Purchase Price Research Articles

In Côte d'Ivoire, undernutrition is primarily characterized by a deficiency in animal protein. This study aimed to promote leguminous beans (soybeans, cowpeas, Lima beans, and pigeon peas) in the fight against protein-energy malnutrition. To this end, surveys on the consumption and sale of legumes were conducted in the Abidjan District. The results of the sales survey reveal that cowpeas are the most sold (62%), followed in descending order by soybeans (31.5%), and Lima beans (7%). Pigeon peas are absent from the markets in the Abidjan District. Purchase and sale prices are set based on the seasonal availability of the products. According to the data, these legumes found on the markets mostly come from rural areas. During the consumption survey, it was found that dishes based on legumes are occasionally consumed, with soybeans being consumed by 67.5%, and Lima beans (88.3%), the Angolan peas (98.3%) and the cowpea (75.8%) by the Abidjan residents. Northerners consume more cowpea, soy is appreciated by those in the center while the lima bean and the Angolan peas are more favored by residents of the East.

The authors analyse the changes made to Poland's Renewable Energy Sources Act regarding the support system for biomethane, in relation to the implementation of the RED II Directive and the EU hydrogen and gas decarbonisation package. In the first part of the study, they describe the basis of pro-environmental, sector-specific regulation, particularly in the gas industry, and the potential for using biomethane to decarbonise this sector. They then analyse changes in European policy and legislation relating to biomethane, as set out in the Polish National Energy and Climate Plan. The final section of the paper focuses on the key instrument for supporting biomethane in Poland: the sale of biomethane at a fixed purchase price. In this regard, they analyse the legal framework for this instrument, the procedure for obtaining support, the level of the fixed purchase price, the support period, and the rules for settling accounts with the entity paying the state aid.

Tobacco price is an important determinant of smoking behaviour. Using electronic point-of-sales (EPOS) data, this study assesses purchase price of factory-made cigarettes (FMC) and roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco across neighbourhood deprivation and urban/rural status in Britain. It considers price changes, 2016-2021 and brand price segmentation. The analysis uses EPOS data describing 10 156 106 tobacco packs sold from 1012 convenience stores, across 24 seasonally-distributed weeks (2016-2021). Gross sales prices were adjusted for inflation and presented per 20 cigarette sticks of FMC and equivalent RYO. Tobacco brand variants were assigned to four price segments (sub value, value, midprice and premium). Between 2016-2021, the sales-weighted price of tobacco (20 sticks or equivalent) reduced from £8.72 to £8.10, reflecting a shift from FMC to RYO (RYO increasing from 32-46% of tobacco sales). The mean price of 20 sticks of FMC in the most deprived neighbourhoods was 5% (£0.51-£0.59) lower compared with the least deprived in all years; for RYO, this price difference grew from 3% to 5% (£0.13-£0.28). The greater likelihood that tobacco was from lower price segments in more deprived areas largely accounted for this price difference. Differences in average price paid for tobacco between more and less deprived neighbourhoods reflect variations in numbers of purchases across price segments. Combined (FMC and RYO) tobacco prices per stick have fallen, reflecting increasing RYO sales. Innovative approaches are required to respond to the tobacco industry's price differentiation by both price segment and product type and the growing importance of lower price RYO products.

Stocks of some food products, such as whiskey, cheese, or port wine, ameliorate during storage, facilitating product differentiation according to age. This induces a trade-off between immediate revenues and further maturation. Inventory management decisions include purchasing volumes of agricultural produce and production volumes for age-differentiated products. Because products can be blended from stocks of different ages, issuance decisions offer operational flexibility. However, whereas some industries (port wine, sherry) only request that the product labels refer to the average age of issued stocks, others (whiskey, rum) have stricter blending regulations, requiring that the product labels represent the minimum age of all components. Further, producers must deal with multiple uncertainties. Purchase prices of agricultural commodities depend on volatile climate-dependent harvest seasons, stocks decay during maturation, and sales market conditions fluctuate. We solve this inventory management problem using a deep reinforcement learning algorithm with three key innovations: (i) a novel actor pipeline that decomposes the action space and flexibly partitions decision dimensions between a neural network and a lookahead optimization model, (ii) an algorithm explicitly maximizing average rewards, and (iii) reward-handling techniques that exploit structural problem insights. Our approach yields near-optimal policies that consistently outperform benchmark heuristics. Beyond the algorithmic contributions, our results offer new managerial insights into the value of blending under uncertainty. Minimum-age blending substantially enhances the profits of firms as compared to no blending because companies can adjust their purchasing policy in response to price fluctuations. The more flexible average-age regime further improves profits by 8.7% on average, suggesting that whiskey and rum regulators may wish to reconsider their strict blending rules. We mine black-box policies from deep reinforcement learning using supervised machine learning and Shapley values to analyze near-optimal decision drivers. Exploiting the value of blending requires producers to install sufficient processing capacity, especially when dealing with large variations in harvest seasons. Additionally, blending entails increased planning complexity because the inventory management decisions are driven by a large number of factors.

ABSTRACTAgribusiness companies may achieve competitive advantage through specialization within niche markets. One such niche is the fresh‐cut fruit and vegetable market, which has been steadily growing in Germany. This study examines whether the specialization of a German fresh‐cut producer grants it with market power within this niche market. Based on a unique price dataset from a German fresh‐cut producer, results of a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag‐Model (NARDL) reveal significant price asymmetries: Depending on the product, increases (decreases) in purchase prices lead mostly to higher (lower) sales prices These findings provide no evidence of structural market power regarding input or output prices. The absence of consistent long‐term price relationships further underscores this finding. While we cannot find structural market power, sporadically higher than normal margins could be attributed to stochastic variation in the arbitrage process. Although the specialized producer in this study operates in a fast‐growing niche market, our results suggest that this alone does not provide the firm with any extraordinary bargaining power.

Data-driven stochastic programming for sustainable agricultural supply chain design: Toward the circular economy.

Abstract The 21st century has witnessed important developments in the Spanish property market, from the housing bubble to the current sharp rise in both purchase and rental prices that have well outstripped income. Moreover, high unemployment rates are determinant in material and psychosocial dimensions, with people's health and well-being being affected by both issues. This paper seeks to examine what impact housing tenure has on the relationship between health and well-being and unemployment, extending the analysis across generations to address the problem of economic insecurity and housing instability. We used data from the 2022 Spanish Survey of Living Conditions, and the selected sample included people who were in the labour force. In total, 26,657 individuals were considered. Of these, 54% belonged to the baby boom generation and 46% to generation X. Self-rated health and life satisfaction were dependent variables. Three types of housing tenure (outright homeowners, owners with a mortgage, and renters) were considered, and socio-demographic, economic, and psychosocial variables were taken into account. Several multilevel logistic regression models were carried out, after which housing-labour status interactions and their marginal effects were then calculated. Results show that renters, boomers, the unemployed and women were more likely to report poor self-rated health in both generations. All categories of the housing-labour status interactions reported poorer self-rated health than employed outright homeowners, except in the case of young owner-occupiers with a job and a mortgage. Tenants of both generations had the highest odd ratios. In terms of life satisfaction, the unemployed and boomers were more likely to be less satisfied. The unemployed of all tenure types -especially those with housing financial burdens- were more likely to report lower life satisfaction, with a significantly higher probability for Gen X renters and Boomers with a mortgage. Key messages • The financial burden of housing is particularly relevant for unemployed boomers. • Affordable housing policies and active labour market policies help to reduce feelings of economic and housing insecurity.

Deed of sale and purchase made before PPAT by stating the actual price that should be the only legal basis that provides absolute certainty in the imposition of Income Tax and BPHTB (das Sollen), but in reality the transaction price listed in the deed is often engineered lower (undervalue) to avoid a higher tax burden (Das Sein). This study raises two issues, namely (1) What are the legal consequences between the role of PPAT and the imposition of Income Tax (PPh) Article 4 paragraph (2) on the sale and purchase of land rights and land and building Rights Acquisition duty (Bphtb)? (2) How is the legal certainty of the role of PPAT in determining the sale and purchase price of land and buildings in the process of Bea acquisition of land and building rights (BPHTB) and the imposition of Income Tax (PPh) Article 4 paragraph (2)? by using the theory of legal consequences according to the legal consequences according to R.Soeroso and L.J. Van Apeldoorn. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normative, khususnya penelitian hukum perpustakaan atau data sekunder dengan suber hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Adapun pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan legislative, kasus study, konseptual, dan metodologist analysis. Dan metode pengumpulan bahan bahan hukum tersebut dilakukan dangan mengidentifikasi dan menginventarisasi hukum positif, jurnal, dan sumber hukum lainnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisis materi hukum Gramatikal dan interpreted The system. Dan konstruksi hukum menggunakan Metode Konstruksi Analogue dan Argued Against. The results of this study in determining the purchase price of land and buildings, PPAT must run the principle of firm legal certainty and accountability because the price is the basis for the imposition of BPHTB, so that the tax process can run transparent, fair, and avoid manipulation of the value of transactions that could potentially cause disputes. In addition, PPAT is also obliged to carry out administrative validation by ensuring the Final payment of Income Tax by the seller through verification of proof of tax deposit before the deed is signed, in order to ensure tax compliance and avoid legal risks for all parties involved.

Context and objectives: This article presents the planning, construction, and equipping of 85 modular healthcare systems (MHS) in Argentina as a medium-term response to the pandemic emergency. The objective is to describe the implementation and analyze the results of this large-scale national project and its investment component for the acquisition of hospital equipment, highlighting the design, outcomes, and lessons learned in the process with a focus on long-term sustainability. Materials and methods: Nine different phases of the implementation process of the project are described and analyzed as components of the sustainable procurement methodology. Within the framework of the planning, construction, and commissioning of the NHS, data were collected and analyzed to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the experience of planning, designing, and procuring equipment for modular health centers. Data analysis was conducted by categorizing the acquired goods into active and passive medical devices (MD), furniture, support equipment, and installation equipment. Results: The analysis of the equipment acquired for the 85 MHS shows that the distribution of assets aligns with specific needs and follows similar patterns across all units. Among the 19,600 medical goods purchased, over 60% of the investment was allocated to MD, reaching 87% in centers with higher critical care activity. Visits to operating MHS confirmed their general functionality and user satisfaction with the infrastructure and equipment. Strengths identified include well-designed facilities and decentralized healthcare delivery, which has reduced the burden on central hospitals. At the same time, some lessons have been learned and risks identified, such as specific shortages of specialized personnel, minor quality issues with equipment reception, and the storage of some unused or little-used devices. The need for active post-delivery management was also observed as lessons learned for future large-scale operations. Discussion: It was highlighted that passive MD, mainly medical furniture, while accounting for 64% of the equipment, only represents 13% of the investment. However, their appropriate selection and maintenance are crucial for patient perception and quality of care. Furthermore, the high cost of medical technology was demonstrated by an analysis of investment per square meter. Conclusion: The implementation of this project focused on medical technologies, analyzing design, equipment investment, outcomes, and lessons for long-term sustainability. The high cost of medical technologies confirms the opportunity to evaluate not only the purchase price but also operational, maintenance, and disposal costs. A comprehensive approach to equipment planning and management is an essential requirement for sustainability and efficiency in LMICs. Evidence-based needs analysis, crucial for sustainable acquisition and to align the equipment with intended use, and post-implementation visits, crucial for continuous quality improvement, are recommended for the implementation of future projects. The presented lessons learned contribute to establishing a methodological base for future MD procurement projects.

The purpose of this study was to describe the structure and flow of the supply chain as seen from the flow of products, information flow and financial flow in carrot commodities in Makaaroyen, Modoinding District. The research used purposive sampling method to 18 respondents, 12 carrot farmers, 2 collecting traders, 2 retail traders and 2 inter-island traders. The variables studied in this study were selling price, purchase price, production quantity, production cost, and sales, Supply Chain flow structure, product flow, information flow, financial flow. Based on the research, it can be seen from the structure that the carrot supply chain in Makaaroyen Village consists of farmers, collecting traders, retail traders, inter-island traders, factories and end consumers. The flow of carrot products starts from farmers who produce carrots, collecting traders who buy carrots from farmers, then retail traders who sell carrots to end consumers and 2 inter-island traders. The financial flow starts from retailers who buy carrots from intermediary traders, then intermediary traders buy carrots from farmers with a payment system entirely in cash. Information flow Farmers inform collecting traders about the harvested production, collecting traders inform inter-island traders and also inform retailers for the amount of demand to farmers.

Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is a critical step toward achieving sustainable transportation and reducing carbon emissions, especially in regions like Saudi Arabia that are undergoing rapid urban development and energy diversification. However, the widespread adoption of EVs is hindered by a variety of interrelated economic, infrastructural, and policy-related factors. This study aims to systematically identify and structure these influencing factors using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis. Based on a thorough literature review and expert consultation, 17 key factors affecting EV adoption in Saudi Arabia were identified. The ISM results reveal that purchase price, long-term savings, resale value, urban planning, and accessibility are among the most influential drivers of adoption. The MICMAC analysis complements these insights by categorizing the variables based on their driving and dependence power. The developed hierarchical model provides insights into the complex interdependencies among these factors and offers a strategic framework to support policymakers and stakeholders in accelerating EV uptake. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics influencing EV adoption in emerging markets.

Background: The cosmetics industry including perfume was one of the industries that contributed to the economy in Indonesia (3.83% in the first quarter of 2023). This made the perfume industry a worthy field to discuss. Purpose: The objective of this study is to see the influence of dimensions of perceived value on the intention to purchase perfume X in young adults. Design/methodology/approach: The research design used was a mixed method. The online survey was conducted with 217 early adulthood (18-25 years). Quantitative data analysis used PLS SEM. Qualitative data was obtained by interviewing 24 respondentsFinding/Result: In study 1, it was found that social and emotional perceived value have an influence on the intention to buy product X. Based on study 2, it was found that the emergence of certain memories or nostalgia and the influence of friends and praise from people closest to them were important. Conclusion: In the context of teenagers and non-luxury perfumes, emotional and social perceived value are important because they will be related to purchase intentions. Originality/value (State of the art): In this study, it was found that social and emotional perceived value are important things related to purchase intention, while quality and price have no influence. Keywords: perceived value, intention to purchase, perfume industry, early adulthood, mixed method

Subject. The business process of retail chains (retailers) is studied based on the allocation of retail space in the form of a special complex resource considered as a unified store, which includes, along with the retail space, a standard set of retail equipment. A business process model of a chain retailer is formed, describing the function of trade revenue from such resources as the purchase price of goods sold, personnel employed in the retail chain and unified stores. Based on the business process model, methods have been developed for assessing the demand of chain retailers for commercial real estate in the form of the dependence of the number of unified stores on the planned values of revenue and business resources. Objectives. Development of an economic and mathematical model for determining the demand of retailers for commercial real estate provided by developers, and a mechanism for planning the development of a network of retail outlets. Methodology. Mathematical modeling of business processes using production functions and processing of statistical data using regression analysis. Results. A model of the business process of a network retailer has been developed in the form of the Solow production function. A methodology for assessing the technological efficiency of the business process of a network retailer has been proposed, which allows judging the degree of return on the resources used based on the coefficients of the retailer's business process model. A mechanism for calculating the target value of unified stores has been designed based on the planned values ??of revenue, cost of goods turnover and the number of employees. Numerical experiments based on data from the retail chains X5 Group, Magnit and Lenta have been conducted, demonstrating the adequacy of the proposed developments. Conclusions. The function of the retailer's trade revenue from key resources (purchase cost of goods, retail chain personnel and unified stores) has shown a power-law nature. The mechanism for planning the development of the retailer's network of outlets has demonstrated efficiency and sufficient accuracy.

The evolution to electric vehicles (EVs) from internal combustion engine (ICE) represents one of the most notable technology-driven supply and demand changes in modern transport. Also, while the environment looks rosier for EVs in terms of reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, it remains to be seen just how financially viable they truly are. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth economic cost and benefit analysis on EV adoption including purchase price, operating/maintenance costs, government incentives and long-run savings. It also considers wider economic effects such as employment, technological change, and environmental externalities in international case studies. The study reveals that EVs are inherently expensive, but battery cost curve trends, supportive policies, and operational savings throughout the entire period of analysis justify for the long-term cases.

Effects of sensory and environmental labelling of plant-based products on consumer acceptance: Context, energy density and framing factors.

Background The rising obesity rates in South Africa (SA) can be attributed to the high availability, accessibility, and excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). In response, SA introduced the Health Promotion Levy (HPL) in 2018 to increase the price of SSBs and discourage consumer purchases. Some SSBs were reformulated to reduce sugar content and reduce tax liability. The sensory qualities of reformulated SSBs (RSSBs) may be different, leading to poor acceptance. Objective To assess the acceptability of RSSBs among consumers employed at schools, and the availability and accessibility of RSSBs at major retail grocery stores (MRGSs) in Pietermaritzburg (PMB). Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at 13 schools in PMB (n = 192). A sensory evaluation was used to assess the acceptability of six RSSB samples (zero-sugar and light soft drinks, squash, sports/energy drink, iced tea, and flavoured water). A survey was conducted at MRGSs (n = 10) to assess the availability and accessibility of the RSSBs. Results The light (p < 0.05) and zero-sugar soft drinks (p < 0.05), and sports/energy drink (p < 0.05) were acceptable to the consumers; however, the flavoured water (p < 0.05) and iced tea (p < 0.05) were less acceptable. Soft drinks, squash; and sports/energy drinks were most available at the MRGSs. A soft drink brand was the most accessible, taking the most shelf space (mean = 1 773.90 cm ± 3 199.93 cm) and situated at all shelf levels (top, middle, and bottom). Conclusion Consumers were accepting of the reformulated soft drink and sports/energy drink. Furthermore, soft drinks, squashes, and sports/energy drinks were the most available and accessible RSSBs at MRGSs.

The aim was to assess point-in-time stock availability and pricing of drugs used for postpartum haemorrhage management (oxytocin, misoprostol, heat-stable carbetocin and tranexamic acid (TXA)). Cross-sectional point-in-time survey using an adapted version of the WHO/Health Action International methodology. In public, for-profit and not-for-profit private health facilities and in pharmacies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), India and Kenya. 211 health facilities in the DRC (n=63), India (n=76) and Kenya (n=72). Availability was calculated as a mean percentage of facility types where each medicine was observed on the day of data collection. Average procurement prices were calculated by obtaining the current purchase price per drug at each facility and then averaging prices across all facility types. Availability of the four medicines was limited, and only oxytocin in the DRC met the WHO's benchmark of 80%. Across all countries, availability of oxytocin, misoprostol and TXA was lower in public health facilities than in other facility types, indicating an important gap. Where the four medicines were available, non-quality-assured products were predominant across the three countries. The average facility procurement prices in India and Kenya were reported to be lower than those in the DRC. Availability of oxytocin, misoprostol, heat-stable carbetocin and TXA was suboptimal and varied by facility type and geography, and similar trends were found across the four drugs. This indicates that access strategies should be tailored to each drug, geographical area and facility type. Strategies to improve commodity access in public-sector facilities will be especially important, as well as improving the availability of quality-assured products, possibly through value-based procurement practices.

This study aimed to develop predictive models for estimating repair and maintenance costs of agricultural implements in Sudan’s Gezira Scheme. Data was collected from 154 machinery owners. Ten types of agricultural implements categorized into primary tillage (disk plow, chisel plow, moldboard plow), secondary tillage (disk harrow, scraper, ridger, ditcher), and other operations (seed drill, sprayer, thresher) were analyzed. Moreover, five regression models were tested (exponential, linear, logarithmic, polynomial, and power). The power model was found to be the most accurate for predicting repair and maintenance costs, with R² values ranging from 0.90 to 0.99 and a highly significant correlation (F-value range: 0.001 to 0.01) between annual working hours (independent variable) and repair and maintenance costs (dependent variable) across the ten implements. Repair and maintenance costs generally increase with higher annual working hours, but variations existed depending on implement type, purchase price, and design, indicating each implement has its own specific power model to predict the costs. In conclusion, this study bridges a critical knowledge gap and supports more efficient agricultural machinery use and management in the Gezira Scheme. Studies are suggested to address this topic under other regions and operational practices.

ABSTRACT This study examines the equilibrium financing mode between the bank financing mode and the platform financing mode when considering default risk in an agricultural supply chain composed of an e-commerce platform and a farmer. Our results provide important insights into the strategic financing choices in the context of platform retailing. First, compared to the results under bank financing, the input quantity in the reselling (agency) channel is higher (lower) under platform financing when the average value of the market purchase price is not too high; whereas the input quantities in the reselling and agency channels are indifferent between bank financing and platform financing when the average value of the market purchase price is relatively high. Second, the farmer (platform) can obtain a higher profit under bank (platform) financing, even though the farmer faces the platform’s default risk under bank financing, while the platform will not default under platform financing. Third, the social welfare and consumer surplus in the platform financing are either equal to or higher than those under the bank financing, depending on the average value of the market purchase price.

Abstract This article explores the process of transgressive activation of Jabal ʿAmil’s (Ǧabal ʿĀmil) tobacco growers, in South Lebanon, during the decade preceding the outbreak of the Civil War (1975–1990). Prompted by the material backlashes of the coeval reengineering of the tobacco economy by the Régie monopoly, the mobilization rapidly evolved from a collective demand for better purchase prices and licensing policies to a broad-based confrontation against the state’s marginalizing policies and the organic relation between economic and political power defining Lebanon’s hegemonic power relations. Building from Antonio Gramsci’s methodological criteria for the study of subaltern groups to reconstruct growers’ transgressive activation, the article challenges the dominant assimilationist narratives that frame this history as part of the broader “Shia awakening” under the leadership of the Imam Musa al-Sadr (Mūsà al-Ṣadr, 1928–1978) or leftist movements. In so doing, it aims at resituating tobacco growers in their own history of mobilization against landowners and the state, and recentralize the role of their agency on the political agendas of al-Sadr and the Lebanese Communist Party.