Pure Vitamin Research Articles

Vitamin A source variability: a mini review on stability and bioavailability in poultry

Vitamin A is essential for poultry health, influencing vision, growth, antioxidant defense, reproduction, and immune function. However, it is highly sensitive to degradation when exposed to light, moisture, heat, and oxygen. To address this, vitamin A is typically formulated as retinyl acetate in small beadlets. These beadlets are commonly included in premixes for industrial poultry diets. However, variations in beadlet formulations among different producers can lead to differences in stability and bioavailability, potentially impacting their effectiveness and biological value for poultry. Understanding the stability and bioavailability of various vitamin A sources is crucial for optimizing poultry feeding strategies and ensuring adequate vitamin A supply. The stability of vitamin A can be evaluated through several methods, including premix stability, stability during pelleting, storage stability in feed, and the stability of pure vitamin A products. Bioavailability, which reflects how effectively vitamin A is absorbed and utilized by the animal, is typically assessed through in vivo studies, with liver retinol levels serving as a key indicator. To enhance poultry production, it is important to select vitamin A sources that offer both high stability and bioavailability. Effective feed management, including the use of stable and readily absorbed forms of vitamin A, can improve poultry health, growth rates, and overall production efficiency.

Managing Oxidative Stress Using Vitamin C to Improve Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone for Bone Regeneration In Vitro.

Increased oxidative stress in bone cells is known to negatively alter favorable bone regeneration. This study aimed to develop a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) membrane incorporated with 25 wt % Vitamin C (PCL-Vit C) and compared it to the PCL membrane to control oxidative stress and enhance biomineralization in vitro. Both membranes were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, and surface hydrophilicity. Vitamin C release was quantified colorimetrically. Assessments of the viability and attachment of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) cells were carried out using XTT assay, SEM, and confocal microscopy, respectively. ROS generation and wound healing percentage were measured using flow cytometry and ImageJ software, respectively. Mineralization study using Alizarin Red in the presence or absence of osteogenic media was carried out to measure the calcium content. Alkaline phosphatase assay and gene expression of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen Type I (Col1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN)) were analyzed by real-time PCR. SEM images revealed smooth, fine, bead-free fibers in both membranes. The FTIR spectrum of pure vitamin C was replaced with peaks at 3436.05 and 2322.83 cm-1 in the PCL-Vit C membrane. Vitamin C release was detected at 15 min and 1 h. The PCL-Vit C membrane was hydrophilic, generated lower ROS, and showed significantly higher viability than the PCL membrane. Although both PCL and PCL-Vit C membranes showed similar cellular and cytoskeletal morphology, more cell clusters were evident in the PCL-Vit C membrane. Lower ROS level in the PCL-Vit C membrane displayed improved cell functionality as evidenced by enhanced cellular differentiation with more intense alizarin staining and higher calcium content, supported by upregulation of osteogenic markers ALP, Col1, and OPN even in the absence of osteogenic supplements. The presence of Vitamin C in the PCL-Vit C membrane may have mitigated oxidative stress in hFOB 1.19 cells, resulting in enhanced biomineralization facilitating bone regeneration.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Vitamin C Using Indirect Oxidation with a New Organic Dye

Background: In this study, the concentration of vitamin C was determined in various sources such as vitamins tablets, fruit juices, but particularly in natural fresh fruits e.g orange, lemon, mandarin, green lemon and lime as well as industrial juices from different companies. Methods: A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of vitamin C in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the oxidation of vitamin C by excess potassium iodate (KIO3) in acid medium and unreacted iodate reacts with an organic dye (A1) to give a yellow color and the resulting iodine is extracted with toluene and measured spectrophotometrically at 430 nm. Results: A study was performed on various important parameters of the new dye such as the volume of the dye, type of oxidizing reagents, effect of volume, effect of sulfuric acid, effect of reaction time on the bleaching and oxidation process. Calibration curves were plotted after a diluted dye solution was analyzed within an appropriate Beer's law concentration interval (3-90 µg/ml) for each dye species. Molar absorptivities were obtained with values of 12500.521 L.mol^-1.cm^-1, mean recovery rate was 98.05 %. Conclusion: The developed procedure is successful in the analysis of Ascorbic acid content in pharmaceutical formulations and natural samples. The results obtained were found to be in good agreement with certified values and standard addition procedure. The simplicity and effectiveness of this procedure to estimate pure vitamin C content with accuracy make it a useful tool in various applications.

Analysis of the Antioxidant & Antimutagenic Potential of CGA, a phenolic component of Coffee, in Inhibiting Mutations in Salmonella typhimurium

Excess cellular radical oxygen species are associated with an increase in cellular, including geneticdamage. In somatic cells, this may lead to cancer when genes associated with cell growthand reproduction are impacted. Opposing radical oxygen species are antioxidants which canquench free radicals that otherwise may damage a cell’s DNA. The body produces some antioxidantsnaturally, such as glutathione, while others are obtained through diet, including vitaminsC and E. Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) is one example of a polyphenolic compound in coffeewith the potential to exhibit antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. The concentration ofCGA in a commercially available coffee was measured and its potential to exhibit antioxidantproperties was assessed. An extract was prepared in which the spectral properties of CGAwere exploited to quantitate its concentration in green coffee extract via HPLC. The antioxidantactivity of CGA was characterized by measuring its relative ability to neutralize free radicals usinga colorimetric assay vs. a pure vitamin C standard. The antimutagenic activity of CGA wasto be assessed via an Ames test using mutant Salmonella strains incapable of producing theamino acid histidine. The results demonstrated a considerable amount of CGA in green coffeeextract, that exhibited antioxidant properties. Future work will assess antimutagenic effectsof CGA in the extract compared to the antimutagenic effect of vitamin C and pure CGA standards.Overall, these results suggested that coffee beverages may serve as potent antioxidantswith the potential to protect consumers from the harmful effects of mutagenic free radicals.

Beware the HIV Env, Which Comes to you in Glycosylated Coating

Excess cellular radical oxygen species are associated with an increase in cellular, including geneticdamage. In somatic cells, this may lead to cancer when genes associated with cell growthand reproduction are impacted. Opposing radical oxygen species are antioxidants which canquench free radicals that otherwise may damage a cell’s DNA. The body produces some antioxidantsnaturally, such as glutathione, while others are obtained through diet, including vitaminsC and E. Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) is one example of a polyphenolic compound in coffeewith the potential to exhibit antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. The concentration ofCGA in a commercially available coffee was measured and its potential to exhibit antioxidantproperties was assessed. An extract was prepared in which the spectral properties of CGAwere exploited to quantitate its concentration in green coffee extract via HPLC. The antioxidantactivity of CGA was characterized by measuring its relative ability to neutralize free radicals usinga colorimetric assay vs. a pure vitamin C standard. The antimutagenic activity of CGA wasto be assessed via an Ames test using mutant Salmonella strains incapable of producing theamino acid histidine. The results demonstrated a considerable amount of CGA in green coffeeextract, that exhibited antioxidant properties. Future work will assess antimutagenic effectsof CGA in the extract compared to the antimutagenic effect of vitamin C and pure CGA standards.Overall, these results suggested that coffee beverages may serve as potent antioxidantswith the potential to protect consumers from the harmful effects of mutagenic free radicals.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Nanocomposites Based on Nano-Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Chitosan, and Vitamin K2.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of nanocomposites containing vitamin K2, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP), and chitosan (Chito)-coated dental implants against clinically relevant microbial strains. Four test compounds were prepared: vitamin K2 + nHAP, K2 + Chito + nHAP, vitamin K2, and vitamin K2 + Chito. Agar well diffusiontestwas conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results: The vitamin K2 + nHAP nanocomposite exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, with E. faecalis showing the highest sensitivity (25 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µL concentration). The K2 + Chito + nHAP nanocomposite demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity with C. albicans displaying the highest sensitivity (28 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µL concentration). Pure vitamin K2 showed limited antimicrobial activity, vitamin K2 combined with chitosan exhibited significant susceptibility to C. albicans, resulting in a substantial inhibition zone of 24 mm diameter at a concentration of 100 µL. The synergistic effects of vitamin K2 with nHAP and chitosan highlight the potential of these nanocomposites for biomedical applications. These findings contribute to the development of effective nanocomposites to address antimicrobial resistance and improve infection control in various biomedical fields.

Promising Bioactivity of Vitamin B1-Au Nanocluster: Structure, Enhanced Antioxidant Behavior, and Serum Protein Interaction.

In the current work, we first present a simple synthesis method for the preparation of novel Vitamin-B1-stabilized few-atomic gold nanoclusters with few atomic layers. The formed nanostructure contains ca. eight Au atoms and shows intensive blue emissions at 450 nm. The absolute quantum yield is 3%. The average lifetime is in the nanosecond range and three main components are separated and assigned to the metal-metal and ligand-metal charge transfers. Based on the structural characterization, the formed clusters contain Au in zero oxidation state, and Vitamin B1 stabilizes the metal cores via the coordination of pyrimidine-N. The antioxidant property of the Au nanoclusters is more prominent than that of the pure Vitamin B1, which is confirmed by two different colorimetric assays. For the investigation into their potential bioactivity, interactions with bovine serum albumin were carried out and quantified. The determined stoichiometry indicates a self-catalyzed binding, which is almost the same value based on the fluorometric and calorimetric measurements. The calculated thermodynamic parameters verify the spontaneous bond of the clusters along the protein chain by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.

Vibrational spectra and quantum chemical investigations on nicotinium nitrate monohydrate single crystal for anti bacterial studies

Nicotinium Nitrate Monohydrate (NNM) was grown by slow evaporation method. The arrangment of the molecules and hydrogen bonding intractionsin the grown crystal were analyzed using single crystal XRD. The structure, functional groups (vibrational analysis) and electronic properties (Mulliken and HOMO-LUMO analysis) were calculated by the density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP/wB97XD method using 6–311++G (d,p) basis set. Also, the binding energy and the effect of basis set superposition error (BSSE) on the ring motifs have been investigated. The intermolecular interactions and charge delocalization density of NNM crystal have been analyzed using NBO 3.1 program. The strength of intermolecular interaction was further analyzed by 3D Hirshfeld surface analysis using fingerprint plot. Improved solubility of the title crystal NNM shows an enhanced physio-chemical activity compared to pure vitamin B3 (Nicotinic acid). The antibacterial activity of NNM crystal increased against Staphylococcus aureus a gram-positive bacteria when compared with pure nicotinic acid.

Analysis of the water-soluble vitamins based on MIM waveguide structure and Fano resonance

Fano resonance (FR) is extremely sensitive to extremely small changes in the surrounding environment. We first propose an optical nano-refractive index sensor based on Fano resonance, which is applied to the identification of water-soluble vitamins B1, B5 and B6 and the measurement of the concentration of vitamin B1. The sensor can be used to rapidly identify pure vitamins B1, B5, and B6 at a concentration of 1 g/50 mL at 25 °C based on the relationship between the wavelength shift in the FR line spectrum and the refractive index. This work shows that the sensitivity of the sensor can reach 1327.5 nm/RIU, the sensor can be used to rapidly identify vitamins B1, B5, and B6 through changes in refractive index under certain conditions. Moreover, rapid calculation of vitamin B1 solution concentration is achieved based on the relationship between different concentrations of vitamin B1 solution and their corresponding refractive indexes and wavelength shifts in their FR line spectrums, which is an important step for the application of the designed MIM waveguide structures to the fields of biology, chemistry, and medicine.

Synthesis of 13C Labeled Vitamin D Metabolites for Their Use in LC-MS/MS: Valuable Tools for Cancer Research and Other Applications.

Simultaneous assessment of various vitamin D metabolites in human biofluids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) represents a new promising tool for the differential diagnosis of vitamin D-related diseases. Particularly, besides 25(OH)VD2/3, low-abundant medicinally relevant vitamin D metabolites, such as 24,25(OH)2VD2/3, 1,25(OH)2VD2/3, and 1,24,25(OH)3VD2/3, along with their 3-epi-derivatives have to be considered. The assessment of these metabolites by LC-MS/MS requires the development of calibration and reference standards, that is, their labeling with multiple deuterium-, or even better, 13C- atoms. Overall, 10 13C-labeled vitamin D metabolites have been chemically synthesized and obtained in good yield and high purity. Access to a wide variety of 13C-labeled highly pure vitamin D metabolites enables the advancement of LC-MS/MS applications towards a better understanding of differential diagnosis of vitamin D-related diseases.

Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Topical Anhydrous Formulation with 15% Pure Ascorbic Acid and Ginger as a Potent Antioxidant

Vitamin C is one of the naturally occurring antioxidants capable of reducing or preventing skin photoaging. Achieving a stable formulation with the optimal dose of ascorbic acid to ensure a biologically significant antioxidant effect is a challenge when developing cosmetic formulations. The objective of this study was to develop a stable formula in a non-aqueous media with 15% pure vitamin C supplemented with ginger and to study its efficacy, skin tolerance, and cosmetic assessment in 33 women. Vitamin C stability over time was determined via a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique versus an aqueous option. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination was quantified to provide antioxidant effect. A 56-day in vivo study was performed to evaluate skin luminosity and hyperpigmentation reduction. Skin acceptability was verified by a dermatologist. The HPLC studies demonstrated a high stability of the anhydrous formula compared to an aqueous option. The in vitro studies showed a reduction in ROS of 93% (p-value < 0.0001). In vivo, luminosity increased by 17% (p-value < 0.0001) and skin tone became 10% more uniform (p-value < 0.007). Moreover, very good skin tolerance was determined as the dermatologist did not determine any clinical signs, and the subjects did not report any feelings of discomfort. We were able to develop an anhydrous formula of pure vitamin C that combines very good stability, consumer acceptance, and skin tolerance with a high level of efficacy.

Multifunctional food supplements based on layered zinc hydroxide salts intercalated with vitamin anions and adsolubilized with vanillin.

A layered hydroxide salt (LHS) was used as an inorganic matrix to obtain multifunctional food compounds. The aim is to obtain higher thermal stability for vitamin anions and a slow release of aroma. Thus, vitamin B3 (nicotinate), vitamin B5 (phantothenate) and vitamin L (2-aminobenzoate) anions were intercalated by co-precipitation method. The results show an increase in thermal stability of intercalated vitamin anion since decomposition of pure vitamin B3 starts at 120°C and after intercalation, the HSL-B3 decomposition starts at 313°C. The intercalation products were than reacted with vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde). A kinetic study showed that the release of vanillin from its nanohybrid was found to occur in a controlled manner, evidencing that the synthesized compounds can be used in formulations for the sustained release of aromas. Results showed that the intercalated anions and adsolubilized vanillin were not only less volatile since it causes the aroma to remain in the LHS for a longer period of time resulting in slow release but also have higher thermal stability when they are confined between layers. In summary, the multifunctional food supplements obtained seems to have nutraceutical, olfactory and better thermal resistance properties being suitable for potential applications in the food industry.

Glutathione Improves the Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin C in Human Lens and Retinal Epithelial Cells: Implications for Vitreous Substitutes

ABSTRACT Purpose Tissues in the eye are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to light exposure. While vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been noted as a vital antioxidant in the vitreous humor, its physiological concentration (1–2 mM) has been shown to be toxic to retinal and lens epithelial cells in in vitro cell culture. We have explored adding vitamin C to hydrogel vitreous substitutes as a potential therapeutic to prevent oxidative damage to intraocular tissues after vitrectomy. However, vitamin C degrades rapidly even when loaded at high concentrations, limiting its long-term effectiveness. Glutathione, another antioxidant found abundantly in the lens at concentrations of 2–10 mM, was proposed to be used in conjunction with vitamin C. Methods Cell viability and reactive oxygen species activity of human retinal and lens epithelial cells treated with various combinations of vitamin C, glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, and a hydrogel vitreous substitute were determined using CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay and dichlorofluorescein assay, respectively. The vitamin C remaining in hydrogel vitreous substitute or glutathione-vitamin C solutions was determined using a microplate reader at 265 nm wavelength, compared against standard solutions with known concentrations. Results Glutathione protected the lens and retinal cells from the negative effect of vitamin C on cell viability and prolonged the antioxidant effect of vitamin C in vitro. While the detected reading of pure vitamin C solution decreased rapidly from 100% to 10% by 3 days, glutathione provided a significant extension to vitamin C stability, with 70% remaining after 14 days when the glutathione was used at physiological concentrations found in the lens (2–10 mM). Conclusions These results indicate glutathione might be an effective addition to vitamin C in intraocular implants, including potential vitreous substitutes, and warrants additional studies on the effectiveness of the vitamin C – glutathione combination in preventing oxidative stress post-vitrectomy.

The progress of the biosynthesis of vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound with powerful antioxidative and anticancer activity, which constitutes eight isoforms, namely α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocotrienol. With the wide use of vitamin E in food, medicine, cosmetics and other fields, the demand of vitamin E in market is huge. Currently in the market, vitamin E is about 80% from chemical synthesis and 20% from extraction of oil distillates derived from plants or seeds. However, chemical synthesis of vitamin E suffered from the use of toxic catalysts, making the process environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable. In addition, the chemical synthesis technologies mainly synthesized the racemate of vitamin E and the enantiomerically pure vitamin E is mostly extracted from limited agricultural resources. Recently, using microorganisms to heterologously express metabolic pathways originated from plants is an attractive strategy due to the environmentally friendly, economic and easily scalable. Moreover, the progress of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering enabled the genetically tractable microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to successfully produce many natural compounds. As the natural pathways and related enzymes to synthesize vitamin E have been found in the last decades, it is feasible to engineer microorganisms to produce vitamin E. δ-tocotrienol, one isoform of vitamin E, was de novo heterologously synthesized in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the production of 15 μg/(g cdw) and the titer of 4.10 mg/L (1.3 mg/(g cdw)), respectively. In this review, we firstly summarized the natural pathways and the recent progress on the enhanced biosynthesis of Vitamin E. Then the pathways and the recent advances on metabolically engineering strategies for the enhanced key intimidates (homogentisate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate) in industrial model microorganism was summarized. Specifically, we reviewed the advances on the shikimate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway in different chassis. Finally, we summarized the present situation and prospected the potential of biosynthesis of vitamin E in microorganisms. Based on the current researches on the improving production of vitamin E in microorganisms, in addition to enhance the supply of the precursors (homogentisate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate) by metabolic engineering, more attention needs to be paid to improve the enzyme activities of the key enzymes like homogentisate phytyl transferase (HPT) and tocopherol/tocotrienol cyclase (TC), which restricted the conversion rate of the precursors to the target product vitamin E. In the future, biotechnology such as genetic engineering, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can be combined with the natural pathway of vitamin E to biosynthesize specific monomer or mixture of vitamin E in different model microorganisms. To further improve the production of vitamin E in the engineered microorganism, diverse genes and enzymes from multiple species involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin E needs to be characterized and functionalized. Enzyme engineering could also be used to improve the enzyme activities and consequently enhance the production of vitamin E.

Biosynthesis of natural colorant by Talaromyces amestolkiae: Mycelium accumulation and colorant formation in incubator shaker and in bioreactor

Fungi bioproducts have recently become commercially important to the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, different structural forms exhibited by filamentous fungi throughout their life cycles are often a bottleneck for productivity in many industrial processes. In this work, the relationship among mycelium accumulation, morphology, and colorant production was evaluated. Experiments were performed in an incubator shaker and in a stirred-tank bioreactor. First, a series of nitrogen sources and pure vitamins were investigated as additives to the monosodium glutamate-glucose medium in order to improve Talaromyces amestolkiae red colorant production in the incubator shaker. MSG and pH played an important role in generating stress, which affected cell growth and colorants production. The colorant synthesis seems to be is triggered under metabolic stress. Next, the effects of starter culture composition (MSG-glucose and nitrogen complex starter media) and airflow (2.0 and 8.0 Lmin−1) were investigated in the bioreactor. After 120 h of cultivation in the bioreactor, a maximum red colorant production of 9.33 UA500nm, 72.38 % glucose consumption, and 4.53 g L-1 biomass concentration were achieved under complex nitrogen as starter medium at 8 Lmin−1. Growth remained at moderate level, probably affected by the synergistic effect of MSG and pH as stress factors. Moreover, pellets formation favored suitable oxygenation of the culture broth leading to the best consumption of the carbon source.

Comparison of Anti-Oxidant Activity of Different Brands of Esomeprazole Available in Iraqi Pharmacies

Peptic ulcer involves mucosal injury in the gastrointestinal tract that has several underlying pathologies. Oxidative stress, defined as imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants inside the body, has been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. Results from previous study by the same research team[1] showed that esomeprazole has a good antioxidant effect compared to other proton pump inhibitors used for the treatment of peptic ulcer. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the difference in antioxidant effect of various brands of esomeprazole available in Iraqi community pharmacies. Three brands of esomeprazole were investigated for their antioxidant effects by measuring their ability to scavenge the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and compared to pure esomeprazole and vitamin C as a standard antioxidant. The antioxidant activity was expressed as IC50 values and as ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC). IC50 values of 2 esomeprazole brands (Nexium and Gordex) were comparable to that of vitamin C and pure esomeprazole. In addition, the AEAC of Nexium and Gordex were statistically not different from vitamin C, while that of Esofag was lower than vitamin C. Nexium and Gordex have an adequate antioxidant activity to be comparable to vitamin C, and hence provide better options for the treatment of peptic ulcer. The work was conducted at the College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul.

MON-379 Diagnostically Significant Relationship Between the Results of Determination of Vitamin D3 and Its Metabolites by the EIA Method and Pure Vitamin D3 by the LC-MS Method

Diagnostically significant relationship between the results of determination of vitamin D3 and its metabolites by the EIA method and pure vitamin D3 by the LC-MS method.Introduction: Vitamin D is an important hormone in the human body. He is involved in many physiological body processes. Measuring the level of vitamin D in the patient’s blood is important, diagnostic criteria for identifying and confirming a number of diseases: obesity, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, autoimmune pathologies.Two methods currently prevail in the laboratory diagnostic market measurement of the level of vitamin D3 in blood plasma: EIA and LC-MS (with its variety - LC-MS / MS).Fundamental differences in the physicochemical nature of these methods are the basis for differing results determined in the same sample.Objective: In this paper, we set the goal of determining how the results correlate for determining vitamin D3 and its metabolites using the EIA method with the results of determination Pure Vitamin D3 through LC-MS / MS.Materials and methods: The study was conducted at the clinic of Professor Kalinchenko. Have been selected patients with a clinical picture of vitamin D deficiency. These patients were referred to determination of the level of vitamin D3 using the above methods, subject to preparation rules before analysis. EIA was performed using LC-MS / MS was done using AB SCIEX QTRAP 4500 apparatus connected to Waters Acquity UPLC system. The results were combined for subsequent statistical processing. For a pair of EIA / LC-MS methods, we determined the reliability value of the approximation r ^ 2 and the linear regression equation.Results: For the presented data, the level of vitamin D3 and its metabolites determined by EIA, and pure vitamin D3, determined by LC-MS, r ^ 2 was 0.9638 (very strong dependence), and the linear regression equation was as follows: LC-MS [nm / ml] = 1.2808 * (EIA) [nmol / ml] + 6.9731.Discussion: Despite studies by foreign colleagues showing a high level bias and low correlation of results between the EIA and LC-MS methods, our data show a very strong relationship between the two values. By our assumptions, the cause of the various findings is monoclonal antibodies, differing in the global market for reagents for determining the level of hormones derived our linear regression equation allows a practicing endocrinologist to quickly and accurately determine the level of true vitamin D3 in the patient.

Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Lab-Based Aloe adigratana Reynolds Shampoos.

Aloe L. species (Aloaceae) are ethnobotanically very valuable plants in many communities and civilizations. Nonetheless, very few species are extensively studied to explore their applications in the pharmaceutical and medical, cosmetic and personal care, food and beverage, and detergent industries. This study evaluated the characteristics and quality of lab-based shampoos formulated from the gel of Aloe adigratana Reynolds. Five shampoo formulations, 20 mL each, were prepared from A. adigratana gel in combination with one to two drops of coconut oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, pure glycerin oil, lemon juice, and vitamin E. Gel mass is prepared from mature, healthy leaves collected from the natural stand. The phytochemistry of the gel of the plant was also studied using phytochemical screening, proximate composition, and GC-MS analysis studies. Shampoo formulations with higher proportion (40 to 50% v/v) of A. adigratana gel were found to have comparable characteristics and qualities with a marketed shampoo. They fall within the range of acceptable quality parameters of commercial shampoos. The phytochemical studies of A. adigratana gel showed that the plant is the source of highly valued compounds for the preparation of shampoos. The gel was found to be rich in saponins as well as dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and phytol. Future works should focus in the development of refined protocol towards formulating A. adigratana-based shampoos.

Isopropanol-butanol production from sugarcane and sugarcane-sweet sorghum juices by Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423

Butanol and isopropanol are important commodity chemicals with a variety of applications. n-Butanol is considered an advanced biofuel, and isopropanol has good properties as a fuel additive. In this work, isopropanol and butanol (IB) production from sugarcane and a mixture of sugarcane-sweet sorghum industrial juices by Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423 were studied. The addition of a buffer and mineral P2 stock solutions, a commercial vitamin complex instead of pure vitamins, and yeast extract was necessary to obtain high isopropanol and butanol concentrations. Fermentation was performed with the simultaneous extraction of solvents by gas stripping. Total sugar conversion, isopropanol and butanol concentrations of 10.9 and 7.8 g L−1, and an IB yield and productivity of 0.27 g g−1 and 0.11 g L−1 h−1 were achieved, respectively.

Microencapsulation of vitamin D using gelatin and cress seed mucilage: Production, characterization and in vivo study.

Vitamin D plays a significant role in human health and preventing diseases such as heart, immune system, and infectious problems. In this study encapsulation of vitamin D by complex coacervation with a carbohydrate (cress seed mucilage, CSM) and a protein (gelatin) was investigated. Production conditions were optimized based on ratio of core to shell, pH and CSM to gelatin volume ratio. The results showed that both the ratio of core to shell and the mucilage to gelatin ratio had significant effects (p < 0.05) on encapsulation efficiency and load. The optimum microcapsules had efficiency and loading capacity of 67.93 and 50.9%, respectively. The microcapsules were generally non-spherical and had rough surfaces. The average size of this particle was 137.22 ± 3.21 μm. The FTIR result confirmed presence of vitamin D in microparticle. TGA results indicated that main weight loss of vitamin loaded microcapsules were in the temperature range of 270 to 500 °C whereas weight loss of pure vitamin started from 185 °C and completely decomposed at 300 °C. About 28 and 70% of vitamin release were occurred in simulated gastric and intestinal media, respectively. In vivo test was also performed on male rats to investigate the efficiency of microencapsulated vitamin on blood vitamin D, calcium and glucose as well as body height and weight and the data revealed its functionality.