Public Safety LTE Research Articles

Development of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Training Model Using Disaster Safety Communication Network Based on Public Safety Long Term Evolution (PS-LTE)

This study provides information for developing the domestic standard operating procedure (SOP) to CMMI level 3 or higher by presenting the SOP education and training model development process that systematically utilize the PS-LTE-based disaster safety communication network. The survey was conducted with 113 domestic SOP experts. Results revealed that four strategies can minimize the damage to people's lives and property in a national disaster and develop the domestic SOP level to CMMI level 3 or higher-establishment of governance for the SOPs for disaster safety communication networks; training on SOP once a year; establishment of SOP according to the guidelines; and improvement in the technical field. In the future, if SOP develops to CMMI level 3 or higher, it will contribute to the protection of public safety and property from disasters.

Call Model and Test-Verification Methods for PS-LTE Core Equipment

Existing technologies in disaster and safety communication networks (DSCNs) face problems such as narrow bandwidth, low transmission rate, and difficulty in securing channels. Conversely, public safety long-term evolution (PS-LTE) technology provides high-speed, low-latency, quick-setup, and high-security data access for multimedia-based mission-critical services. To perform tests on each unit of core equipment with PS-LTE technology, a new call model such as push-to-talk, which is a service representing PS-LTE, is required. Moreover, objective and consistent metrics and methods are required for administering tests on the unique functions of DSCNs newly constructed with PS-LTE technology. This paper proposes a call model for the core facilities of DSCNs established in Korea, and it also suggests test and verification methods for all the areas of PS-LTE, including mission-critical push-to-talk, evolved multimedia broadcast and multicast service, and coverage and quality assessment for wireless services.

Experimental Study of Microwave Attenuation in a Compartment Fire

In this letter, we show the experimental results of microwave attenuation characteristics for representative communication frequencies (UHF, public safety long-term evolution [PSLTE], LoRa, Wi-Fi, and LTE) in a compartment fire. We used kerosene, lumber, and urethane foam as fuels, which can be easily found in homes, and measured the signal intensity with three antenna heights to investigate the effect of the flame and smoke. In the compartment environment, the ionized particles were the dominant attenuation factor of the signals. Furthermore, measurements revealed that the attenuation depends on frequencies and fuel types. In particular, large attenuation was observed at particular frequencies when burning lumber and urethane foam.

Beyond PS-LTE: Security Model Design Framework for PPDR Operational Environment

National disasters can threaten national security and require several organizations to integrate the functionalities to correspond to the event. Many countries are constructing a nationwide mobile communication network infrastructure to share information and promptly communicate with corresponding organizations. Public Safety Long-Term Evolution (PS-LTE) is a communication mechanism adopted in many countries to achieve such a purpose. Organizations can increase the efficiency of public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) operations by securely connecting the services run on their legacy networks to the PS-LTE infrastructure. This environment allows the organizations to continue facilitating the information and system functionalities provided by the legacy network. The vulnerabilities in the environment, which differ from commercial LTE, need to be resolved to connect the network securely. In this study, we propose a security model design framework to derive the system architecture and the security requirements targeting the restricted environment applied by certain technologies for a particular purpose. After analyzing the PPDR operation environment’s characteristics under the PS-LTE infrastructure, we applied the framework to derive the security model for organizations using PPDR services operated in their legacy networks through this infrastructure. Although the proposed security model design framework is applied to the specific circumstance in this research, it can be generally adopted for the application environment.

SMART-Navigation over Pilot LTE-Maritime: Deployment and Coexistence with PS-LTE

The SMART-Navigation project aims to develop a next-generation maritime safety integrated management system based on the e-Navigation concept of the IMO. The purpose of the pilot LTE-Maritime project is to construct test zones and establish effective LTE-Maritime plans based on the pilot test results. The spectrum band for LTE-Maritime system is the licensed public radio frequency band over 718-728 MHz for UL and 773-783 MHz for DL, but this band is shared with the Public Safety LTE (PS-LTE) and LTE-Railway (LTE-R) systems. Because these systems share the same spectrum band, CCI from PS-LTE and LTE-R arises during the Pilot LTE-Maritime test. To resolve this issue, we perform a test on the East Sea (around the city of Gangneung) in Korea with the proposed radio access network RAN-Sharing technique. In addition to the proposed RAN-Sharing technique, this article addresses the system architecture, requirements, test environment, and results of the LTE-Maritime system.

Relay Selection Scheme Based on Path Throughput for Device-to-Device Communication in Public Safety LTE

Relay Selection Scheme Based on Path Throughput for Device-to-Device Communication in Public Safety LTE

Design of power saving protocol with duty cycle adjustment for public safety-LTE

In this paper, a power saving protocol for public safety-long-term evolution (PS-LTE) with duty cycle adjustment is proposed according to the emergency of PS-LTE-based mobile stations. Because the PS-LTE transceiver consumes power whenever it is active, it is the most efficient to leave the receiver off, and wake it up asynchronously only when needed. As an alternative to protocol-based duty-cycle control, an asynchronous wake-up scheme is designed for battery saving of PS-LTE devices. This type of PS-LTE phones with power saving protocol has an adaptive cycle control during 'EMERGENCY-CALL'. This dedicated wake-up 'EMERGENCY PS-LTE Phone' can continuously monitor the channel, listening for a wake-up signal from other nodes and activating the main receiver upon the detection of asynchronous wake-up protocol. As a result, PS-LTE-based mobile station reduces power consumption by maximising the node sleeping-time without compromising network latency, and the wake-up PS-LTE phone with power saving protocol (without PS-LTE's function activities: group communication systems enabler, proximity-based service, mission critical push-to-talk, isolated E-UTRAN operation for public safety, relay, etc.) also enables the improvement of overall network performance.

Design of power saving protocol with duty cycle adjustment for public safety-LTE

Design of power saving protocol with duty cycle adjustment for public safety-LTE

LTE 기반 철도통합망(LTE-R)과 재난통신망(PS-LTE)의 기능 분석

철도통신기능은 안전한 열차 운행을 위한 운영자간의 통신 기능과 열차제어를 위한 데이터 전송 기능으로 분류된다. 관련 기술은 2004년 영업 운전을 시작한 유럽의 GSM-R이 가장 대표적인 철도통신 기술로 주어진다. 국내의 경우, 국가재난망에서 임대한 TRS가 철도 운영자간의 통신 기능으로 사용되고 있지만, 열차제어용 데이터 통신은 적용되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 2014년 국내의 LTE 기술을 이용한 LTE-R의 개발이 세계 최초로 철도에 적용하여 성능 검증 및 국내 표준 제정에 성공하였다. 이를 응용한 LTE 기반의 국가재난안전망(PS-LTE)도 2016년 시범구축사업이 강원도에서 성공적으로 완료되었다. 본 논문은 철도통신의 핵심인 LTE-R의 통신기능과 데이터 전송 기능을 PS-LTE와 GSM-R의 기능과 비교, 검토하였다. 검토 결과는 LTE-R의 데이터 전송 기능이 GSM-R의 기능보다 우수함은 물론 철도통신기술은 PS-LTE의 요구 기능도 대부분 만족함을 시험을 통해 입증하였다. Due to the evolution of wireless communications technology, Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is a <TEX>$4^{th}$</TEX> generation mobile communications system, has been adopted as a railway communications system. This LTE Railway (LTE-R) system is composed of various elemental functions, which are largely categorized into public safety and wireless communications for train control. Research on the public safety functions of railway communications have their roots in TRS based national public safety communication systems, and research on wireless communications functions for train control have their roots GSM-R, which is utilized by the ETCS in Europe. Based on these circumstances, this paper first analyzes the requirements for developing public safety technology in LTE-R, and compares those requirements with the functions of public safety LTE (PS-LTE), which is being deployed for the first time in the world by the South Korean government. Based on an analysis of the common and specific functions of LTE-R and PS-LTE, we conclude that there is little problem in integrating LTE-R and PS-LTE from the perspective of functionality. Second, this paper provides a comparison of the LTE-R requirements for the Quality of Service (QoS) with those of GSM-R utilized by the ETCS. This offers a guideline to allow LTE-R to be applied to a 500km/h train control system.

한전 Gateway를 활용한 Smart Office 기능 연구

본 연구는 한국전력 eIoT(: energy Internet of Thing) 플랫폼을 활용한 스마트오피스 기능이고, 망구성은 센싱 디바이스, 게이트웨이, 플랫폼, 그리고 서비스서버로 구성 한다. 핵심 기능들은 게이트웨이와 디바이스간 LoRa(: Long Range) 기술을 활용하여 프로토콜 데이터 전달하는 부분, 지능화된 애플리케이션 처리 부분 그리고 PS-LTE(: Public Safety-Long-Term Evolution) 시스템에 연동되는 공공 안전 데이터처리 부분이다. 그리고 스마트오피스에서 서비스될 수 있는 리소스트리가 제시되며, 이것은 애플리케이션 서버와 디바이스에서 공통적으로 사용된다. This study is the Smart Office features that take advantage of KEPCO eIoT(: energy Internet of Thing) platform, and it's Network configuration is composed of sensing device, gateway, platform, and the service server. The key features are parts for processing protocol data between the gateway and the device using LoRa(: Long Range) technology, Intelligent applications and public safety data connected to the PS-LTE(: Public Safety-Long-Term Evolution) system. And the resource tree provided Smart Office for the service, which commonly used in the application server and the device.

PS-LTE 환경에서 최적기지국 위치 선정

본 논문에서는 PS-LTE(Public Safety-Long Term Evolution) 환경에서 단독기지국의 설치에 있어서 전체 사용자의 데이터 처리량을 최대화하는 PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization)기반의 최적기지국 위치 선정 방법을 제안한다. 또한 전체 재난 지역을 탐색하여 최적의 위치를 찾는 완전탐색(Exhaustive Search) 방법, 임의보행(Random Walk) 이동모형을 적용하여 위치를 선정하는 방법, 기지국 균일 배치방법과의 성능을 비교하였다. 제안하는 방법의 경우 모든 지역을 탐색하여 최적위치를 찾는 완전탐색 방법과 유사한 최적위치 및 전체 사용자의 데이터 처리량(Throughput)을 갖지만, 최적해 수렴시간에 있어서 완전탐색의 경우 재난지역의 크기가 커질수록 증가하지만, 제안하는 방법 경우 빠른 수렴 시간 및 거의 일정한 수렴시간을 갖는 것을 알 수 있다. In this paper, we try to find the optimal locations of NeNB(Nomadic evolved NodeB)s for maximizing the overall throughput of the PS-LTE networks. Since finding optimal locations of all NeNBs in a given area is NP-hard(Non-deterministic Polynomial time-hard) problem, we proposed a PSO-based heuristic approach. In order to evaluate the performance, we conducted two experiments. We compared performance with other schemes such as Exhaustive Search, Random Walk Search, and locating neighboring NeNBs with the same NeNB-to-NeNB distance. The proposed method showed the similar results to the exhaustive search method in terms of locating optimal position and user's data throughput. The proposed method, however, has the fast and consistent convergence time.

재난통신 체계에 따른 품질요건 재설계에 관한 연구

Wireless mesh networks for public safety and disaster have been developing in a direction from TETRA(TErrestrial Trunked RAdio) to take advantage of the Public Safety-LTE(Long Term Evolution) technology. In Korea, the Disaster Safety Network Building Project has been promoted in order to unify disaster communication systems among disaster response agencies. In this study, the trends of the network construction for national disaster communication and corresponding representative cases of overseas have been analyzed. Through this process, the disaster communication area in line with the purpose of communications. As a result, the disaster communication can be divided into five distinctive areas: the control, the response, the on-site, the victim and the alarm communications. Based on the re-designed communication areas, quality requirements have also been re-organized in this study. Ultimately the construction method for the Disaster Communication systems without exclusion zone will be presented.

Safety Information Modeling: Smart Safety Devices &amp; Internet of Everything

The next generation of Internet of things that connects the things, people and the process through which the people and things interact is coined as Internet of Everything. Safety management is constructed as a complex system of systems design coordinating with each other like the Fire Alarm System or Gas Detection System as well as the Emergency response like the Fire Fighters and Para-Medicals like the Ambulatory services. The governments have been setting up national broadband plans and separate dedicated spectrum for Public Safety Communications used for effective information rich emergency management and response. This paper outlines the evolution of the public safety LTE network and its applicability in the safety management system and safety preparedness. It also describes the role of Smart Objects and Internet of Everything in Safety Management. To achieve this, this paper develops the information models for safety management systems to be used in IoE utilizing the broad-band LTE networks.

Public Safety Communication and Networking Technologies for Disaster Response and Medical Assistance

Future major disasters require the development of socially transparent and rational -decision-making procedures. Recent reports indicate that the frequency of human disasters are decreasing while natural disasters and social disasters are becoming more frequent. The creation of a disaster communication network, which is essential in protecting the life and property as well as providing a sense of societal security. Standards for a modern disaster communication network must be developed at the national level, with national state support for a 3rd generation partnership project such as a Public Safety-LTE that allows the construction of an effective national disaster network plan. Compliance and certification standards to ensure interoperability of communications and other equipment are necessary for the creation of a modern national disaster network that allows more efficient management of disaster situations. It can be expected that our efforts and example can help other countries to build a standard protocol for managing the national disasters.