Public Social Security System Research Articles

Жизнеобеспечение пожилых людей в Китае: основные практики и проблемы

The article raises the problem of the crisis of the traditional model of life support for elderly people in China and its replacement with a modern model. The main ways (social practices) of life support for older people in modern China are determined. The dynamics of the income structure of older people in the process of socio-economic reforms carried out in the country is analyzed. The problems that the public social security system for older people is aimed at solving are highlighted. Major difficulties of realization of modern public practices of support of age citizens in China are marked. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified state pro-gram for the development of a social security system for older people in the country instead of disparate pro-grams implemented at different levels of government and in different regions of the country.

Profile and costs of occupational accidents reported and treated at a university hospital in Pernambuco.

Accidents at work are considered preventable in many situations and can cause injuries to the worker and burden the public health system and social security systems. To describe the profile and costs of occupational accidents notified and treated at a university hospital in the state of Pernambuco from 2018 to 2021. Exploratory, ex post facto, quantitative study carried out using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação). Descriptive and inferential analyzes and Fisher's exact test were performed, in addition to Poisson regression. There were 603 reported accidents at work, with a mean age of 38.2 years, predominance in men (82.3%), brown race (84.2%), unknown schooling (66%) and urban residence (69.2%). Most incidents occurred in 2020 (n = 185; 27.8%), in self-employed workers (39.2%), typical (55.9%), reaching upper limbs (25.4%). It was identified that being over 37 years of age raises 95% (95%CI 0.91-0.99) the prevalence of occupational accidents in men. Being self-employed increases the prevalence of this event by 92% (95%CI 0.87-0.96; p < 0.001) and not having the employment status completed 80% (95%CI 0.73-0.87; p < 0.001). Regarding the type of accident, commuting accidents increase by 1.09 times (95%CI 1.05-1.14; p < 0.001) the prevalence of occurrences in males. The results indicate that the search for specific strategies to prevent accidents and, in effect, preserve the health and safety of workers and reduce government spending is relevant.

Vocational Rehabilitation and Length of Stay at Work after Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Longitudinal Study in Brazil.

Vocational rehabilitation is an intervention to enhance the return to work and improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate sociodemographic and occupational factors associated with the length of stay at work among workers with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) who had undergone rehabilitation through the Brazilian public social security system. This was a longitudinal study among 680 workers with histories of disability due to WRMDs who returned to the formal job market after vocational rehabilitation between 2014 and 2018. Survival analysis was performed to identify the factors influencing permanence in work. Job dismissal occurred for 29.26% of the workers. The average duration of employment after returning to the formal job position was 56 months. The following factors were associated with shorter length of employment: living in the southeastern region (HR: 2.78; 95% CI 1.12-6.91) or southern region (HR: 2.68; 95% CI 1.04-6.90) of Brazil; working in transportation, storage or postal services (HR: 2.57; 95% CI 1.07-6.17); or working in financial activities, insurance or related services (HR: 2.70; 95% CI 1.05-6.89). These findings may contribute to the discussion about prevention of disability and interventions to ensure health care for workers with WRMD disabilities who undergo rehabilitation.

COMPARATIVE ASPECTS IN FINANCING OF SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS IN ROMANIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

The purpose of the article is to present some aspects of the public social security system in Romania and the Republic of Moldova, starting from the premise that each country has its own mechanism of operation of the economy, which depends on the way in which the economic processes are planned and governed, on the size of the material, the way they are managed and the way economic processes, human and other resources are carried out, the way these resources are assimilated into the economic cycle, the development of policies and the adoption of laws. This economic mechanism must be adapted to the needs and opportunities of the national economy, which change in a relatively short period of time and is a dynamic and coherent instrument. The research was based on bibliographic documentation, observation, induction supplemented with deduction, analysis with synthesis, as well as the logical method with the historical one. The results of the research lead to the existing similarities between Romania and the Republic of Moldova in terms of budget revenues and expenditures from the state social insurance budget by observing the same basic principles, rules and forecasts determined in the multiannual financial framework of both countries.

공공 및 민간 긴급지원사업의 역할과 과제

The study analyzed the characteristics of the public and private emergency welfare support through a literature review. As a result, the public sector contributes numerous roles, such as discovering people in crisis, replenishing the blind spots, and networking people in need with private organizations’s support. The private sector plays the role of being the final solution of the blind spots of public assistance, supplementing social safety nets, and complementing the public sector. Furthermore, the study found several problems in the public and private sectors: first, the overlapping of public emergency support recipients with other public policy recipients due to the ambiguous boundary; second, the insufficiency of income security for low-income people despite both public and private support. Lastly, the lack of linkage and cooperation between private support and public social security system. Based on the findings, the study suggests policy implications related to the emergency welfare programs.&#x0D;

Die Corona-Krise ist ein Brennglas bestehender Probleme

Abstract The Corona crisis marks a significant turning point in the Federal Republic’s national budget. All levels of the overall budget are deep in the red: federal, state, local and social security. This stress on public budgets and social security systems will not suddenly disappear after the pandemic – rather, policy makers face long-term challenges. Public finances must be consolidated! Five theses outline the issue – before, during and after the Corona crisis: The federal budget was structurally out of order even before the Corona crisis. The Corona crisis is only a magnifying glass for budget policy problems. The debt brake is indispensable, both when the economy is strong and weak. We need a mix of tax limits, austerity policies and investments. Tax increases and more bureaucracy are hampering economic growth!

Occupational Pensions and Unemployment Benefits in Sweden

This article focuses on two Swedish benefits: occupational pensions and unemployment benefits. Both have undergone interesting developments recently, partly relating to changes in the public social security system, partly to changes in the labour market. These changes have led the social partners at sectoral level to decide on different priorities when negotiating collective agreements or offering unilateral benefits to their members. The overarching aim of the article is to illustrate and explain the increasing activity at sectoral level regarding occupational pensions and unemployment benefits. However, there are changes in the labour market that the social partners have not managed to address, or that it might not even be their role to address. When a significant proportion of welfare benefits derive from collective agreements and membership of private organizations, this has implications for atypical and self-employed workers, that are further elaborated in the article. Occupational Benefits, Pension, Unemployment, Collective Agreements, Swedish Model, the Social Partners, Atypical Work, Self-Employed, Collective Bargaining, Transition Agreements, Occupational Welfare

Trends in the Cumulative Incidence of Vocational Rehabilitation Indicators in Brazil, 2007-2016.

Vocational rehabilitation (VR) aims at improving work ability to facilitate workers’ return to work. VR is provided in Brazil by the public social security system. The aim of the present study was to analyze trends in VR indicators for Brazil from 2007 to 2016. Based on open-access, secondary aggregate data, we calculated the cumulative incidence of VR indicators. We fitted Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression models to estimate trends and calculated annual percent variation with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The mean cumulative incidence of referrals to VR services was 37.16/1000 temporary disability benefits granted and exhibited a decreasing trend of −6.92% (95% CI: −8.38; −5.43). The mean cumulative incidence of admissions to VR services was 57.34/100 referrals and exhibited an increasing trend of 3.31% (95% CI: 1.13; 5.53). The mean cumulative incidence of rehabilitation was 57.43/100 admissions and remained stable along the analyzed period, −2.84 (95% CI: −5.87; 0.29). Our findings evidence a reduction in the number of workers referred for VR, an increase of admissions, and stability in the cumulative incidence of rehabilitated workers.

Tenure choice, portfolio structure and long-term care – Optimal risk management in retirement

Tenure choice, portfolio structure and long-term care – Optimal risk management in retirement

Finansowe aspekty rozwoju zintegrowanego publicznego systemu ubezpieczeń społecznych w Polsce

The paper presents an initial concept of an integrated public social insurance system in Poland. The first part presents a diagnosis of the financial basis for the functioning of this system in the years 1991–2018. In the second part of the paper the diagnosis gives an indication of the directions for further development of this system, allowing it to become an integrated system, the financing of which does not negatively impact the functioning of the Polish economy and prevents the collapse of the public finances of the state. The aim of the paper is to define the financial foundations of an integrated social insurance system in Poland. The basic assumption of the study was the need to improve the financial efficiency of the public social security system through systemic and parametric reconstruction. The research tool used for the diagnosis was the analysis of documents (legal acts in the field of social insurance and financial statements of the Social Insurance Fund (FUS)). The research tool used for the diagnosis was the financial efficiency indicators relevant to the purposes of the analysis. The main conclusion of the study is that a parametric and systemic reconstruction of the Polish social insurance system is possible, which should lead to a balance of revenues and expenses in the Social Insurance Fund.

Economic burden of diabetes in Brazil in 2014

BackgroundDiabetes and its complications produce significant clinical, economic and social impact. The knowledge of the costs of diabetes generates subsidies to maintain the financial sustainability of public health and social security systems, guiding research and health care priorities.AimsThe aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of diabetes in Brazilian adults in 2014, considering the perspectives of the public health care system and the society.MethodsA prevalence-based approach was used to estimate the annual health resource utilization and costs attributable to diabetes and related conditions. The healthcare system perspective considered direct medical costs related to outpatient and hospitalization costs. The societal perspective considered non-medical (transportation and dietary products) and indirect costs (productivity loss, disability, and premature retirement). Outpatient costs included medicines, health professional visits, exams, home glucose monitoring, ophthalmic procedures, and costs related to end stage renal disease. The costs of hospitalization attributed to diabetes related conditions were estimated using attributable risk methodology. Costs were estimated in Brazilian currency, and then converted to international dollars (2014).ResultsBased on a national self-reported prevalence of 6.2%, the total cost of diabetes in 2014 was Int$ 15.67 billion, including Int$ 6.89 billion in direct medical costs (44%), Int$ 3.69 billion in non-medical costs (23.6%) and Int$ 5.07 billion in indirect costs (32.4%). Outpatient costs summed Int$ 6.62 billion and the costs of 314,334 hospitalizations attributed to diabetes and related conditions was Int$ 264.9 million. Most hospitalizations were due to cardiovascular diseases (47.9%), followed by diabetes itself (18%), and renal diseases (13.6%). Diet and transportation costs were estimated at Int$ 3.2 billion and Int$ 462.3 million, respectively.ConclusionsOur results showed a substantial economic burden of diabetes in Brazil, and most likely are underrated as they are based on an underestimated prevalence of diabetes. Healthcare policies aiming at diabetes prevention and control are urgently sought.

The influence of reproductive information quality on the probability of unplanned and unwanted pregnancies in Brazil

Background: Unplanned pregnancies are a significant risk factor for inadequate use of prenatal care, and unplanned newborns are prone to having low birth weight. Women with unplanned pregnancies have a higher probability of reporting medical problems before and during pregnancy. In fact, the wellbeing of the entire household may be affected. Moreover, unplanned pregnancies have been associated with a higher social burden on taxpayers. Methods: The paper uses propensity score matching approaches to estimate the effect of having correct fertility information on the probability of having unplanned pregnancies. The data was collected from a nationally representative sample of Brazilian women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. Results: Only 26% of pregnant women have the correct information about fertility levels over the menstrual cycle. Women endowed with correct information are 12% less likely to have unwanted pregnancies and 24% less likely to have unplanned pregnancies. Conclusions: Basic fertility knowledge is an important predictor of unplanned pregnancies in Brazil, but only a small share of Brazilian women have this knowledge. More optimistically, offering access to basic fertility information to women of childbearing age can significantly decrease the instances of unplanned pregnancies, thus generating significant benefits to public health and social security systems.

Tenure Choice, Portfolio Structure and Long-Term Care - Optimal Risk Management in Retirement

Tenure Choice, Portfolio Structure and Long-Term Care - Optimal Risk Management in Retirement

Illusory Gains from Privatizing Social Security when Reform is Politically Unstable

Abstract With compulsory funded public social security systems, pension savings constitute a large stock of assets. In this paper we consider an economy populated by overlapping generations, which may decide about abolishing the funded system and replacing it with the pay-as-you-go scheme (i.e. unprivatizing the pension system). We compare politically stable as well as politically unstable reforms and show that even if the funded system is overall welfare enhancing, the cohort distribution of benefits along the transition path may turn privatizing social security politically unsustainable.

The Effects of Private Social Security Accounts on Economic Growth in Eastern Europe

The Effects of Private Social Security Accounts on Economic Growth in Eastern Europe

Effect of Reimbursement System of Social Security Institution on Transplantation Numbers in Turkey

Introduction Transplantation surgeries have been reimbursed by the public social security system without taking patients’ out of pocket spending since 2008, in Turkey.[1][2] Although this policy made a visible increase on the number of transplantation, it didn't force transplantation from deceased donors and transplantation teams preferred to perform transplantation from living donors. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively evaluate the changes in the number of transplant operations according to amount of reimbursement which was provided by the system. Methods The data were collected from the web sites of the relevant public authorities.[3][4] Reimbursement amounts -those were got from The Communique on Health Implementations published by the Social SecurityInstitute- were calculated from Turkish Lira to US Dollar according to US Dollar/Turkish Lira annual averages published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The kidney and liver transplants (living donors, deceased donors and total) carried out in the country in the relevant years were obtained from the Ministry of Health Organ and Tissue Transplantation Department. The collected data were transferred to the computer and analyzed. Results It was found that the number of kidney transplants increased from 775 in 2004 to 3414 in 2016, also the number of liver transplants increased from 245 to 1341 in the same period. In this period, the amount of the payment made by the Social Security Institution to the hospitals for the kidney transplantation was increased from 1200 TL (984 $) to 52276 TL (17328 $), while the amount of payment for liver transplantation was increased from 2100 TL (1440 $) to 129848 TL ($ 43025). It was determined that there is a very strong and statistically significant correlation between the increase of the reimbursement amount and the increase of the number of living donor kidney transplants (r: 0.973, p <0.01). Conclusion This study found that there was a high and positive correlation between the numbers of living donor kidney transplants according to the increase in the reimbursement amounts. It was not the same for the kidney or liver transplantations from deceased donors. Because of governments have responsibility to increase transplantation numbers based on deceased donors[5][6][7], this policy has to be revised and improved in order to make a similar increase on the number of transplantation from deceased donors.

The risk–return profile of Lithuanian private pension funds

The introduction of a private pension funds in conjunction with the public social security system is the essence of pension system reform that was implemented in Lithuania. The performance of private funds is mainly presented by fund’s net asset value and few classical risk estimates. Such evaluation shows the management company’s ability to profitably invest funds, but does not give the evidential risk–return evaluation. This paper refers to the overall statistical analysis of 26 private pension funds over a certain time period. The objective of the research is to determine the risk–return profile of pension funds and to answer the question whether the categories specified based on investment strategy in equities reflect fund’s empirical behaviour. Research methodology includes the statistical analysis, risk measuring, performance ratio estimation, and K-means clustering. The conclusions obtained by the research allow determining whether the distinct pension funds have beaten a low risk reference and are adequately assigned to a certain risk category.

Reconfiguring the Employment-Pension Connection in Times of Austerity

The EU's response to the current economic crisis has been a new, stronger emphasis on economic governance and the spread of austerity policies in many Member States. Both sets of measures have impacted on pension systems, which have undergone various reforms to reduce public expenditure. The EU has played an influential role in this field, insisting, despite a lack of competence, on the promotion of complementary private retirement savings to ensure adequate incomes. Consequently, the protection levels of public social security systems are being eroded. This paper discusses these pension reforms in times of austerity by taking the Spanish case as an example. As an alternative to austerity, social policies should focus on increasing budget revenues instead of reducing public spending and should consider changes in employment when reforming pension regulations. A rights-based approach that effectively guarantees an adequate public pension is needed in the light of international regulations and some notable case law.

Influence of total quality-based human issues on organisational commitment

Most studies generally report consistent evidence that private-sector employees exhibit higher levels of organisational commitment, compared to employees in public-sector organisations. This paper focuses on the understudied public sector, and assesses the contribution of total quality-based human resources practices to enhancing employees’ organisational commitment, as well as the mediating role of job satisfaction in such relationship. A structural equation modelling approach was applied to data collected in three organisations belonging to the Portuguese public social security system. The findings are, to a large extent, in agreement with earlier fragmented studies, since they confirm the idea hypothesised according to which total quality-based human resources practices would have a significant effect on each of the dimensions of organisational commitment. Moreover, there is evidence of a mediation effect of employees’ job satisfaction on the relationship between total quality-based human resources practices and affective and normative dimensions of employees’ organisational commitment.

국민연금의 수급부담구조분석과 지속가능성

Abstract The National Pension of Korea is a public social security system designed to alleviate social risks andpoverty that has had a major impact on the quality of life for the aging population. However, a rapidlyaging population and low fertility threaten the sustainability of national pension in Korea. The NationalPension Research Institute publishes a nancial projection every ve years; consequently, the governmenthas lowered the entitlements for the sustainability of national pension based on the projection results. Thecurrent reform of the pension system that arbitrarily reduces the entitlements might detract from the incomesecurity role of the national pension for pensioners without accounting for the highest elderly poverty ratein the OECD countries.We rst discuss methods for the nancial projection of the national pension in terms of population, sub-scribers, and pensioner projections in order to estimate the pension reserve fund and the nancial depletionyear. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis for population variables, institutional variables, and economicvariables based on pension reserves and the nancial depletion year. We evaluate intergenerational fairnessbetween the income hierarchy by conducting a money’s worth analysis. Finally, we investigate the possi-bility of the sustainability of national pension by adjusting pension contributions and entitlements (incomereplacement rate). A new dependency ratio shows that a simple reform of the national pension does notsecure the sustainability of the national pension without adapting a pay-as-you-go system.Keywords: nancial projection of the national pension, sustainability, bene t/cost ratio, lifetime transfer,modi ed dependency ratio