Public Service Areas Research Articles

Dynamic vulnerability assessment framework for urban flood disasters considering real-time population changes

ABSTRACT Flood vulnerability assessment is an important means to cope with urban flood disasters. However, urban population mobility and land-use changes bring significant uncertainty to vulnerability assessments. In order to respond to the refined and dynamic needs of urban flood disaster prevention and control, a multi-scale and multi-categorized urban flood dynamic vulnerability assessment framework that considers real-time population changes was proposed in this study. The framework used the comprehensive function of exposure, sensitivity, and coping ability under population dynamic changes to characterize urban flood dynamic vulnerability, and constructed urban flood disaster vulnerability assessment models at both grid and regional scales. The results show that population mobility has a significant impact on the vulnerability of urban flood disasters. The vulnerability of flood disasters in Zhengzhou City is highest at 8:00 and 18:00, and high-vulnerability areas are mainly concentrated in residential areas in the central part of the city and main transportation channels. From 10:00 to 15:00, the high-vulnerability areas migrate to public service areas in the eastern part of Zhengzhou City. In the evening, the vulnerability degree of flood disasters is relatively low. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for urban flood managers to prevent and control flood disasters.

Police reform in public housing contexts: Body‐worn cameras, surveillance, and harm reduction in New York City Housing Authority Developments

AbstractResearch summaryThe concern of crime in New York City public housing complexes motivated heightened police patrol of buildings and the enforcement of trespass laws. The 2013 federal court settlement of Davis et al. v. City of New York et al. mandated that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) implement a series of reforms, including the deployment of body‐worn cameras (BWCs) on officers, to address unconstitutional use of criminal trespass enforcement and stop and frisk practices in public housing developments. This study employed a stepped wedge quasi‐experimental design that involved the sequential crossover of public housing service area clusters from control to BWC implementation until all NYPD housing bureau officers were equipped with BWCs. Panel regression models at the individual officer and service area levels were used to estimate BWC program impacts on outcomes between 2015 and 2019. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the impact of the BWCs on the lawfulness of officer stop reports that were randomly selected for audit between 2017 and 2019. Results show that BWC deployment in public housing reduced excessive enforcement, citizen complaints, and use of force by NYPD housing officers. Findings further suggest that BWCs can help reduce constitutionally problematic stops and frisks of citizens.Policy implicationsProblematic police activities in public housing contexts can be reformed using BWCs. When coupled with routine supervisory review of video footage, the deployment of BWCs on public housing officers can improve compliance with department directives to reduce enforcement actions and increase documentation of citizen stops.

The implementation of the elective subject "Public Health" in the final year for medical students at Göttingen University Medical Center: results of the UNITE project

International and national frameworks and initiatives call for strengthening the training of health professionals in the public health service (PHS) through cooperation with universities. The German Medical Licensing Regulations of 21st Sep 2021 provides for an integration of PHS into undergraduate medical training in the final year since 1st May 2022. The present study presents the procedure and results of the final year elective Public Health (PH) implementation for medical students at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) in cooperation with the local PHS. In the twelve-month project UNITE (07/21-06/22), the final year elective PH was implemented in seven steps: analysis of the framework conditions, conception of the elective, preparation of a logbook, pilot phase with five students in one-week rotations, public relations for students, introduction of a medical didactic training for staff of the health department and implementation of the elective PHS with students. A cooperation agreement between UMG and the Health Department regulates the training of medical students. Students complete four-week rotations in the areas of public health service and funeral services, paediatric and adolescent medical service, infection control and social psychiatric service. The logbook for students contains learning objectives for individuals specialised in services for self-assessment of the acquired competences. The didactics training was implemented with high learning success of the participating staff. So far three final year students have successfully completed the elective. The implementation of final year elective PHS strengthens the anchoring of public health topics in the education of medical students in Göttingen and makes PHS more visible as a professional perspective. Essential for the successful implementation were the establishment of a continuous cooperation between the university and the health department, student-oriented teaching-learning concept with a logbook suitable for the location, a trained multiprofessional team in the health department, and the evaluation of the elective for quality assurance and further development of the training. The concept presented here can help other locations in establishing the final year elective in PH and can be adapted to specific local conditions.

Behavior of pregnant women to improve oral health knowledge during pregnancy according to Lawrence Green theory in Pakis Public Health Service Area

Background: Pregnancy involves conception, fetal development, and labor. The health of pregnant women needs to pay attention to aspects of oral health because it affects fetal development. The prevalence of periodontal disease in pregnant women reached 35%-100%. Lawrence Green categorizes behavioral influence factors into two, namely behavior and non-behavior, with three main factors: predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling. Purpose: To determine the relationship between the behavior of pregnant women in increasing knowledge about oral health during pregnancy. Methods: This study used qualitative research methods, and information retrieval using in-depth interviews with research samples, who were pregnant women at Pakis public health service area on September 14-30, 2020. Results: There are main findings found such as, there are still pregnant women who do not know how to maintain oral health during pregnancy, pregnant women still do not try to find out information related to oral health during pregnancy, and it was also found that the information provided at services related to oral health during pregnancy was felt to be lacking by some informants. Conclusion: In terms of knowledge and attitudes (predisposing factors), as well as access to services (enabling factors), informants did not experience any obstacles. In terms of support (reinforcing factors), most informants highlighted the importance of support from husbands, family, relatives, and friends for the oral health of pregnant women.

The Role of Stakeholders in Enhancing the Public Service Agency's and Area Management's Performance Information Adequacy

In addition to understanding the process for PNBP BLU income targets in the context of various BLU characteristics, the study intends to assess the role of stakeholders in the formulation of the performance of Public Service Agencies (BLU) involved in area management. This study focuses on the role of agents and principals in BLU performance decision making, as well as addressing problems connected to the application of input cost standards (SBM) and operational cost details in budgeting, in an effort to improve the efficiency and quality of BLU services. The findings of this study have the potential to significantly enhance BLU management in the field of area management and raise the standard of community services. This kind of research is exploratory and qualitative, concentrating on how performance is defined in relation to the budget. The research data were gathered from two sources: 1) interviews with six stakeholders who represented principals and 23 resource persons who served as agents for four BLUs; and 2) planning-budgeting materials that served as guidelines for BLU policy (including its rules). The study was carried out in 2022, from March to September. Based on the involvement of stakeholders, the study's findings identified two traits of BLU organizations within regional management clusters: 1) BLU exclusively as Satker; 2) BLU as a ministry in addition to Satker. Performance information is more explicitly formulated by BLU stakeholders, ministries, and Satker than by BLU alone. The more important BLU must take into account when planning and budgeting, the less focused and obviously linked the BLU service performance of regional management clusters is in the planning and budgeting documents.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Distribution of Traffic Accident Hotspots in New York City

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on the lives of city residents and has reshaped working patterns, with a concomitant impact on traffic accidents. We correlated data from multiple sources to explore the impact of residents’ mobility and residents’ travel behavior on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of urban traffic accident hotspots and its internal mechanism under the impact of the pandemic and subsequent policy measures. The results showed that the pandemic and policy measures inhibited the mobility of residents, had a significant impact on working patterns, and changed the composition structure of the purpose of residents’ travel behavior, which substantially impacted the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of urban traffic accident hotspots. The quantity of traffic accidents decreased significantly, and the spatial distribution characteristics of urban traffic accident hotspots changed substantially, with accident hotspots changing from the single-center spatial distribution before the pandemic to the multi-center spatial distribution during the pandemic; urban accident-prone areas changed from being mainly distributed in the central business district before the pandemic to being more widely distributed in public service areas during the pandemic. The results of this study may be helpful to better understand the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of urban traffic accident hotspots and their intrinsic mechanism.

Residential Spatial Arrangement Patterns in Ari Nur's Novel Memory Dilation

Buildings are a form of architecture that has an important role in life. Residential architecture such as a house is one of human needs and a manifestation of the understanding of the function, ideas, and behavior of its occupants. In designing a house it is very important to determine the pattern of spatial arrangement. The problem that exists is how the spatial arrangement pattern of a residential house is adapted to the function and nature of the room which can provide comfort to the occupants. This research aims to see the spatial order patterns contained in the novel Dilatasi Memori by Ari Nur. The way to collect data/analysis information is by reading the novel as a whole, and then taking quotations from sentences related to the components of residential spatial layout patterns in architecture. The spatial arrangement pattern should be a space that has benefits and is influenced by the activities and character of the occupants which will influence the division of space, choice of colors, and furniture. From this research, it can be seen how the pattern of spatial arrangement in the novel Dilatasi Memori by Ari Nur contains several zones that are adapted to their function, namely Public Area, Private Area, Semi-Private Area, and Service Area.

Recommendations for implementing distributed ledger technology (blockchain) in the public sector of Ukraine based on global experience

Integrating new technologies such as distributed ledger technology into government systems is a multifaceted process characterized by numerous potential benefits, associated costs, and risks. Previous and existing pilot implementations of blockchain-based software solutions in the public sector have demonstrated that this technology can have varying impacts depending on contextual factors, including the specific type of chosen government service. Furthermore, within each distinct area of public services, the implementation of e-governance technologies can yield different outcomes for various stakeholders, including government entities, public servants, and citizens. Therefore, this article provides a review and analysis of global experiences with the utilization of distributed ledger technology in various domains of the public sector. To achieve this, several countries with advanced expertise in e-governance and the implementation of distributed ledger technology-based solutions were identified. Drawing from the experiences of these nations and considering the unique features, advantages, maturity level of blockchain technology, and existing solutions based on it, general recommendations were formulated regarding the implementation of distributed ledger technology (blockchain) in Ukraine’s public sector.

The spatial layout of community-based elderly care facilities in Lanzhou Chengguan district based on smart city construction

With the accelerated process of an aging society, the number of elderly people has increased dramatically, and community-based elderly care service has become a hot topic in recent years. Lanzhou City is a typical city suffering severe aging problems in the northwest region of China. This article takes Chengguan district in Lanzhou City as an example, focuses on community-based elderly care facilities, uses the network analysis method of public facility service areas via GIS software to analyze and evaluate the accessibility of three types of facility sitting, and proposes rational suggestions for the spatial configuration. The results show that the "Integrated Service Center for the Elderly" facilities are mainly concentrated in the downtown and the densely populated residential areas with a north-sparse and south-dense distribution pattern. The "Happy Kitchen" facilities are located mainly on the west side of the downtown, filled with many unit communities and thorough public infrastructure providing corresponding hardware support. The "Health Medical and Care Station" facilities are located on Qingbaishi Street in the northeast of the city, mainly relying on the newly built community health center. The uncovered areas mainly exist in the north and south sides of Chengguan district, because these areas are mountainous regions with fewer residential areas. This article suggests constructing elderly care facilities considering different facility functions and the needs of the elderly, carrying out the hierarchical layout of elderly care facilities according to the coverage range of accessibility, and building new elderly care facilities based on old sites and facilities.

The market doesn’t care

IMPACT This article theorizes some consequences of skewing relational (care) labour into more transactional forms of marketized public service areas; with particular reference to contracted criminal justice services in England and Wales. The authors attribute this to an interplay of the incentives of the corporate sector and those of governments which form a collective ‘artificial intelligence’ promoting marketization. This creates unintended consequences. Whereas corporate incentive structures minimize transaction costs and optimize profit, recent UK governments have incentivized economic productivity over socially beneficial indicators in public services. The article finds that narrowly transactional calculations of value in the commissioning of care services may produce short-term fiscal incentives for commissioners (usually the state) and corporate suppliers and ‘care resellers’, but generate longer-term supply-side problems. The article concludes by signposting how more pluralistic forms of collaboration among government, commerce and third sectors can be differently—and more socially—conceived. There are lessons to be learned in the article for all capitalist economies.

Evaluation of the performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle with artificial intelligence support and Mavlink protocol designed for response to social incidents response

The unmanned aerial vehicle name is TOMHA, which was developed to be used in the response of social incidents, aims to support the operational activities of security forces in response to social incidents, to expand their domination areas, to detect incidents that may disturb social peace in advance and to provide rapid intervention with the new unmanned aerial vehicle technologies developed. The scope of the TOMHA system designed was kept comprehensive compared to other unmanned aerial vehicles and the scope includes intervention to social events, ordering in local administrations, defense, reconnaissance and attack activities in military operations, inspections arranged for public interest, AFAD and service areas, forest fires detection and intervention, and public order operations. This TOMHA is being developed using the Pixhawk flight control card and the jetson nano artificial intelligence card. In addition to these cards, it has the feature of manual or artificial intelligence supported autonomous flight thanks to GPS, telemetry, FPV transceiver module, camera systems and national software to be used. It is controlled through the controller using RC communication channel for manual use. TOMHA has a flight time of 13.6 minutes, a thrust of 4.45G and a speed of 78 km and a mileage of 4993 meters in optimum conditions. The findings obtained by the tests performed with the designed TOMHA prototype show similar results with the literature. Thanks to the national design, TOMHA stands out when it encounters other unmanned aerial vehicles. It is seen that the response of the system to the sudden changes caused by the maneuver movements in the simulation environment is very fast and it follows the changes.

Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in passive air sampler from Batam Island, Indonesia

Air contamination by semi volatile organic compounds including toxic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been a matter of global concern due to the important atmospheric transportation in contribution to their widely distribution in environment. This study aims at elucidating the levels and spatial distribution of PBDEs in the atmosphere derived from polyurethane foam passive air sampler (PUF-PAS) and identify potential sources in Batam Island. Fifteen PUF-PAS were deployed in various locations representing different background activities. After deployment around 2.5 months, PUFs were analyzed for forty-two PBDEs congeners from mono- to deca-BDE congeners using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. PBDEs were widely detected ranging 7.2 – 2900 pg/m3. Significant high concentrations of PBDEs were found at public service areas than offices, residential and remote areas (p<0.05). In particular, high concentration was found in Marina Tanjung Riau (2900 pg/m3), whereas other locations were much lower including electronic shop (50 pg/m3), dumping site area (7.2-15 pg/m3), which indicating specific emission sources according to location. The PBDEs profiles are predominated by BDE-209 congener on average 81% (36-100) while other congeners were lower. This suggest that the presence of PBDEs in Batam Island is mainly due to the commercial formulation of Deca-BDE, of which consistent with its high consumption in Asia.

Visitors Preferences and Spatial Interaction Analysis of Taman Krida Wisata and Pijar Park

Taman Krida Wisata and Pijar Park are located on Kudus Regency. Culture and Tourism Departement of Kudus Regency informed that Taman Krida Wisata is a family recreation park with various animal statues.Youth, Sports, and Tourism Departement of Central Java informed that Pijar Park is a tourist destination that offers a tourism concept with a variety of interesting attractions and facilites. Taman Krida Wisata has an artificial tourist attraction, while Pijar Park has natural and artificial attractions. In 2020, Taman Krida Wisata had 2.588 visitors, while Pijar Park was 723. In addition, in 2019, Taman Krida Wisata was visited by 22.836 tourists, while Pijar Park was visited as many as 3.623. The two tourist areas affect the surrounding economy because there are people who take benefit from the existence of the tourist area. Besides, Taman Krida Wisata and Pijar Park have different management, visitor’s distribution, and tourist destination facility. Therefore, Hedonic Pricing Method is used to determine the value of visitors prefrences in the area and the Gravity model to determine the flow of movement berweetn the two tourist areas with nearest district, office zone, and central economic zone. There are 9 variables are used for HPM, namely tourism facility, transportation, lodging, gift center, entrance fee, health facilities, worship facilities, shopping complex, and public service area. HPM Taman Krida Wisata used 131 sample, while Pijar Park used 135 sample. Taman Krida Wisata has a hedonic value with intervals 4.000-4.189, while Pijar Park has a value 3.976-4.160. Based on the calculation of spatial interaction, Taman Krida Wisata has a higher value than Pijar Park.&#x0D;

Perception of medical interns after visiting selected public health institutes in central India

Visits to institutes that work for public health help broaden the vision of interns so that they think of rural health care also. Therefore this study was planned to evaluate the effect on the minds of interns after visiting such places with objectives 1. To know the things learnt by interns during visit to institutes working in area of public health services in rural areas, 2. Based on the inputs given by the interns suggest recommendations for internship program. It was a cross-sectional descriptive qualitative study. A focus group discussion of interns was conducted to understand their interest in learning the low cost services being provided in these rural areas and various things learnt during the visit to public health importance institutes. Total 28 interns participated in the study in 3 batches included 6(21.42%) females and 22(78.57%) males. The age range was 23 to 27 years and all were unmarried. More than 2/3 interns belonged to Chhattisgarh and few from outside the state. Interns were motivated by the faculties to work for rural health care and were sensitized about the health care needs work challenges in remote inaccessible areas.

Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Electoral Responses to the Proximity of Health Care

Do voters reward incumbents for the provision of public services? In this article, we study the political economy of catchment areas of public services to answer this question. Rather than examining the binary relationship between health care provision and electoral returns within politically defined borders, we study whether increases in geographic accessibility of health care providers and decreases in congestion in services attract votes for the incumbent. Leveraging a health care reform in Turkey, which substantially impacted the geospatial distribution of public health clinics in Istanbul, we find that decreases in walking time and improvements in congestion levels in the closest clinic from a polling station significantly increase vote share of the AKP, the incumbent party, at that polling station. We also show that poorer communities were more responsive to improvements in spatial accessibility to the local clinics.

MSM with HIV: Improving prevalence and risk estimates by a Bayesian small area estimation modelling approach for public health service areas in the Netherlands

Despite close monitoring of HIV infections amongst MSM (MSMHIV), the true prevalence can be masked for areas with small population density or lack of data. This study investigated the feasibility of small area estimation with a Bayesian approach to improve HIV surveillance. Data from EMIS-2017 (Dutch subsample, n = 3,459) and the Dutch survey SMS-2018 (n = 5,653) were utilized. We applied a frequentist calculation to compare the observed relative risk of MSMHIV per Public Health Services (GGD) region in the Netherlands and a Bayesian spatial analysis and ecological regression to quantify how spatial heterogeneity in HIV amongst MSM is related to determinants while accounting for spatial dependence to obtain more robust estimates. Both estimations converged and confirmed that the prevalence is heterogenous across the Netherlands with some GGD regions having a higher-than-average risk. Our Bayesian spatial analysis to assess the risk of MSMHIV was able to close data gaps and provide more robust prevalence and risk estimations.

“Paired competition”: A new mechanism for the innovation of urban grassroots governance

In recent years, the focus of urban grassroots governance in China has experienced a fundamental change in direction from economic growth to public service and social management. Economic growth can be easily quantified, while public service and social management cannot, thus performance evaluation is largely dependent on “impression-based results”. Under such circumstances, a new mechanism of “paired competition” has been put in place to pair superior vertical lines of authority ( tiao) with subordinate horizontal levels of grassroots governments ( kuai) on a voluntary basis. Pairs compete with other pairs in areas of public services and social management. Paired competition can facilitate close cooperation between the tiao side and the kuai side, promote innovation, and generate quick “impression-based results”. However, the mechanism also generates negative incentives, which lead to excessive innovation and the reluctance to adopt good practices on the part of rival pairings. The case study detailed here is that of a “community analysis tool” promoted by the civil affairs bureau of “district A” in a major Chinese city. In addition to examining the organizational and operational logic of “paired competition”, this study also compared “paired competition” with the traditional methods of the “promotion tournament competition” and “special-purpose project system”.

Foresight in the science of Administrative Law (From the works of the anniversary - administrativist scientist P.P. Sergun)

The article presents an analysis of the main scientific publications of the leading administrative expert, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation Pеtеr Pavlovich Sergun in the year of his 70th birthday. An assessment is given to the scientific developments of the scientist in the areas of public service, administrative reform, administrative responsibility, administrative and information legal relations, digitalization of public administration, and the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in management activities. The significant contribution of the hero of the day to the development of the categorical apparatus of jurisprudence in general and the science of Administrative Law in particular is noted. Conclusions are formulated about the prognostic nature of P.P. Sergun, the basis of his scientific research on foresight as the most important factor in the development of the science of Administrative Law.

E-Administration in Polish Voivodeships Against the Background of Europe

Goal– the aim of the article is to assess the level of development of e-government services in Europe, with particular emphasis on the level of use of these services in Polish voivodships. Research methodology– the Perkal method and the analysis of the EGDI index were used to achieve the research objective. The study was conducted on the basis of the available data from the United Nations E-Government Survey and the Central Statistical Office in the area of public e-government services for citizens. Score/results – the analysis of the United Nations E-Government Survey reports showed that, since 2003, Denmark, Finland and Sweden have been occupying the highest place in the development of e-government in Europe and in the world. The research results showed that the level of the EGDI indicator increases over the years 2003–2022. The author’s own research on the use of e-government services in Polish voivodeships showed that over the years 2014–2022 the level of use of e-government services by citizens increased. Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie and Pomorskie Voivodships are characterized by the highest level of use of e-administration services, while the Świętokrzyskie, Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships are among the voivodships with the lowest use of these services. Originality/value – the introduction of various e-government solutions is becoming a very clear trend. Regional differences, on the other hand, result from the level of the state development in individual countries. The article showed that the use of e-government services in Poland by citizens is increasing, but it is still at an unsatisfactory level. Noticeable disproportions can be seen in individual voivodeships of Poland. Polish society does not take full advantage of the facilities offered by public administration, therefore it seems necessary in this situation to take decisive action that could encourage the society to use e-services. In order to enhance the increase in the use of these services, each voivodeship should develop separate actions that will contribute to greater interest of citizens in e-government services, and consequently to their use. The carried out analyses may therefore be a contribution to further in‑‑ depth research, because the issues of electronic administration are very up‑‑ to-date and knowledge in this field requires constant updating.

LOCAL POLISH SELF-GOVERNMENTS AGAINST THE CHALLENGES CREATED BY THE RISK OF NON-FINANCIAL FACTORS (ESG)

The article aims to systematize the state of knowledge about the risk of ESG factors in the Polish local government. The risk of climate change, energy transformation, population aging or pandemic risk is just an example of this affecting local government units (LGUs). In particular, the article presents the areas of public services provided by local governments most sensitive to ESG risk. Attention was paid to the adjustment mechanism and actions taken by the local government in Poland to reduce the negative impact of ESG risk on the activity of local government units and the stability of their budgets. The issues of the impact of EU regulations relating to “low-emission” and affecting public transport were presented, as well as the problems related to activities for the energy transformation or the fight against smog. The article uses critical literature analysis, comparative methods, observation, induction, and deduction methods. The study is one of the first to discuss the role and risk place of ESG factors in the activities of local government units.