for marketing and promotional purposes.

This study aims to develop and implement a marker-based Augmented Reality (AR) application for visualizing campus buildings at Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Samarinda. The application, built using Unity 3D and Vuforia SDK, enables users to scan physical markers on buildings to display interactive 3D models and access detailed information about each facility. The research follows the Multimedia Development Life Cycle method, encompassing stages of concept, design, material collection, assembly, testing, and distribution. Technical testing evaluated the application’s performance across three Android devices, assessing marker detection range (0.5–3 meters), lighting conditions (optimal at 500–100,000 lux), and functionality (100% success in black-box testing). User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involved 30 respondents (new students) and yielded an average score of 4.245 out of 5, indicating high satisfaction. The results demonstrate that the AR application effectively enhances campus navigation and engagement, with marker-based tracking proving reliable for precise object visualization. This project contributes to the adoption of AR technology in educational institutions for promotional and orientation purposes.

Abstract Determining the geometric center of a given geographical area – such as a country, province, or region – is a key component in cartography visualization, spatial analysis, territorial planning, and the symbolic marking of central points. This article presents a comprehensive methodology for calculating the geometric center of Poland, utilizing a regular grid of spatial data models defined by GUGiK (Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii, Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography), with cells measuring 0.01° × 0.01°, in accordance with national cartographic and geodetic standards. The area of Poland was subdivided into over 400,000 sub-areas (trapezoids), for which centroids were calculated based on the coordinates of their vertices. The overall geometric center of the country was then derived as a weighted average of these centroids, using area of the small sub-areas as the weighting factor. Several computational variants were analyzed, involving different coordinate reference systems (PL-LAEA, PL-1992, and local systems), as well as various projection methods from ellipsoidal to planar surfaces. The study identified the most accurate approach, capable of determining the geometric center of Poland with a precision of a few centimeters. Special attention was given to the impact of boundary definitions – whether including or excluding territorial waters – demonstrating that the location of the center can shift by several kilometers depending on the adopted boundary variant. Final coordinates of Poland’s geometric center were determined for both variants: without territorial waters (variant A) and including them (variant B), and compared with previous attempts to define the country’s center. The paper highlights the importance of consistent boundary definitions and appropriate reference models in geodetic calculations and shows the potential to apply the proposed methodology to smaller administrative units such as voivodeships, counties, and municipalities. The findings are relevant for geodetic authorities, spatial planners, and for promotional or symbolic purposes related to the designation of national or regional “geographical centers”.

Corporate communicators and public relations (PR) practitioners strongly believe that social media have changed the way communication is practiced in cultural organizations. Previous research found cultural organizations remain trialing with social media, narrowing their uses for promotional and informational purposes. This study aims to add Kuwait to de-Westernize the literature in PR and communication management. Using Instagram and the Kuwaiti National Council for Culture, Arts, and Literature (NCCAL), this mixed method study aims to understand how this cultural institution utilizes this social media platform, how it visually frames its communication, and whether its utilization of Instagram reflects a strategic approach in communication management. The findings show that most posts are about past events that provide media coverage in the form of photographs, followed by posts about future activities in the form of graphic images and with the aim of information dissemination. The findings also show that the NCCAL mainly employed the cultural authority frame, the promotion frame, and the human-interest frame. Further statistical analyses showed significant relationships where the cultural authority frame was statistically salient with posts of past events in photographic form and the promotion frame was statistically salient with posts of upcoming events in graphic design form. The findings suggest a relatively non-strategic approach of the NCCAL’s management of Instagram, requiring an organizational need for the NCCAL to diversify its communication strategies, hence, frames and content. The findings also provide theoretical and practical implications for PR practitioners in relations to social media management in cultural organizations.

The literature review offers a focused synthesis of prior studies on the use of digital platforms in e government and their implications for public access transparency and administrative efficiency. Existing research is critically assessed to support the adoption of a multi level theoretical perspective that integrates technology acceptance models institutional theory diffusion of innovation and socio technical systems theory. This perspective frames digital adoption as a complex process shaped by institutional and social dynamics rather than a purely technical change. The review identifies key drivers of effective e government implementation including inclusive communication strategies technological capacity and political support. At the same time it highlights persistent constraints such as digital divides outdated institutional practices fragmented legal jurisdictions low levels of public trust and weak system design. The analysis demonstrates that digitalization often produces uneven outcomes. Access tends to improve mainly for groups that are already digitally connected while transparency initiatives may result in limited accountability. Efficiency gains are frequently confined to isolated administrative units without broader organizational transformation. Overall the review concludes that achieving integrated improvements in access transparency and efficiency is a challenging socio technical and political process influenced by contextual variation and uneven institutional maturity. It also identifies research gaps related to long term impacts artificial intelligence governance context specific implementation pathways and new measures of public value.

Experiencing geological heritage sites with limited physical access through metaverse technologies should be considered for both promotion and conservation purposes. By creating digital twins of geosites, users can experience an immersive geotourism experience in a three-dimensional interactive environment accompanied by artificial intelligence guides. During the design phase, high-resolution terrain data are collected with LiDAR and UAV photogrammetry to define the environment, and three-dimensional (3D) models are produced from these data and integrated into metaverse platforms. Artificial intelligence-supported avatars deepen the learning process by providing personalised interaction based on knowledge. The thematic analysis reveals that participants found this virtual experience highly immersive and gained a better understanding of geological processes. It is concluded that this model is not only a digital presentation but also a powerful method for pedagogical, cultural, and sustainable heritage education. The study makes a theoretical and practical contribution to the field of digital geotourism by proposing a new conceptual framework, the Geo-Metaverse Heritage Framework (GMHF).

This community service activity was motivated by the low utilization of TikTok as a marketing platform among handicraft-based MSMEs in Bukit Lawang, despite the strong visual potential of their products for digital promotion. The purpose of this activity was to provide education and basic training to MSME actors on using TikTok as a marketing tool, as well as to analyze how the platform can help expand the promotional reach of local products. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews and observations conducted on August 22–24, 2025, followed by TikTok training held on August 25, 2025. Informants were selected using purposive sampling, consisting of MSME actors who had never used TikTok for promotional purposes. The results show that the MSMEs previously relied solely on traditional promotional methods and faced limitations in digital literacy, which hindered their ability to utilize TikTok effectively. The training successfully improved participants’ understanding, technical skills, and confidence in creating simple video content to promote their products. The findings conclude that direct assistance and hands-on training are highly effective in enhancing the readiness of rural MSMEs to adopt digital marketing. The study suggests that continuous mentoring and evaluation are necessary to assess the long-term impact of TikTok utilization on improving marketing reach and sales performance.

to develop a middle-range nursing theory for men's health promotion aligned with the gender equality Sustainable Development Goal. an inductive-deductive theoretical study, analyzing the Health Promotion Model, conceptual analysis, purpose, propositions, assumptions, and modeling. The empirical basis was drawn from the national survey on the Brazilian National Policy for Comprehensive Men's Health Care from a gender equality perspective. known as the Lighthouse Theory, the theory is composed of 17 concepts, ten propositions, and four assumptions, represented in a model, with the purpose of describing men's health promotion, culminating in an action plan for healthy behaviors, aiming for equality in health care. the Lighthouse Theory offers an innovative theoretical framework for nursing and health, strengthening men's health promotion practices by describing specific behaviors.

The year 2024 marks the 40th anniversary of golf’s development in China, presenting a critical juncture for systematically reviewing the sport’s progress. To commemorate this milestone, the China Golf Association (CGA) launched the ‘40 Years of Golf in China’ initiative, which primarily solicits literary and audiovisual works for promotional purposes. However, this campaign notably lacks a comprehensive synthesis of existing academic research on the subject. To address this gap, this study employs CiteSpace-based knowledge mapping to analyze the current state and emerging trends in scholarly research on golf in China. Method: This study utilized CSSCI-indexed journal articles from the CNKI database (2000–2023) with ‘golf’ as the search term. Employing bibliometric methods and CiteSpace 6.3 visualization software, it systematically analyzed the basic features of the distribution of articles, such as publication trends, core authors, and institutional collaboration networks etc. Techniques such as keyword co-occurrence and burst detection were applied to identify research hot spots and future directions. (1) Golf research in China (2000–2023) followed an inverted V-shaped trajectory. Four phases were identified: initial stage (2000–2004), growth stage (2005–2013), decline stage (2014–2018), and stabilization stage (2019–2023). (2) Price’s Law identified 13 core authors (N ≥ 2). Research institutions were dominated by sports-focused universities and institutes. (3) Keyword analysis revealed three key patterns: Strong project-centric focus. High attention to ‘sports management’ and ‘talent cultivation’. Comprehensive coverage across four domains: school sports, mass sports, competitive sports, and the sports industry. The emergent keyword ‘shotting effect’ (until 2023) suggests sports training may become a future priority. Current research on golf in China remains fragmented and insular, peaking in 2010–2014 with symmetrical trends before and after, with limited high-quality outputs. Author collaborations were sparse, with predominantly independent studies. Collaborative studies are notably lacking, and no stable academic network has yet formed. Future efforts should prioritize in-depth research on sports training to enhance technical proficiency in golf, thereby supporting its widespread adoption and high-quality development in China. Such advancements would contribute to the national ‘Healthy China’ initiative.

This study aims to explore the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in Islamic boarding school (pesantren) education. This study uses a literature review method. Data sources include journal articles, academic books, and official documents, such as Law No. 18 of 2019 concerning Pesantren. The results show that Islamic boarding schools have long adapted new technologies to improve the quality of education and management while maintaining their values ​​and traditions. This is evident in various aspects such as the use of online learning platforms, the use of digital Al-Qur'an and Maktabah Syamilah applications, digital information and administration systems, the use of Islamic boarding school websites and social media for promotional and da'wah purposes with interactive content to reach a wider audience, and training for Islamic students (santri) on digital literacy and AI-based edutechnopreneurship. These conditions strengthen the role of pesantren in shaping a generation that is academically competent, technologically literate, has character, has social awareness, is independent, and can face the challenges of the world of work in the new technological era. Overall, this study shows that pesantrens are able to adapt without losing their identity, values, and traditions in integrating technology. This study contributes to enriching Islamic education studies by providing a conceptual mapping of the integration of new technologies, including AI, in the context of Islamic boarding schools, an area that remains relatively underexplored.

Product photography training is one of the relevant empowerment efforts to support the potential of the deaf community in the era of the creative economy. Deaf individuals have advantages in the visual field; however, limited access to practical training often becomes an obstacle to selfdevelopment. This activity aims to optimize the use of mixed light techniques, which combine natural light and artificial light, in product photography practices through an inclusive workshop. The method used was direct practice at the DPC Gerkatin Surakarta location with a visual approach and the use of sign language to ensure full accessibility for the participants. The workshop was held on May 24, 2025, with a total of 15 participants. The training materials included basic product photography, lighting principles, and hands-on practice using mixed light techniques. The results of this activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of lighting techniques and their ability to produce product photos suitable for promotional purposes. This workshop also improved participants' self-confidence and opened opportunities for skill development in the creative economy sector. The activity proved that an inclusive and practicebased photography approach can be an effective means of empowerment for the deaf community. Keywords: deaf community, product photography, mixed light

This community service activity aimed to improve the understanding and skills of students at SMA Negeri 2 Wangi-Wangi in designing digital advertising materials using the Canva application. Graphic design skills are increasingly relevant in today’s digital era, especially for the younger generation with the potential to become creative entrepreneurs. The training was carried out using an interactive approach, which included the delivery of theoretical design concepts, group discussions, and hands-on practice in creating advertising content through the Canva platform. The participants consisted of 30 students with an interest in digital content development. The results of this activity showed a significant improvement in participants' technical abilities in using Canva features, as well as their understanding of effective advertising design aesthetics. In addition, participants reported increased confidence in producing creative works that are ready to be used for digital promotional purposes. It can be concluded that training in the use of Canva is effective in enhancing students’ digital competencies in the Wangi-Wangi area. A recommendation for future activities is the need for continued mentoring to explore other creative platforms in order to further expand students’ digital literacy and capabilities.

Companies going public are mandated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to disclose the purpose for which the funds are being raised. However, it is unknown if such disclosure is actually being used by investors in India while making decisions regarding the price. The study tries to understand the value of such information to investors. This study investigates the impact of disclosed use of offer proceeds on the issue price and listing price, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of price formation in the primary market. Utilizing a sample of 195 initial public offerings (IPOs) issued between 2010 and 2021, we examine the impact of the intended use of proceeds disclosure on the offer price and the average listing price. To empirically investigate our hypotheses, we first apply principal component analysis to consolidate the various use-of-proceeds disclosures into five factors and then estimate their impact on the offer price and list price using multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models with appropriate control variables. The findings suggest that allocations for capital expenditure and debt repayment are positively associated with higher prices. When funds are intended for capital expenditure and debt repayment, the offer price and the average list price are higher. In contrast, using proceeds for working capital, advertising, business promotion, and general corporate purposes shows no significant influence. While prior studies have primarily focused on initial returns, this study uniquely analyzes how specific categories of fund utilization influence IPO pricing, specifically, the offer and list prices, in the Indian capital market.

Introduction: Sharenting has become a common practice in which parents publicly share aspects of their children's lives on social media platforms. This study explores how parent influencers manage their children's visibility, vulnerability, and privacy, as well as the underlying purposes of sharenting. Methodology: Through a comparative approach, the practices of 12 parent influencers—mothers and fathers—from France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom are examined. A total of 1,789 posts on Instagram and TikTok are analysed using content analysis. Results: Cultural differences are identified in the representation of parental roles: mothers take on a leading role, particularly in Italy, while French male influencers frequently depict involved fatherhood. A concerning trend is observed regarding the lack of safeguards to protect children's identities, increasing the risks associated with their digital exposure. Sharenting is not primarily commercial – the UK is the country where children are most used for promotional purposes – nor is it a space for parental support. Discussions: This study critically examines how mediated parenthood and child representation are negotiated in contemporary digital communication. Conclusions: Influencers, as parents, construct self-representations of themselves as caring and competent caregivers embedded within the logics of digital entertainment.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature and conceptual model regarding the effect of social media marketing on purchase intention with credibility as a mediating variable. The research sample consisted of active social media users who were followers or members of Marga Langit and interacted through Marga Langit's social media. The number of samples studied was 130. This study developed four hypotheses and showed that social media marketing has a significant effect on purchase intention. Social media marketing has a significant effect on credibility. Meanwhile, credibility does not affect purchase intention. Credibility also fails to mediate the effect of social media marketing on purchase intention. The results of this study indicate that purchase intention is a decision made by customers when obtaining information through social media, while credibility is only an additional tool when customers have already decided on their purchase intention. Therefore, social media users for promotional purposes need to pay attention to these variables.

Japanese modern books feature a unique accessory known as the obi. The obi is a band wrapped around the lower portion of a book’s cover or case, primarily used for promotional purposes. Although its origins are estimated to date back to the late Meiji to early Taisho periods, its exact beginnings remain uncertain. Nevertheless, nearly all newly published books in contemporary Japan include an obi. The obi serves as a medium to convey new information, such as advertisements or announcements, not included in the book’s main content. In this paper, I argue that the obi’s material liminality allows it to have two seemingly contradictory characteristics. First, the obi embodies the characteristic of "transience," allowing it to be replaced or updated with ease. On the other hand, the obi also is flexible enough to add durability to a book’s changing existence, and is often crafted as part of the book’s binding, exhibiting the characteristic of "sustainability." The obi, blending these two characteristics, has become an indispensable element of Japanese books, enriching the culture of book design with its diverse styles. I will demonstrate the indispensable role of obi within Japan’s unique book publishing strategies and explore its dual nature as both a source of information and a creative work.

The use of social media in Indonesia has been growing rapidly. TikTok has become one of the most frequently used platforms for promotional purposes, particularly in the tourism sector. The high number of TikTok users has given rise to many influencers who hold significant influence over the decisions of their followers as well as others who view their content. In this context, the researcher aims to examine the role of influencer content on TikTok in increasing tourist visits to Yogyakarta. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with data collected through in-depth interviews involving two influencers (@tentangjogja and @masdolan), the Yogyakarta Tourism Office, and audiences of influencer content. The analysis is carried out using the eight stages of Digital Content Marketing introduced by Kotler, Kartajaya, and Setiawan (2019), starting from goal setting to content marketing improvement. The findings show that the visual content presented by influencers is capable of shaping positive perceptions among customers toward tourist destinations, increasing their interest in visiting, and assisting the Tourism Office in promoting tourism content more extensively on social media. In conclusion, TikTok influencer content plays a crucial role in boosting the number of tourist visits to Yogyakarta, while also serving as an effective communication medium to reach a wider audience.

UNESCO (2023) has called for educators to use pedagogical approaches that prioritize human agency and a responsible interaction between humans and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). The present study, therefore, sought to design and implement an innovative 5-stage GenAI-based project with Sports Science English for Specific Purposes (ESP) students. Specifically, the objective of the project was for students to create multimodal texts for promotional purposes while developing both critical thinking skills and vocabulary range. Upon completing the project, 42 students participated in a survey, analyzed with both quantitative and qualitative methods, to gauge the impact of the project. Regarding critical thinking skills, 95.2% of students revealed they learned it was important to use these skills when using chatbots, emphasizing the need to verify GenAI-generated content and external sources a chatbot uses. Concerning vocabulary learned, 85.7% of the students, irrespective of their self-perceived level, reported learning useful topic-based and general vocabulary, thus strongly implying generalized intentional and incidental vocabulary learning. The study’s main conclusion is that GenAI-based projects, when designed to primarily assess student critical reasoning, can create optimal conditions for vocabulary acquisition and critical thinking skill development. This approach can also have significant implications for GenAI-related teaching practice and student assessment. Keywords: Critical thinking; Vocabulary learning; GenAI; Project-based learning; ESP; Multimodal text creation