ABSTRACTThis article examines the development of modern nursing education in China through a case study of the Xiangya School of Nursing in Changsha between 1909 and 1926. Founded in 1911 by the Yale‐in‐China Association, a non‐denominational mission, Xiangya was among the earliest nursing schools in China to promote undergraduate nursing education and public health nursing. Drawing on archival materials, published primary sources, and Chinese and English historiography, we analyze the cultural, political, and gendered challenges that shaped the school's development under the leadership of American nurse Nina Gage. While Gage initially sought to implement an Americanized model of nursing education, she and her colleagues adapted admission policies, educational goals, and curricula to local social and cultural conditions. Recognizing the need for Chinese nursing leadership, they prioritized the establishment of a Bachelor of Science degree to prepare nurses for teaching, administration, and public health roles. By 1926, Xiangya had trained approximately 16% of China's qualified nurses and had become one of only two schools in China offering university‐level nursing education. This history highlights the interplay of transnational influence, cultural adaptation, and gendered reform in the professionalization of nursing in early 20th‐century China.

From the early years of the state, motherhood has constituted the defining element of Jewish women’s social position. Thus, over the years, motherhood has been used as a potentially transformative political force, particularly regarding issues of national security. By defining themselves as mothers, women have entered the public sphere without challenging patriarchal structures, yet, by doing so, have simultaneously reinforced these structures and constrained female agency. Examining motherhood in Israeli public discourse in light of mothers who were role models, such as Rivka Guber and Miriam Peretz, and the effort to mobilize women as mothers in national protest movements, the article shows how gender boundaries have remained stable over time, and motherhood continues to anchor female public roles. It thus offers motherhood as a useful prism for examining preservation and change in public discourse in Israel.

Pharmacists and their teams can undertake pharmaceutical public health roles during outbreaks within the World Health Organization (WHO) emergency cycle of prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. These may be at micro- (individual), meso- (regional or organisational) or macro- (national) levels. The primary outcome was to identify pharmacy team members' roles in outbreaks (excluding COVID-19) and classify by WHO emergency cycle phase and intervention level. We conducted a rapid systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42024617152) in Embase, Medline, and SCOPUS databases including articles published from 2014 to Feb 2025. After duplicate removal, titles/abstracts and full texts were screened, extracted and assessed for bias by one reviewer, with 10% second-checked. Thematic synthesis was used and described narratively to reflect variability in the studies. From 161 articles across all WHO regions, 145 distinct thematically derived role categories were identified. Most were in the response phase (46%), followed by prevention (29%), preparedness (15%), and recovery (10%). Roles were primarily at meso-level (37%) and micro-level (35%), with fewer at macro-level (28%). 34% of the articles reported contributions related to health inequalities. Reported barriers were clustered into five themes: knowledge/training gaps, regulatory restrictions, resource and infrastructure constraints, communication, and cultural factors. Pharmacy team members have roles during non-COVID outbreaks across all stages of the WHO emergency cycle at all levels. However, their contributions are less well documented in recovery and at macro-level. Integrating pharmacy roles into emergency frameworks, supported by regulatory reform, funding, and training, may support health-system resilience, and reduce health inequalities.

Arts-based knowledge mobilisation (ABKM) is a powerful means of interpreting and communicating health services research, centreing experiential, iterative, and reflective knowledge rooted in co-creation. We developed a research-to-public-to-research feedback loop methodology extending beyond existing ABKM practices and our previous research-to-public methodology, creating a novel bidirectional epistemic process wherein meaning making occurs from research to public and from public to research. This approach produces knowledge that is rich, contextually grounded, and otherwise potentially inaccessible through conventional research. We present a case study documenting the first application of the feedback loop, with the aim of advancing and refining the methodological framework by: sharing quantitative findings with the public and eliciting public engagement via a design installation, and levering engagement to inform subsequent qualitative research. Using the design-driven research-to-public-to-research feedback loop, we developed a participatory design installation focused on end-of-life care. Within an overarching mixed-methods sequential study, we leveraged design and health services methods to: develop design principles; select installation aims and concept; prototype, refine, and iterate the design; and conduct descriptive analysis of installation outputs. Borrowing characteristics of a classic diner, the installation entitled The Terminal Diner, invited individuals to complete orders for their desired end-of-life healthcare experience or leave reviews drawn from lived experience with a deceased loved one's end-of-life journey. The installation disseminated quantitative findings and engaged the general public in contemplating and co-creating around the subject of death-outputs of which were used to inform subsequent qualitative research, while recruiting an interested audience as research participants. This study presents an innovative extension of our previous research-to-public methodology, representing a paradigmatic shift towards creative knowledge exchange and bidirectional meaning making within health services research. The public's role as co-creators is foundational to the research-to-public-to-research feedback loop methodology. Those with lived experience-bereaved caregivers and patient partners-were also embedded throughout both the research and design processes, ensuring accessibility, relevance, and emotional resonance. Blending personal knowledge and public perspective, The Terminal Diner foregrounded the essential role of patient and public contributions in co-creating meaningful, responsive, and inclusive health services research.

Expert to novice: Understanding the challenges of transition to the specialist community public health nurse - health visitor role and its implications for role retention. A constructivist grounded theory.

Objectives Given the growing shortage of public health physicians in local governments in Japan, this study aimed to characterize lectures and practical training in public health at medical schools and to assess career orientation and interest in public health among senior medical students.Methods Between October 2024 and January 2025, a self-administered questionnaire developed using Google Forms was distributed through the academic affairs offices of all 82 medical schools. Responses were obtained from departments responsible for public health education and from fifth-year medical students.Results Valid responses were obtained from 66 departments across 58 universities. Lectures were most frequently delivered in the third year, whereas practical training most commonly occurred in the fourth year. Primary training sites included public health centers, hospitals, and long-term care facilities; however, 22 universities did not include public health centers. Only seven universities (12.1%) required public health center training during clinical clerkship. The student analysis included 363 fifth-year students from 40 universities (56.5% male, 10.5% with prior enrollment at another university, and 32.5% with geographic ties to their current institution). Regarding career preferences (multiple responses allowed), 93.9% intended to pursue clinical practice in Japan, whereas 5.2% expressed interest in public health physician roles in local governments, and 2.8% each in governmental agencies and international organizations. Overall, 62.8% reported interest in public health. After adjustment for participating universities using a modified Poisson regression model with robust variance estimators, selecting epidemiology and biostatistics as a lecture of interest was the only factor significantly associated with interest in public health (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.251; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.078-1.453; P＝0.003). Additionally, having a local connection to the university (aRR, 1.150; 95% CI, 0.979-1.351; P＝0.090) and interest in the healthcare system (aRR, 1.151; 95% CI, 0.982-1.350; P＝0.090) were suggestively associated at P＜0.10.Conclusion Educational strategies that strengthen interest in core public health disciplines, particularly epidemiology and biostatistics, may contribute to broader workforce development efforts.

This study was conducted to analyze the impact of profitability, debt structure (leverage), and liquidity on compliance with financial reporting publication deadlines. This study employed a quantitative research design, drawing samples using a purposive sampling method. Twenty manufacturing entities listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2022-2024 period were selected as samples, resulting in 60 observation units. Hypothesis testing was conducted using logistic regression. Empirical findings indicated no significant impact of profitability on reporting discipline. Leverage, on the other hand, played a significant role in encouraging precise publication, while liquidity exerted an influence at the 10% significance level. When tested simultaneously, these three financial indicators were shown to significantly influence compliance with reporting deadlines. Keywords: Profitabilitas, Leverage, Likuiditas, Timeliness, Financial Reporting

Purpose The purpose of this research was twofold: (1) to examine the unique value that senior communicators bring to their organizations and clients' adoption of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and (2) to understand if and how GAI adoption is impacting public relations as a strategic management function. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from excellence theory and role theory, researchers conducted 30 elite interviews with U.S. senior communicators who had experience working with GAI or managing a team using GAI. Findings Participants indicated that GAI is elevating the strategic management role and responsibilities of senior communicators in organizations and with clients. Participants counseled senior management and teams about the impact of AI on work processes, organizational and client reputations, and business outcomes. They helped to maintain transparency and accountability, thereby building trust with stakeholders regarding the GAI processes and their impact. Communicators committed to self-learning and exploration to guide employees and teams through technological change. Communicators reinvested time and energy in fostering in-person relationships grounded in trust and authenticity. Originality/value Senior communicators' contributions to organizations' implementation of GAI introduce a new domain of strategic influence to excellence theory. Data ethics is a more pronounced priority in today's AI world. Moreover, communicators' efforts to make GAI processes transparent might be viewed as an extension of two-way symmetrical communication, another tenet of excellence theory. Finally, this research suggests how the public relations manager's role is evolving to include responsibilities in data ethics, training, and relationship building.

Public perceptions of community pharmacists' evolving role in health promotion and pharmaceutical care: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia.

ABSTRACT This article outlines the findings of research about rainbow people’s perspectives on New Zealand’s Police. It analyses 11 semi-structured interviews with rainbow people in New Zealand. First, participants reflected on what they saw as the role police play in New Zealand society. Some felt that police played an important role in maintaining the status quo relations of power, while others saw them playing a public safety role. Participants also expressed frustration with what they saw as police misunderstandings of rainbow people’s needs, in relation to justice. While some participants were positive about police’s adoption of rainbow “image work,” sometimes criticized as “pinkwashing,” most felt that efforts, alongside the introduction of diversity liaison officers remained tokenistic. Finally, the participants, who all had experiences interacting with police as a victim, bystander or alleged offender, expressed reservations about reporting any future victimization to police. While they saw a limited set of circumstances in which they would do so, many spoke to the lack of trust and understanding that underpinned their previous experiences. The article paints a complex and contradictory picture about rainbow people’s perceptions of New Zealand police and challenge the assumption that New Zealand remains a bastion of progress on rainbow rights.

The 2008 core competencies for the public health in Canada were used extensively however were outdated. Our objective was to determine and conduct a consultation and engagement process to update the core competencies. This study describes the approach and methods used. Feminist community-based research informed the multiple methods used to gather explicit and tacit expertise on essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes for the updated competencies. Recommendations from published literature were adapted for project governance, literature reviews, engagement, and integration of feedback on competency statements based on principles of reflection, reflexivity, equity, and transparency. More than 2300 members of the public health community contributed to updating the core competencies via in-person and virtual engagement sessions. Participants were from every province and territory and a range of public health disciplines, roles, and system levels, with a focus on integrating Indigenous and Black Health Leaders' perspectives. Over 2200 comments and edits received informed successive competency drafts. The updated core competencies incorporate timely issues, such as climate change and planetary health, for evidence-informed public health practice and policy. They emphasize the importance of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis approaches and ways of knowing, of integrating Black Health and anti-Black racism, as well as grounding values of health equity, social justice, and accountability in public health practice and policy. This manuscript adds to the international body of knowledge on methods for modernizing core competencies for public health workforce development and training.

This study aims to (1) explore the job duties of nurses working in the mining sector, (2) identify the competencies they require to perform their roles effectively, and (3) examine organizational factors that influence their ability to provide occupational and public health services in the Indonesian mining industry. An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured focus group interviews to investigate the participants' experiences and expectations regarding their roles and educational needs within the mining industry. Occupational health nurses (OHNs) (n = 20) working in Indonesian mining sector representing different professional categories participated in semi‑structured focus group discussions (FGDs). The analysis produced three overarching categories: (1) diverse public health roles and responsibilities in mining by OHNs, (2) obstacles and challenges experienced in delivering occupational health services, and (3) emerging competencies required to support workplace health and organizational productivity. Twelve themes were identified across these categories, highlighting substantial gaps between current practice demands and available educational opportunities. This study demonstrates that OHNs in the mining sector have expanded public health roles that often exceed their current training and routine duties. Strengthening continuing nursing education supported by the development of a formal occupational health nursing (OHN) curriculum is urgently needed to build workforce capacity. Structured education and training models, delivered through both formal and nonformal formats, should focus on communication, health data management and reporting, counseling, managerial negotiation, and interprofessional collaboration. Enhancing these competencies is vital for advancing public health nursing practice in occupational settings and improving health outcomes and productivity among mining workers.

Administrative law has a crucial role in regulating governance, including in the context of the roles and responsibilities of public officials. Analysis of legal views on the role of public officials is important to understand the legal basis that governs their behavior and decisions in carrying out public service duties. This study uses a normative legal approach by collecting data from various administrative law sources, including laws, regulations, and related court decisions. A critical analysis examines the legal view of public officials' roles and their implications for administrative practice. In-depth literature reviews were conducted to develop a conceptual framework grounded in relevant theories of administrative law

In mid-19th-century America, clothing served multiple roles. It symbolized racial superiority for the white elites by drawing on Western traditions, styles, and history to establish dominance. Clothing also reinforced highly defined gender roles, as women's attire compensated for men’s more drab attire. However, most relevant to this paper is how clothing was used to divide social classes. This paper explores how fashion evolved during the decade before, during, and after the American Civil War, focusing on its role as a marker of social class. The period from the 1850s to the 1870s was tumultuous in American history, as abolitionists clashed with Southern enslavers in a struggle over American identity, all against the backdrop of expanding industrialization. Clothing served as a key player in this struggle, as it legitimized the authority of different ruling classes. The findings of this research are that elite Americans' monopoly over fashion, and tight control of who could wear what devolved as industrialization and modernization fundamentally changed how people interacted with clothing. Elite’s continued to use European court fashion to associate themselves with a hierarchical system, but new technology allowed more and more people to afford and take part in this industry. Men's fashion remained relatively stagnant during this time moving toward a more egalitarian style as industrialization lowered production, labour, and time costs. In contrast, women's fashion changed enormously over the three decades. Women were often used as symbols by men to display wealth, as new developments in manufacturing, trade, and synthetic production allowed for more elaborate stylistic expression. As styles came and went the role of fashion publications, fashion patterns, and industrial manufacturing opened up elite styles to the lower classes. This transition began the decline of elite control over clothing. Because clothing is such a visual representation of class and social mentality, examining how people regulated their attire in the past provides a deeper understanding of history as a whole. To analyze these dynamics, this paper utilizes a combination of magazines, etiquette guides, and daguerreotypes to investigate how fashion during the three decades surrounding the Civil War evolved and reflected class hierarchies. It specifically examines how the American elite dressed on the East Coast, with a primary focus on New York City and other major metropolitan centers of the era.

Background: Physiotherapy is vital for managing conditions like stroke, arthritis, and chronic pain in the community. However, in rural India its role is often unrecognized due to limited awareness and resources[1]. ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) workers serve as frontline community health educators, but they receive little formal training in rehabilitation. This study assessed physiotherapy awareness among ASHAs in Karad Taluka, Maharashtra, to identify gaps and opportunities for improving rural healthcare. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of ASHA workers across Karad Taluka. All active ASHAs aged 30–50 years were eligible; anganwadi and other non-ASHA staff were excluded. Participants were selected through randomized sampling of villages and invited to complete a structured questionnaire (in Marathi) on physiotherapy awareness. The questionnaire – validated by academic physiotherapists – included yes/no items on familiarity with the term “physiotherapy,” knowledge of physiotherapy services, understanding of its community role, and willingness to collaborate with physiotherapists. Data were collected after informed consent and analyzed descriptively (frequencies, percentages). Results: 216 ASHA workers (all female, mean age 40±5 years) participated. Most (≈80%) had at least secondary education. As shown in Table 1, 65.7% had heard of physiotherapy, but only 40.3% knew specific services offered by physiotherapists. Even fewer (30.1%) understood physiotherapy’s role in community health (e.g. home rehabilitation, disability prevention). Notably, 82.4% of ASHAs expressed willingness to collaborate with physiotherapists in community programs. These findings indicate moderate general awareness but poor detailed knowledge, despite high openness to interdisciplinary work. Conclusion: General awareness of physiotherapy among ASHA workers in Karad is moderate, but detailed knowledge of its services and public health role is limited. Importantly, most ASHAs are eager to work with physiotherapists. This suggests that targeted training programs (e.g. including basic physiotherapy in ASHA modules) could empower ASHAs to make appropriate referrals and promote rehabilitation, potentially improving rural health outcomes

Mediation is increasingly a feature of labour dispute resolution all across Europe, and therefore is employed in prescribed form, which poses challenging legal issues. In light of fundamental rights and European labour law, this study examines the results of mediation in labour disputes using a comparative analysis of France, Italy, and Spain. It argues that organisational design, judicial integration and some labour laws should be used to assess mediation rather than a simple voluntary-mandatory divide. Although judicial mediation improves process efficiency, the research shows that it may also increase the possibility of forced settlement in situations marked by structural power imbalances. Decentralised and mutually grounded methods meet social communication criteria, yet provide uneven procedural safeguards—particularly for individual staff members. According to the research, mandatory mediation is only fit for purpose when it promotes enough judicial protection, inequality of arms, and protects the protective and public roles of labour legislation—not necessarily in conflict with European labour law.

Abstract Introduction Legislative and regulatory frameworks governing the practice of community pharmacy public health services (CPPHS)—and the way in which the community pharmacy workforce (CPW) interacts with them—tend to focus on the role of the community pharmacist. This focus influences associated policies, guidance, evaluations and research. Team-based CPPHS activities, however, could optimise skill mix to provide timely and appropriate advice, support and interventions. An initial policy review for England, as part of this PhD research programme, suggested a systemic failure to fully recognise and articulate the potential of involving the wider CPW in CPPHS, and a lack of inclusive policy frameworks and educational strategies for non-pharmacist staff, despite their growing involvement in CPPHS delivery. Aim To examine the CPPHS literature to establish which members of the CPW are participants therein, the nuances of their roles, and reflections on education and training (E&T) required for CPPHS delivery. Methods JBI methodology[1] guided a scoping review (ScR) including the use of the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The Sample (S), Phenomena of Interest (P of I), Design (D), Evaluation (E) and Research (R) type SPIDER[2] search framework defined the inclusion criteria. Scopus, CINAHL Ultimate and MEDLINE databases were searched with specific keywords to identify articles published in English or French from 1st January 2008 to 14th February 2025 and conducted in the UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand or France. Searches were combined in the sequence of S + (P of I1 + P of I2) + (D or E) + R. The PhD researcher undertook the selection of included studies in three phases (title, abstract and full text). Data were charted into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet using pre-defined parameters in line with the search strategy. Mixed method data analysis approaches (content and thematic analysis) were used, with study characteristics being analysed quantitatively and extracted data relevant to the ScR objectives being analysed qualitatively. Results Thirty-four studies were included from a yield of 579 articles, the majority of which came from England (n = 13). All studies referenced pharmacists, but they were only participants in thirty. Sixteen studies included at least one cohort of non-pharmacist participants, such as healthy living champions (HLCs) (n = 7), pharmacy technicians (n = 4) and/or pharmacy assistants (n = 4). Characterisation of non-pharmacist roles was predominantly missing, with studies focusing on overall service delivery as opposed to individual capabilities. In respect of E&T, an important finding in respect of non-pharmacist roles was that other healthcare professionals do not view CP support staff as having the same level of knowledge as their counterparts in GP practices, e.g. healthcare assistants. Conclusion A strength of this ScR is that it has exposed the gap in the literature relating to the PH role of the non-pharmacist CPW, which is consistent with the perpetual cycle of missed opportunities to create whole workforce, evidence-based policy in this field. Addressing this research gap will align well with government-stated need for a new team-based approach to CPPHS delivery. The ScR was limited by predominantly absent definitions for non-pharmacist workforce groups, making it difficult to compare roles across different countries.

School nursing is still often reduced to outdated stereotypes, yet it is a vital public health leadership role. Amid rising demand, workforce decline and fragmented commissioning, urgent investment and narrative change are needed. Emily Graham explains

The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the need for public health professionals to be embedded in country health systems. The Master of Public Health (MPH), offered widely, is accepted as the entry degree for public health practice in low- and middle-Income countries (LMICs). The aim of the study was to address the knowledge gaps on the career trajectories of MPH graduates from South African universities. A research team from the eight South African universities that graduated MPH students between 2012 and 2016 obtained lists of alumni and invited them to participate in an on-line survey. The self-administered questionnaire elicited the demographic characteristics of MPH graduates, their educational and work background, the impact of the MPH on their subsequent work and their perspectives on the roles of MPH graduates. The overall 37% response rate varied by institution. Respondents were mid-career professionals, in their mid-30s with on average, nine years work life. A sizeable proportion came from sub-Saharan Africa and they returned to their home or a neighbouring country to work. Most had been managers or patient-facing health professionals, and the MPH was the route to shift into public health roles. After MPH completion, 91% were employed in government (40%), non-governmental organisations (32%) or academic/research institutions (21%) in technical, managerial or academic roles. The MPH was a stepping stone for career advancement, and 55% of study participants changed their employers post qualification. They envisaged that MPH graduates could assume leadership positions and effectively contribute across both technical and managerial domains, including during public health emergencies. The MPH degree was pivotal to graduates taking on public health roles in their home countries. In view of public health workforce shortages, the study findings contribute to planning for a competent cadre to tackle pressing public health problems and their social determinants and support robust health systems development in Africa.

Risk of human exposure to wildfire is increasing, with detrimental effects on human health. Public health is uniquely placed to support community resilience during wildfire events, but the nature of public health's role remains unclear. Participants were recruited from government health entities in Southwestern counties that had previously experienced wildfires or significant smoke exposure. We used semi-structured interviews to understand perceptions and actions around wildfire response. To support public health practitioners' role in proactive and comprehensive wildfire outreach, evidence to support the interventions is summarized. In June 2024, 14 individuals from 12 organizations in Arizona and New Mexico were interviewed. Three themes emerged: (1) clear and consistent messaging, (2) connecting people to resources, and (3) flexibility supports capacity. There is evidence to support the need for clear and consistent messaging, but limited evidence on best practices for difficult to reach communities. More evidence is needed for which interventions work during a wildfire, adaptations for marginalized communities, and interventions when facing multiple hazards. Public health is shifting from passive education to proactive, comprehensive wildfire outreach. As part of a cross-sectoral response, public health is integral to disseminating consistent and clear messaging. Further, public health has an important role in facilitating access to resources, though there is a need for efficacy studies of what resources, under which circumstances, and for which populations. Finally, any successful response will require cooperation across sectors and community partners. Within the funding landscape for public health entities, flexibility in resource allocation is critical.