Pure SnO2 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Influence of Temperature on the Performance of Metal Semiconductor Metal Photodetector Fabricated by Pure and Cationic Doped (Mg2+ and Cu2+) SnO2 Nanoparticles

Research based on various temperatures always provides beneficial awareness in the fabrication of a vital photodetector for significant applications. Increasing temperature and including dopants in photodetector materials will influence the functioning of the photodetector. This study included the influence of temperature on pure and doped SnO2 photodetectors. The crystal structure of stannic oxide has been modified by adding cationic dopants, namely Mg2+ and Cu2+, through co-precipitation techniques. Various characterization techniques were employed to examine the impact of Mg2+ and Cu2+ on the Sn4+ lattice. The electrical properties of the materials were studied at different temperatures using the Hall effect. Pure SnO2, Mg-doped SnO2, and Cu-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesised separately and used as photodetectors using fluorine-doped tin oxide film as a conductive medium. The fabricated photodetectors are optimized by current-voltage characteristics at different temperatures. The effects of defects in crystal structure, oxygen vacancies, carrier concentration, and temperature on the photodetectors were studied. Comparative studies of pure and doped SnO2 photodetectors revealed that temperature and crystal defects play a significant role in photoconduction.

Enhancing photocatalytic performance of SnO2/ZnS nanocomposites synthesized via dual-step precipitation and ultrasonicated hydrothermal route

SnO2/ZnS nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using a modified hydrothermal route. The synthesis involved separate co-precipitation of SnO2 and ZnS, followed by ultrasonic stirring and hydrothermal treatment. The resulting nanocomposites exhibited controlled size and composition. By adjusting synthesis parameters such as the molar ratio of Sn to Zn, reaction temperature, and reaction time, the morphology and properties of the nanocomposites could be finely tuned. The synthesized SnO2/ZnS nanocomposites demonstrated remarkable improvements in photocatalytic performance compared to pure SnO2 or ZnS nanoparticles. This enhancement was attributed to the nanocomposites' enhanced charge separation, increased surface area, and improved light absorption capabilities. As a result, the SnO2/ZnS nanocomposites hold great promise for a wide range of applications, including environmental remediation, water splitting, and solar energy conversion.

Amphoteric SnO2 nanoparticles via pH-controlled continuous flow solvothermal synthesis

Amphoteric oxides can be challenging to produce in phase pure form due to their sensitivity to the pH of the reaction mixture. The high-pressure, high-temperature reaction conditions of hydrothermal processes make the pH difficult to control. Here we report a simple approach to obtain nanoparticles of amphoteric oxides, where cheap metal nitrate precursors are reacted in alcohol (2-propanol) water mixtures (25 vol%:75 vol%) to maintain a neutral pH under solvothermal conditions. Phase pure SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in a continuous flow solvothermal reactor at 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C with sizes ranging from 3 nm to 7 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, 119Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption, UV–VIS, and as anode material in CR2032 Li-ion battery cells. To demonstrate generality, amphoteric oxides ZnO, Bi2O3, Cr2O3 and γ-AlOOH were also synthesized.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 Composites for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

This research successfully synthesized SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites for photocatalytic tap water splitting using a rapid two-step microwave-assisted synthesis method. This study investigated the impact of incorporating a fixed quantity of SnO2 nanoparticles and combining them with various materials to form composites, aiming to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production. Additionally, different weights of SnO2 nanoparticles were added to the ZnIn2S4 reaction precursor to prepare SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Notably, the photocatalytic efficiency of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites is substantially higher than that of pure SnO2 nanoparticles and ZnIn2S4 nanosheets: 17.9-fold and 6.3-fold, respectively. The enhancement is credited to the successful use of visible light and the facilitation of electron transfer across the heterojunction, leading to the efficient dissociation of electron-hole pairs. Additionally, evaluations of recyclability demonstrated the remarkable longevity of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites, maintaining high levels of photocatalytic hydrogen production over eight cycles without significant efficiency loss, indicating their impressive durability. This investigation presents a promising strategy for crafting and producing environmentally sustainable SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites with prospective implementations in photocatalytic hydrogen generation.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver-Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activity.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is a novel development that has gained significant attention because of its low cost, nontoxicity, and environmental friendliness. In the present study, silver-doped stannic oxide (Ag-doped SnO2) nanoparticle was synthesized by an eco-friendly green synthesis method. The synthesized samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their antimicrobial activities were assessed against two bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aurus) and two fungi Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) by using the disk diffusion method. Ag-doped SnO2 nanoparticles show a strong and broad absorption from UV-vis spectra when compared to pure SnO2 nanoparticles. FTIR spectral analysis revealed that the peak at 505.69 cm-1 was assigned to Sn-O and O-Sn-O stretching vibration of SnO2 nanoparticles. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a tetragonal rutile structure with average particle size ranging from 10 to 17 nm. The antimicrobial result indicates that the Ag-doped SnO2 revealed significant antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungi strains with the zone of inhibition of 29 ± 0.54, 27 ± 0.05, 17 ± 0.05, and 15 ± 0.05 mm for S. aureus, E. coli, F. oxysporum , and F. graminearum, respectively. Thus, the studies suggested that Ag-doped SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit good activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. This is because doping SnO2 nanoparticles with metallic elements such as Ag has been used to enhance their performance, confirming them as a good candidate for antimicrobial agents and the development of future therapeutic agents.

Optimizing the photocatalytic performance of SnO2 nanoparticles for methylene blue removal with variation in calcination temperatures

In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted to combine tin oxide (SnO2) with various semiconductor materials to boost its photocatalytic efficiency for water waste treatment, with minimal emphasis placed on intensifying the intrinsic capabilities of pure SnO2. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of pure SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) by modifying their morphology, structural, and optical properties. The SnO2 NPs were synthesized using precipitation method, followed by a calcination process at varying temperatures (non-calcined, 300 °C, and 500 °C). The changes in properties of SnO2 NPs were investigated utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The results indicated that elevating the calcination temperature up to 500 °C resulted in an increase in both the average crystallite size (up to 10.50 nm) and crystallinity (up to 85.28 %). However, the highest photocatalytic efficiency for methylene blue degradation of 84.78 % was obtained from the SnO2 NPs calcined at 300 °C sample exhibiting the largest surface area of 83.97 m2g-1. This study affirms that the specific surface area of SnO2 NPs is a critical factor in their efficacy for degrading dye-contaminated water waste.

2D SnO2/g-C3N4 Heterojunctional Nanocomposite-Based Acetone Sensor

In this study, a novel 2D SnO2/g-C3N4 nanosheet heterojunction was successfully synthesized utilizing a facile hydrothermal method coupled with a subsequent pyrolysis process. Comprehensive characterization employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the formation of nanocomposites featuring lamellar g-C3N4 nanosheets enveloping SnO2 nanoparticles. The SnO2/g-C3N4 heterojunctional composite, with a g-C3N4 weight of 55.66%, exhibited a remarkable maximum gas-sensing response of 8.81 towards 20 ppm acetone at the optimized operating temperature of 280 °C. This response was approximately 3.1 times higher than that observed for pure SnO2 nanoparticles. The heightened sensing performance is attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of SnO2 nanoparticles on lamellar g-C3N4 nanosheets and the formation of an n-n heterojunction. The insights gained from this investigation offer valuable implications for the design and fabrication of metal oxide-based heterojunctional nano/microstructures, providing enhanced capabilities for gas sensing applications.

Investigation of sunlight driven SPR assisted photocatalytic activity of Ag doped SnO2 nanoparticles

Photocatalysis triggered by visible light has emerged as a viable method for addressing environmental pollution and the energy crisis in our society. Numerous metal oxide semiconductors are transformed into visible light active photocatalysts by adopting some straightforward methods. One such efficient way of creating a visible light active photocatalyst is doping a pure semiconductor with plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Our work thoroughly investigates the photocatalytic properties of pure SnO2 nanoparticles (NP) and SnO2 doped with 1%, 3%, and 5% ‘Ag’ under sunlight. These samples are prepared using a straightforward sol–gel approach, followed by a hydrothermal procedure. To examine the different properties and morphology of the synthesized samples, several analytical tools, including UV–visible spectrometer, XRD, XPS, TEM, PL spectrometer and FTIR are used. Analysis of UV-visible absorbance spectra shows a noticeable narrowing of the band gap with increased ‘Ag’ doping. XRD analysis confirms the tetragonal structure of all samples. Methyl orange (MO) dye is used as an imitation of an organic pollutant to examine the photocatalytic activity under sunlight. When compared to pure SnO2 NP, every ‘Ag’ doped SnO2 NP sample exhibits a considerable improvement in the photodegradation of methyl orange. Analysis of PL spectra of SnO2 NPs doped with ‘Ag’ suggests that the major causes of this enhancement in photocatalysis are surface defects and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect caused by ‘Ag’ doping. The scavenging test claims that the holes are the primary and the superoxide radicals are the secondary reactive species which are responsible for MO degradation under sunlight.

Cobalt ions doped SnO2 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications

Pure and Cobalt (Co)-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The SnO2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive spectra (EDS), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV –Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic (PC) results of Co-doped SnO2 NPs showed a higher degradation efficiency than the pure SnO2 NPs. The electrode made of Co-doped SnO2 exhibited a maximum specific capacitance (Cs) of 317 F/g at the current density of 5A/g. The device gave the retention of 89.95% after 1000 continuous charge /discharge cycles. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimum concentration of Co-doped SnO2 NPs is an excellent bifunctional material for photocatalytic (PC) and supercapacitor (SC) applications

Phyto-mediated synthesis of pure and cobalt-doped SnO2 nanoparticles for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

Phyto-mediated synthesis of pure and cobalt-doped SnO2 nanoparticles for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique

In this study, the effect of chromium impurities on the crystal structure and lattice microstrains of tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Pure SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. Additionally, various concentrations (5%, 8%, 10% and 15%) of Cr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using the sol–gel technique and subsequently calcined at 550 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were utilized to examine the structure and morphology of the doped nanoparticles. The XRD patterns of tin oxide nanoparticles with different percentages of chromium impurities showed a tetragonal structure without any additional phase. The TEM images of pure SnO2 nanoparticles showed a uniform distribution of size and shape, with relatively smaller sizes compared to Cr-doped nanoparticles. To investigate the peak broadening of Cr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles, the Halder–Wagner method and Williamson–Hall models were employed to examine the effects of crystallite sizes and lattice strain. The results showed that increasing the impurity has a dual effect on nanoparticle sizes. Increasing the chromium impurity up to 8% led to an increase in compressive stress caused by the substitution of Sn ions with Cr ions on the crystal structure of rutile, resulting in an increase in the magnitude of lattice strain. However, when the chromium impurity was increased up to 15%, interstitial doping was preferred over substitutional doping. The compressive stress was subsequently converted to tensile stress, requiring the system to spend some of its energy to overcome the compressive stress, with the remaining energy reflected in the form of tensile stress. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained for all of the samples, confirming the XRD analyses.

Phyto-synthesis of Pure and Mn Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Activities

Phyto-synthesis of Pure and Mn Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Activities

Resistive-type sensors based on few-layer MXene and SnO2 hollow spheres heterojunctions: Facile synthesis, ethanol sensing performances

High-performance and low-cost gas sensors are highly desirable and involved in industrial production and environmental detection. The combination of highly conductive MXene and metal oxide materials is a promising strategy to further improve the sensing performances. In this study, the hollow SnO2 nanospheres and few-layer MXene are assembled rationally via facile electrostatic synthesis processes, then the SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites were obtained. Compared with that based on either pure SnO2 nanoparticles or hollow nanospheres of SnO2, the SnO2/Ti3C2Tx composite-based sensor exhibits much better sensing performances such as higher response (36.979), faster response time (5 s), and much improved selectivity as well as stability (15 days) to 100 ppm C2H5OH at low working temperature (200 °C). The improved sensing performances are mainly attributed to the large specific surface area and significantly increased oxygen vacancy concentration, which provides a large number of active sites for gas adsorption and surface catalytic reaction. In addition, the heterostructure interfaces between SnO2 hollow spheres and MXene layers are beneficial to gas sensing behaviors due to the synergistic effect.

Review on: Applications of Pure and Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

Review on: Applications of Pure and Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles

Microstructure and photocatalytic activity of SnO2:Bi3+ nanoparticles

SnO2:Bi3+ nanoparticles were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The influence of Bi3+ impurity concentrations on SnO2:Bi3+ samples was deeply investigated by studying the changes in size, morphology, and band gap width of SnO2:Bi3+ materials. In addition, the interaction between the SnO2 crystalline host and Bi3+ was studied in detail by several characterization techniques, such as SEM, XRD, UV–Vis, PL, and EPR. We also investigated the photocatalytic activity of the SnO2:Bi3+ nanoparticles by photodegrading methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and phenol under visible light. The photocatalytic efficiency of the SnO2:Bi3+ nanoparticles was higher than that of pure SnO2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of SnO2:Bi3+-2% for MB was up to 52% and 15%–20% for the other samples. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of SnO2:Bi3+-2% for RhB is up to 65% and that of the remaining samples is 25%–46%. The high degradation efficiency of the SnO2:Bi3+-2% sample was due to its small crystal size, which increased the specific surface area, resulting in higher photocatalytic efficiency. In addition, the high photocatalytic efficiency of the SnO2:Bi3+-2% sample is related to the defect states, increasing the surface charge carrier transfer rate and reducing the electron–hole recombination rate. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic efficiency of the SnO2:Bi3+ nanoparticles for phenol is 41% and 43% with SnO2:Bi3+-6% and −8% samples, respectively, and that of the remaining samples is 32%–34%. This finding is explained by the interaction between Bi3+ ions and phenol molecules, increasing the photocatalytic efficiency. This work increases the feasibility of degrading environmental pollutants using SnO2:Bi3+ photocatalysts with high efficiency.

Structural, morphological and anti - bacterial activities of pure SnO2 nanoparticles prepared by chemical precipitation method

The tin oxide (SnO2) nanopowders were synthesized by a simple chemical method (precipitation). The sample was studied for XRD, FESEM, and EDX analyses. The XRD results of synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles exhibited a tetragonal structure withan average crystallite size of 18.79 nm. The FE-SEM exhibited the microstructure of the prepared nanoparticles. The FESEM images reveal that the shape of the prepared product wasspherical. The impact of SnO2 NPs on food and water poisoning growth was investigated with the help of antibacterial activities. This paper deals with the properties and applications of tin oxide nanostructures. Antibacterial activity was carried out againstthree bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia Coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Improved ethanol sensing and photocatalytic Rhodamine B dye degradation of Ni-SnO2 nanoparticles

Ni-SnO2 nanoparticles are prepared by hydrothermal method. The size of SnO2 nanoparticles decreases from 31 to 15 nm with nickel doping. Other than particle size change, Ni doping has no effect on the morphology of SnO2 nanoparticles. Ni-SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit tetragonal rutile structure and smaller crystallite size. FTIR peak sizes and positions of SnO2 nanoparticles are somewhat altered by nickel doping. The band gap energy of SnO2 reduces significantly after Ni doping. Especially 4% Ni doping into SnO2 is considered to be the best and optimum percentage for achieving low band gap energy. Ni doping reduces the charge carrier’s recombination rate of SnO2 nanoparticles substantially. Gas sensing and photocatalytic degradation of Ni-SnO2 were analysed for ethanol and Rhodamine B respectively. The ethanol sensing of Ni-SnO2 nanoparticles is 2 times greater than that of pure SnO2 nanoparticles. Ni-SnO2 nanoparticles have an 8-fold higher photocatalytic activity than pure SnO2 nanoparticles.

Green fabrication and characterization of transition metal doped tin dioxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava leaf extract

The microwave-assisted green fabrication of tin dioxide (SnO2), iron (Fe)-doped tin dioxide (SFO), nickel (Ni)-doped tin dioxide (SNO) and cobalt (Co)-doped tin dioxide (SCO) nanoparticles (NPs) was illustrated employing Psidium guajava leaf extract (PGLE). The fabricated NPs were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD patterns of fabricated SnO2, SFO, SNO and SCO NPs show a rutile structure. FESEM study suggests that the fabricated NPs are spherical structure. The XPS scan validated the oxidation states of O (1s), Sn (3d), Fe (2p), Ni (2p) and Co (2p). In PL investigations, transition metals (Fe, Ni and Co)-doped SnO2 NPs enhance PL intensity compared with pure SnO2 NPs. PL spectroscopy shows that transition metals (Fe, Ni and Co)-doped SnO2 NPs enhance the PL intensity compared with pure SnO2 NPs. Employing Williamson-Hall (W-H) equations and W-H plotting method, the physical parameters of strain and stress are computed.

Structural, optical and antibacterial activity of pure and co-doped (Fe & Ni) tin oxide nanoparticles

In this investigation, ferric (Fe) and nickel (Ni) co-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles structural, optical, morphological, and antibacterial characteristics were synthesised, characterised, and examined. By employing SnCl2·2H2O and the transition metal precursors FeCl3 and NiCl2·6H2O with various Fe/Ni molar ratios, thermal annealing was carried out at a high temperature (700 °C). X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL), FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray techniques (EDX) were used to examine the materials' structural, chemical, optical, morphological, and anti-microbial capabilities. The average particle size of pure and co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles was determined to be around 52 nm and 15 nm, and SnO2 crystallites were observed to present tetragonal rutile structure with space group P42/mmm (No.136). Metal ions were replaced in the Sn lattice, as shown by Fe and Ni co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Pure and co-doped samples have capsule and sphere-like features in their SEM morphology. Using UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, the optical property was examined, and it was observed that the band gaps for pure and co-doped SnO2 were 3.73 eV and 3.53 eV, respectively. The functional groups and incorporation of Fe and Ni in the prepared powder were also validated by FT-IR and EDX studies. By utilising the agar well diffusion technique and Nutrient agar, the antibacterial properties of pure, Ni-Fe co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles annealed at 700 °C were assessed. They were evaluated against various Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus pheumoniae) and Gram-negative bacteria (Shigella dysenteria). The zone of incubation was found against the Gram +Ve and Gram −Ve bacterial strains.

Mass ratio-dependently tunable enhancement of the optical nonlinearities of SnO2/RGO composites

The composite of graphene and semiconductor nanoparticles has attracted increasing interest in the search for novel nonlinear optical materials. Herein, composites of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and SnO2 nanoparticles with different mass ratios were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The structural morphology and basic physical properties of the SnO2/RGO composites were characterized using TEM, SEM, XRD, Raman, XPS and UV–Vis spectra, indicating that SnO2 nanoparticles were uniformly anchored on the surface of graphene nanosheets through covalent and partial-ionic bonds. The third-order optical nonlinearities of the composites were studied for the first time by the Z-scan technique using a picosecond laser at 532 nm. It was found that the composites demonstrated saturable absorption and positive nonlinear refraction properties, and both were significantly enhanced compared with pure SnO2 nanoparticles and RGO nanosheets, and the enhancement was tunable with the variation of SnO2:GO mass ratio. The maximum saturable absorption coefficient and the third-order susceptibility of the as-prepared SnO2/RGO composites were obtained to be −2.93×10–11 m W−1 and 2.25 × 10–11 esu, respectively. The maximum saturable absorption modulation depth obtained was 10% with the corresponding saturation light intensity of 0.3 GW cm−2. Moreover, the optimised third-order susceptibility of SnO2/RGO was found much greater than many other materials ever studied. Several involved factors contributing to the nonlinearities were discussed. The results propose that the third-order optical nonlinearities of SnO2/RGO and other similarly structured composites can be potentially tuned to meet certain application requirements of nonlinear optical devices by controlling the mass ratio of semiconductor to graphene.