Natural Water Purification Research Articles

Natural Self-Purification of Creek Ecosystems: The Role of Foam Formation in Pollutant Absorption and Microbial Decomposition

<p style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN">This study investigates the natural self-purification ability of a creek through the process of froth formation. The research focuses on the creek's capacity to clean itself by capturing and removing pollutants naturally. The problem addressed is the accumulation of organic and inorganic contaminants in the water, which poses a threat to the aquatic ecosystem. The proposed solution explores how naturally formed froth can act as an effective mechanism for trapping and eliminating a wide range of pollutants. The froth formation is driven by biological processes, including the decomposition of organic matter by fungi, bacteria, Archaea, Algae, Virsus, Protozoa and animal parasites. These processes release biological surfactants and biogas microbubbles, which, combined with dissolved air and pollutants, lead to the creation of froth enriched with contaminants. The findings confirm that the creek has a natural ability to purify itself, as the froth effectively absorbs and collects dissolved pollutants. This process reduces the organic load in the water, thereby improving water quality. The study demonstrates that froth formation is a vital subprocess in the self-purification of river ecosystems, particularly through microbial decomposition of organic material. This natural mechanism supports water treatment by enhancing the removal of contaminants. The research validates the hypothesis that the creek's froth formation plays a significant role in its self-cleaning process, offering insights into the potential for natural water purification methods.</span></p>

Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of natural, industrial recycled water and its treatment

Background: Under conditions of anthropogenic impact, the chemical composition of water in surface rivers and groundwater bodies is subjected to pollution, which leads not only to a decrease in water quality, but also to an increase in the number of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Aim: The purpose of this work is to study the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of natural and industrial recycled water before and after treatment with coagulants based on activated aluminum alloys. Materials and methods: As natural waters were analyzed: natural waters from water intake “Almaty SU”, “Medeu” tract, Zhaiyk river, from the well of experimental metallurgical production of IMOB. As recycled water was analyzed water taken from the water treatment unit of deep oil refining production. Turbidity was measured using HACH 2100Q turbidimeter and 2100Qis turbidimeter (USA). Cell morphology of microorganism cultures was studied by light microscopy using a MicroOptix MX-1150 (T) stereoscopic-sotrinocular microscope. Results: An effective and technologically simple method of obtaining aluminum polyoxychloride with the content of the main substance from 33 to 41.0% by Al2O3 and basicity from 55.1 to 66.5% has been developed. The method consists in dissolution of aluminum alloy activated by metal-activators (indium, gallium, tin) in the amount of 0.5–1.0 wt.% of each in 3% HCl. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of natural and industrial recycled water have been studied. The efficiency of the obtained aluminum polyoxychloride for treatment and conditioning of drinking water and industrial recycled water was evaluated. Conclusion: Unique alloys with high energy characteristics based on aluminum containing indium, gallium, tin from 0.5–1.0 wt.% have been created. The alloy has high activity in various oxidizing media (water, hydrochloric acid). A technologically simple method of obtaining aluminum polyoxychloride has been developed. Chemical and microbiological composition of natural and industrial recycled water has been studied. Coagulants based on activated aluminum alloys are effective in the processes of conditioning and purification of natural and recycled water from toxic compounds, have bactericidal activity, the level of gram-negative bacteria is reduced to 73%, gram-positive bacteria to 84% and to 96% of other groups of microorganisms. Fungi and yeasts (Mucor, Fusarium) were not detected after water treatment. Efficiency of water turbidity reduction reaches 90–99%, permanganate oxidizability up to 93%.

Self-purification in tropical upland rivers as affected by environmental factors: the case of Balili River in Benguet, Philippines

A major data gap in tropical river ecology is the limited documentation of natural water purification of upstream rivers. This study documented the improvement of water quality of downstream Balili River as affected by environmental factors and macrophyte diversity using a mixed-method approach (water quality assessment, plant inventory, field observation, canonical correspondence analysis, community interview). Results showed that the distance from pollution plays a significant role in the self-purification of the river while the floral diversity maintains the riparian from further contaminating the water and at the same time absorbing air pollutants. Generally, the pollution reduction and %change is exponential at 2 and 3 km from point source then taper at 4 and 5 km. At 3 km from the point source, 30% improvement in TDS, BOD and salinity, 25% for EC, 20% in TSS, 35% in WQI, 36% in CPI, and 50% for DO were noted. Key factors that influence the self-purification process in the river were distance from pollution source, elevation, human disturbance (as indicated by %tree canopy) and temperature. These findings highlight the importance of distance from pollution sources and floral diversity in driving water quality improvements, with implications for sustainable water resource management in tropical regions.

Antifouling Asymmetric Block Copolymer Nanofilms via Freestanding Interfacial Polymerization for Efficient and Sustainable Water Purification.

Membrane materials that resist nonspecific or specific adsorption are urgently required in widespread practical applications, such as water purification, food processing, and life sciences. In water purification, inevitable membrane fouling not only limits membrane separation performance, leading to a decline in both permeance and selectivity, but also remarkably increases operation requirements, and augments extra maintenance costs and higher energy consumption. In this work, we report a freestanding interfacial polymerization (IP) fabrication strategy for in situ creation of asymmetric block copolymer (BCP) nanofilms with antifouling properties, greatly outperforming the conventional surface post-modification approaches. The resultant free-standing asymmetric BCP nanofilms with highly-dense, highly-hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) brushes on one side, can be readily formed via a typical IP process of a well-defined double-hydrophilic BCP composed of a highly-efficient antifouling PEG block and a membrane-forming multiamine block. The asymmetric BCP nanofilms have been applied for efficient and sustainable natural water purification, demonstrating extraordinary antifouling capabilities accompanied with superior separation performance far beyond commercial polyamide nanofiltration membranes. The antifouling behaviors of asymmetric BCP nanofilms derived from the combined effect of the hydration layer, electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance were further elucidated by water flux and fouling resistance in combination with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This work opens up a new avenue for the large-scale and low-cost creation of broad-spectrum, asymmetric membrane materials with diverse functional "defect-free" surfaces in real-world applications.

Antifouling Asymmetric Block Copolymer Nanofilms via Freestanding Interfacial Polymerization for Efficient and Sustainable Water Purification

Membrane materials that resist nonspecific or specific adsorption are urgently required in widespread applications. In water purification, inevitable membrane fouling not only limits separation performance, but also remarkably increases operation requirements, and augments extra maintenance costs and higher energy consumption. In this work, we report a freestanding interfacial polymerization (IP) fabrication strategy for in‐situ creation of asymmetric block copolymer (BCP) nanofilms with antifouling properties, greatly outperforming the conventional surface post‐modification approaches. The resultant asymmetric BCP nanofilms with highly‐dense, highly‐hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) brushes, can be readily formed via a typical IP process of a double‐hydrophilic BCP composed of an antifouling PEG block and a membrane‐forming multiamine block. The asymmetric BCP nanofilms have been applied for efficient and sustainable natural water purification, demonstrating extraordinary antifouling capabilities accompanied with superior separation performance far beyond commercial polyamide nanofiltration membranes. The antifouling behaviors of BCP nanofilms derived from the combined effect of the hydration layer, electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance were further elucidated by water flux and fouling resistance in combination with all‐atom molecular dynamics simulation. This work opens up a new avenue for large‐scale and low‐cost creation of broad‐spectrum, asymmetric membrane materials with diverse functional “defect‐free” surfaces in real‐world applications.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ЗАМКНУТОГО ЦИКЛА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ГИПСА ИЗ ОТХОДА ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И ДЫМОВЫХ ГАЗОВ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИИ

A closed-cycle technology for building gypsum producing using energy waste and flue gases of thermal power plants has been developed. The technology is based on an absorption method for purifying gas emissions from industrial enterprises from sulfur dioxide SO2 using a suspension of carbonate sludge and obtaining a finished product – gypsum dihydrate. The commercial gypsum is obtained by using a suspension of carbonate sludge as a reagent. The suspension is formed at the stage of preliminary purification of natural water during coagulation and liming. Coagulation is carried out with ferrous sulfate heptate FeSO4×7H2O, liming – with a saturated solution of lime milk Ca(OH)2. As a result of combining the two processes, a suspension of a certain chemical composition is formed. The chemical composition of the sludge and its technological characteristics are presented. The main substance in the chemical composition is calcium carbonate CaCO3, which allows using a sludge suspension in the chemical reaction of the interaction of flue gases from thermal power plants with the formation of building gypsum. An absorber with a fluidized nozzle has been selected and designed to purify gas emissions from wet suspensions and produce commercial dihydrate gypsum. Hollow or solid hydrophobic polyethylene balls were selected as nozzles to reduce the adhesion of sludge suspension particles to their surface. A technological scheme is presented for purifying flue gases from sulfur dioxide to obtain the finished product – building gypsum. The scheme includes the proposed adsorber, sludge suspension tank, hydrocyclone and filter press. The cost of the resulting commercial building gypsum was calculated, which amounted to 15 rub./year, the payback period was 3,5 years. The prevented environmental harm from soil and land degradation from the introduction of this technology at thermal power plants was calculated by reducing the emission of sulfur dioxide into the air, which amounted to about 1 mil. rub./year.

Incorporation of edge-N into La-doped hierarchical carbon framework enables high-efficiency phosphate electrosorption: Boosting accessible active centers and bridging charge transfer paths

Achieving high-efficiency removal of phosphate has been an urgent issue to combat eutrophication and meet ever-stricter emission standards. Electro-assisted adsorption, a mild electrochemical technology, demonstrated great potential for wastewater treatment owing to the merits of considerable removal performance, facile operation, and energy efficiency. Exploring and boosting the properties of electrode materials is exceedingly vital for technological advancement. In this study, the novel edge-N decorated La-doped hierarchical carbon composites (LNPCs) were developed via in-situ nucleation and one-pot pyrolysis strategy as phosphate capture electrodes. The LNPC900 electrode exhibited an ultrahigh phosphate removal capability of 533.06 mg PO43- g−1 at 1.2 V, surpassing most of the reported electrode materials. Furthermore, this electrochemical system also performed well in the purification of natural river water with low phosphate concentration, where the treated concentration was below the first-class emission standard in China (0.5 mg P L−1). Comprehensive analysis and theoretical calculations indicate that the synergistic property of edge-N and small graphitic carbon nanodomains ensured more accessible active centers and conductive efficiency. The superb phosphate removal capability mainly originated from the coupling contribution of the electrical double layer capacitance, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction. This study possesses insight into the theoretical basis for the practical application of phosphate electrosorption and provides a new level of the technology.

Structure and principle of operation of the apparatus for introducing chlorine into the process pipeline

The article discusses the study of swirling flow in technological pipelines. It examines the nature of the swirling flow, presenting the experimental velocity distribution and pressure inside the pipe in graphical and tabular form. The scope of the study includes the displacement of liquid and gas, as well as the purification of natural waters using ozone and chlorine. The article analyzes the existing technological processes for the preparation of drinking water from surface water sources in Uzbekistan. Due to the significant volumes of water consumption for economic activities, the issue of drinking water disinfection is crucial. In addition to traditional disinfection methods, modern researchers are focusing on developing innovative technologies for this process. The article also studies the features of water formation and its qualitative composition, with an analysis of the reliability of the existing drinking water treatment technology.

Calculation and Design of Reagent Activator

The problems of analysis and design of the activator reagent used to improve natural water purification in water systems. The questions of calculation and planning of the activator reagents, which used for the increase of efficiency of treatment of natural waters in the water systems, are examined.

ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КАЧЕСТВА ОЧИСТКИ ПРИРОДНОЙ ВОДЫ

The work is devoted to a technical and economic comparison of methods for improving the quality of cleaning at an operating installation. Surface water sources suffer significantly from anthropogenic impact, and water quality deteriorates depending on the amount of wastewater discharges, both domestic and industrial in nature. The high concentration of industrial enterprises located on the shore significantly complicates the process of natural water purification to the required values according to the SanPi N. The aim of the work was to develop a cost-effective solution to modernize the existing purification technology aimed at improving the final qualitative and quantitative composition of the prepared water. The goal was achieved as a result of analyzing the current purification technology, identifying technological features, and conducting pilot industrial experiments. The existing ways to improve the quality of cleaning are of a cardinal nature, the reconfiguration of existing equipment with the elimination of outdated parts. But this method is not feasible at a working station, as it requires a complete shutdown of the equipment for a long time. The most important result in this work was the determination of a cost-effective processing method with minimal modification of the current scheme. The achievement of these results suggests that the sorption treatment plant is a promising and economically low-cost way to improve the quality of drinking water purification. The use of environmentally friendly sorption material significantly improves the preparation process.

Replacing traditional pretreatment in one-step UF with natural short-distance riverbank filtration: Continuous contaminants removal and TMP increase relief

Scientists have been focusing on applying more natural processes instead of industrial chemicals in drinking water treatment to achieve the purpose of carbon emissions reduction. In this study, we shortened the infiltration range of riverbank filtration, a natural water purification process, to form the short-distance riverbank filtration (sRBF) which retained its ability in water quality improvement and barely influenced the groundwater environment, and integrated it with ultrafiltration (UF) to form a one-step sRBF-UF system. This naturalness-artificiality combination could realize stable contaminants removal and trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase relief for over 30 days without dosing chemicals. Generally, both sRBF and UF played the important role in river water purification, and the interaction between them made the one-step sRBF-UF superior in long-term operation. The sRBF could efficiently remove contaminants (90 % turbidity, 60 % total nitrogen, 30 % ammonia nitrogen, and 25 % total organic carbon) and reduce the membrane fouling potential of river water under its optimum operation conditions, i.e., a hydraulic retention time of 48 h, an operation temperature of 20 °C, and a synergistic filter material of aquifer and riverbank soil. Synergistic adsorption, interception, and microbial biodegradation were proved to be the mechanisms of contaminants and foulants removal for sRBF. The sequential UF also participated in the reduction of impurities and especially played a role in intercepting microbial metabolism products and possibly leaked microorganisms from sRBF, assuring the safety of product water. To date, the one-step sRBF-UF was a new attempt to combine a natural process with an artificial one, and realized a good and stable product quality in long-term operation without doing industrial chemicals, which made it a promised alternative for water purification for cities alongside the river.

Issues of using modern organic reagents in the practice of drinking water supply (literature review)

The article contains a literature review devoted to the safe use of modern organic reagents in drinking water supply practice. When conducting a literature search, the following databases were used as follows: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, RSCI, as well as a search method based on keywords and citations. The purpose of the review is that despite the large number of developed technologies and various reagents, the problem of removing anthropogenic and anthropogenic pollutants from natural water purification cannot be considered to be solved. Water purification technologies are being improved; their effectiveness largely depends on the intensification of reagent treatment.
 In addition to generally accepted laboratory studies of the reagents used in water treatment, it is necessary to conduct production tests to clarify the parameters of the health risk and toxicity of the transformation products formed during the water treatment process, as well as to study the effectiveness and safety of a set of reagents that together enter the water treatment process. The hygienic assessment of reagents should take into account the actual conditions of their use in drinking water supply practice, including further stages of water treatment. This concerns the assessment of the possible destruction of polymers during the production of composite reagents, the assessment of modifying additives included in their composition, the transformation of polymers in water during chlorination, chloramination, ozonation, under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation, and adjustment of a set of mandatory controlled indicators. To conduct these studies, laboratories must have publicly available analytical methods that allow accurately determining the presence of monomers, polymers, as well as various additives and transformation products in concentrations actually present in drinking water.

INFLUENCE OF LIQUID-PHASE OXIDATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON “BAU-A” GRADE WITH HYDROGENIC ACID ON ITS SURFACE STRUCTURE

Activated carbon is often used as a carrier, in the manufacture of catalysts and as a sorbent in medicine and pharmaceuticals, as well as in the purification of natural and waste water from various compounds and the concentration of metal ions in the metallurgical industry. A variety of applications for activated carbon causes different requirements for it. The sorption, structural and textural characteristics predetermine the main properties of activated carbon. Improvement of any characteristics of activated carbons, in order to create materials with the required performance properties, is carried out by surface modification with various agents. In this work, liquid-phase oxidation of commercial activated carbon of the brand “BAU-A” with hydrochloric acid was carried out to improve its surface structure and morphology. The IR spectroscopy established oxygen-containing hydroxyl and phenolic, as well as carboxylic, lactone and quinone groups after modification with hydrochloric acid. This in turn affected the morphology of the coal material, which became relatively organized and distinct. Pore volumes after modification with hydrochloric acid decreased to 4.264–5.778 µm, macrocell sizes correspond to 31.57–73.32 µm. XRD analysis has established a decrease in the intensity of areas 2θ – 29° and 43° after modification, indicating the removal of certain minerals with a specific crystal structure, such as Na, Ca and Mg.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Silver-Containing Nanosorbent Obtained from Rice Straw Biochar

Improving the quality of natural water purification is one of the priority areas in the research conducted by scientific communities in the field of ecology. At the same time, the task is to achieve the optimal efficiency of the technological process at a low cost. The solution, in this case, is the use of materials necessary for cleaning, in particular, sorbents from natural raw materials, including agricultural waste. At present, a sufficient number of research results have been published confirming the effectiveness of the sorbent from biochar from various types of agricultural waste, as well as from rice straw biochar (RSB). This article proposes an innovative method for modifying biochar from rice straw, which allows the use of the material as a sorbent with a disinfecting effect. The method consists of processing biochar in a process activation plant (PAP) using a solution of silver nitrate, which is released in the form of a carbon nanomaterial with attached metallic silver ions on the surface of biochar particles. The biochar impregnated with a solution of silver nitrate was contacted with ferromagnetic particles under electromagnetic influence, followed by thermal treatment of the sample. The resulting silver-containing sorbent was subjected to a physicochemical analysis of its properties; photographs of electron microscopy were also obtained, and a bacteriological analysis of the effectiveness of the sorbent on natural water was carried out. The analysis was carried out on three indicators—total microbial count (TMC), total number of coliform bacteria (TCB), and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB). According to the research results, the sorbent showed its disinfecting properties and confirmed its high efficiency (90.48–100%).

Research of the Process of Ozonation and Sorption Filtration of Natural and Anthropogenicly Pollated Waters

This scientific research work is written based on the problem of studying the process of ozonation and sorption filtration of natural and anthropogenically polluted waters. Scientific research work of our country is diverse It was prepared in the laboratory of water ozonation, and purification technology and equipment of Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K. I. Satbayev based on long-term research conducted in cities and regions. The current state of ozonation equipment and active carbon production is considered in the research work. The scientific research work is intended to solve problems and tasks related to the use of ozonation and sorption water purification methods for employees of the sector of quality water supply and water treatment. In addition, the research work is devoted to the problems of water purification using ozone. Provides general information about the properties of ozone, its interaction with inorganic and organic compounds. The main methods of obtaining ozone, the effect of design parameters on the efficiency of ozonators are shown. The main domestic and foreign manufacturers of ozonation equipment are presented. In the research paper, considering the effectiveness of removing various organic and inorganic pollutants of natural and anthropogenic origin, microbiological pollutants, the authors' long-term research on purification and disinfection of natural waters are systematized. Production experience of using ozone in foreign and Kazakh water facilities, as well as in local water treatment plants is presented.

Изучение адсорбции ионов кадмия из растворов на природном и модифицированных диатомитах

The search for new technologies for the purification of natural and waste water does not lose its relevance. Biologically, heavy metals are among the most dangerous pollutants. The highest toxicity among them has cadmium, causing serious environmental problems during technogenic pollution of the aquatic environment, and its extraction is an urgent task. The analysis of foreign studies on the extraction of cadmium ions is carried out. The adsorption of cadmium has been studied by many authors and described in many works on kaolin oxides / iron hydroxides, in contrast to siliceous rocks. In this work, the use of the sorption method is proposed for the purification of wastewater from ions of heavy metals. The aim was to study the sorption activity of diatomite in relation to cadmium ions. The studies have been carried out under static conditions. The processes of physicochemical modification of diatomite for the extraction of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions have been investigated. The influence of time and pH on the value of sorption has been studied. The optimal conditions for sorption extraction have been determined. Adsorption isotherms have been constructed, and quantitative characteristics of the values of adsorption of cadmium ions on the surface of modified sorbents have been obtained. The fundamental possibility of using diatomites for the purification of cadmium-containing wastewater has been assessed. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that acid activation does not promote adsorption (even negative adsorption is observed), which confirms the mobility of cadmium in the low pH region, it can be assumed that only an increase in alkalinity to the possibility of formation of hydroxocadmium (CdOH)+. Thermal, shows stable adsorption in relation to Cd+2, which suggests the possibility of using such activation of cadmium diatomite and other metals, that is, with complex pollution.

Schottky barrier height mediated Ti3C2 MXene based heterostructure for rapid photocatalytic water disinfection: Antibacterial efficiency and reaction mechanism

Schottky barrier plays a key role in determining the interface electron transfer of most Schottky junctions, but the relationship between schottky barrier height (SBH) and photocatalytic disinfection activity is not clearly revealed. Here, a well-designed tubular graphitic carbon nitride/hydroxyl terminated Ti3C2 MXene (TCN/TC(OH)) Schottky junction with controllable SBH was prepared as a model case for investigation. Experimental study and density functional theory calculation confirm that the surface hydroxyl termination of Ti3C2 can lower the SBH of TCN/TC(OH) by reducing its work function (0.23 eV). The lowered SBH ensures rapid interface transfer of photogenerated electron, which decreases the average surface recombination rate from 0.0077 s−1 (TCN/TC) to 0.0045 s−1 (TCN/TC(OH)-3) and increases the corresponding surface charge transfer efficiency from 48.2% to 53.2%. Rotating disk electrode measurement confirms that different from the two-step single-electron O2 reduction of TCN/TC (n = 1.54), TCN/TC(OH)-3 (n = 1.95) exhibits a one-step two-electron reduction route, which is more selective for the generation of the major antibacterial reactive oxygen species H2O2. Consequently, TCN/TC(OH)-3 presents much higher photocatalytic performance towards natural water disinfection, and can entirely inactivate 7 × 107 CFU/mL of Staphylococcus aureus even in complex water matrix (interfering ions, acidic solution and real water samples). Our work provides a feasible guidance for future natural water purification by interfacial engineering of the MXene-based Schottky junction.

Purification of natural waters from borate ions using ion exchange

Purification of natural waters from borate ions using ion exchange

Long-Chain Alkylphenols Biodegradation Potential of the Soil <i>Ascomycota</i>

A total of 11 strains ascomycetes-destructors of technical nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) were isolated from nonylphenol-contaminated soddy-podzolic loamy soil (Leningrad Region, Russia). Fungal isolates are able to degrade NP and 4-t-OP at a high load (300 mg/L). The most effective Fusarium solani 8F strain has the ability to degrade alkylphenols (AP) both under cometabolic conditions and without additional carbon and energy sources. The decrease in AP is due to the processes of biodegradation and/or biotransformation by the studied strain and, to a small extent, due to sorption by fungal cells. The NP and 4-t-OP half-life under cometabolic conditions is 3.5 and 6.4 hours, respectively, and without additional carbon and energy sources, 9 and 19.7 hours, respectively. The amount of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, as well as the reduced glutathione content in the process of NP and 4-t-OP biodegradation under cometabolic conditions increases by 1.7 and 2 times, respectively, compared with the control. The high level of reduced glutathione in F. solani 8F cells may indicate the participation of this metabolite both in the processes of AP biodegradation and in providing strain resistance to oxidative stress. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degradation of NP and 4-t-OP by ascomycetous fungus F. solani both under cometabolic conditions and without additional carbon and energy sources. The revealed high potential of soil ascomycetes to degrade alkylphenols can be the basis for new environmentally safe bioremediation technologies for the purification of endocrine-disruptors conta-minated soils, natural and waste waters.

Environmental aspects of the use of pressure filters for water purification of reservoirs in drinking water supply systems

The experience of designing and operating water treatment facilities for natural surface sources for the needs of populated areas and industrial enterprises in countries with developed industry allows us to conclude that it is advisable to purify water with a suspended solids content of up to 100-150 g/m3 using filtration methods. Therefore, the introduction into the practice of designing water treatment methods that ensure the use of compact, high-performance, automatically controlled structures acquires national economic importance. Filter stations equipped with pressure filters operating in the ultra-high-speed filtration mode meet these requirements to the greatest extent. The object of this study is a vertical pressure filter with an upward flow of purified water and a clamped filter layer. The applied research methods include the analysis of literature sources on the topic under study, experimental studies performed in a laboratory installation that fully simulates the technological scheme being developed, etc. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of pressure filters with an upward flow and a clamped load for the purification of natural waters containing up to 100-120 g/m3 of suspended solids, and to develop recommendations for their use in the conditions of the Uzbekistan Republic. Laboratory tests of ultra-high-speed pressure filtration with an ascending flow have proved the high retention capacity of loading from local granular materials when filtering the purified water in the direction of decreasing grain size. Thus, the effect of water purification to remove suspended solids during the inter-washing period of the filter, which reached 10-18 hours, was stable and amounted to 87-97 percent.