What's new on the market? Combining internet traces and pretrained language models to recognize emerging drug names.

Lessons from the development of a canine training aid mimic for the detection of fentanyl: Canines versus instruments.

Significant Academic Articles in 2025: Or, the Purpose of Public Law Scholarship in the Brave New World

Public Law 119-21, commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), enacted on July 4, 2025, represents the most sweeping federal higher education reform in more than a decade. This legislation restructures federal student loan programs, eliminates subsidized and Grad PLUS loans, consolidates repayment options, and introduces new institutional accountability metrics tied to graduate earnings. Although these provisions are intended to curb federal spending and improve return on investment for students, they carry significant implications for graduate and professional education-particularly in medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and other health professions where the cost of attendance routinely exceeds $200,000. This article offers an analysis of the major provisions of OBBBA and their expected effects on institutional finances, student access, and educational design. The article highlights the emerging gap between federal loan limits and the full cost of attendance, raising concerns about opportunity for students interested in health professions education and impact of OBBBA on the workforce pipeline. In response, the authors outline several strategic actions for institutional leaders, including the development of internal loan replacement programs, implementation of accelerated and competency-based degree pathways, and the use of cost-of-quality frameworks to assess and improve curricular efficiency. The new policy environment demands a recalibration of how institutions structure, price, and deliver health professional education. Collectively, these considerations underscore the need for coordinated, context-sensitive responses to preserve access and educational quality under a constrained financing environment.

In this study, conducted in Ankara, Türkiye in 2023, the prevalence and determinants of voluntary smoking bans implemented by adults in their homes and vehicles were investigated, as were their relationship with beliefs about THS. This cross-sectional study used convenience sampling and included adults aged ≥ 18years who presented to a university hospital in Ankara in June 2023. Data were collected using a 33-item questionnaire administered via face-to-face interviews. Beliefs about thirdhand smoke were measured using the Turkish-validated Beliefs About Thirdhand Smoke (BATHS) scale, which includes health effects and environmental persistence subdimensions. Complete smoking bans in homes and cars were defined as dependent variables. Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression. Home models were adjusted for age, income, smoking status, secondhand smoke exposure, and the presence of a smoker in the home; car models were additionally adjusted for gender, education, and the presence of a child in the home. A total of 57.4% of the participants reported enforcing a complete smoking ban at home and a total of 63.2% reported enforcing a complete smoking ban in their cars. Each 1-point increase in the total BATHS score was significantly associated with smoking bans at home (aOR = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.018-1.068) and in cars (aOR = 1.044, 95% CI: 1.015-1.074). In the absence of smokers at home, the ban is enforced more frequently (home: aOR = 8.91, car: aOR = 8.34). Nonsmokers are more likely to enforce the ban at home (aOR = 1.57) and in cars (aOR = 2.02). A higher level of education increases the likelihood of enforcing a smoking ban in vehicles (aOR = 1.93). Individuals who have not been exposed to secondhand smoke in the past 30days are more likely to enforce the smoking ban in cars (aOR = 2.15). Beliefs about THS predict voluntary smoking bans in private settings. By highlighting the role of THS awareness as a predictor of smoke-free private settings, the study suggests that integrating THS education into tobacco control strategies could help protect nonsmokers and reduce exposure in private environments where public smoke-free laws are not enforced.

Abstract This article examines the legal concept of ‘international organization’ by analysing its functions across public international law, institutional law and domestic law. It demonstrates how the concept structures legal reasoning by articulating a category of international legal subjects and serving as a shorthand for the rules governing the acquisition of status and the legal consequences flowing from that status for members of the category. In doing so, the article discusses which elements are essential, what is at stake in adopting definitions of international organizations and how institutional and domestic law may borrow from the concept as it exists in public international law.

In mid-October 2024, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) was notified of two cases of Legionnaires disease in persons who stayed at the same short-term vacation rental property and had both used the rental property's hot tub. The diagnoses were confirmed by urine antigen tests, and NYSDOH successfully isolated Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from the sputum of one patient. Local health department staff members collected three samples from three sinks and two samples from two showers to assess the rental property's potable water system, which was supplied by a private well. Three samples were also collected from the rental property's hot tub. Whole genome sequencing of isolates from the hot tub samples and the sputum specimen were closely related, suggesting that the hot tub was the likely source of exposure. Hot tubs create aerosols and typically maintain water temperatures of approximately 100°F-104°F (38°C-40°C). This temperature is within the most favorable range forLegionellagrowth and also accelerates the decay of disinfectants. Guidance from NYSDOH and CDC regarding proper operation, disinfection, and remediation of hot tubs was provided to the rental property owner. NYSDOH recommended that the owner close the hot tub until proper remediation was performed and postremediation samples without detection of any Legionella bacteria were collected by NYSDOH staff members. The rental property owner did not initially comply with NYSDOH recommendations, and a public nuisance law was used to ensure that proper measures were taken to disinfect the hot tub before use by future guests. Activities to raise awareness among short-term rental and vacation rental property owners regarding the risks associated with an improperly managed hot tub are needed to decrease the likelihood that rental property hot tubs are in a condition that is conducive to Legionella growth and reduce the risk for Legionnaires disease associated with vacation rental stays. Travelers staying in vacation rental properties should be aware that use of hot tubs might pose a risk for Legionnaires disease and exercise caution when using hot tubs, particularly those travelers with underlying medical conditions.

This edition of the International Journal for Law and Business Transactions (IJLBT) once again presents itself as an instrument of stimulating interest in ongoing conversations around global affairs, and in particular, the operation of the law at both local and global levels. The scholarly works contained in this edition range from public international law, corporate law, international environmental law, to international migration law. The editorial board hopes that these articles will, in the long run, serve as catalysts for the reshaping and recalibration of the prime place of the law in advancing humanity and ensuring a well-ordered society for all, founded on justice, fairness, and mutual respect for everyone. However, before the editorial notes on the various papers in this edition, it is instructive to add the voice of this journal to the burning issue within the Public International Law space, which is the US/Israel and Iran War.

BackgroundQualitative methods are widely used in health services research to derive context-specific insights and depth of understanding. Manual coding, a foundational technique in rigorous qualitative analysis, is highly resource and time-intensive and difficult to scale. This is a particular challenge in health services research, where repeated rounds of interviews are common and rapid turnaround is often required. Natural Language Processing (NLP), specifically Large Language Models (LLMs), have shown potential to enhance efficiency in qualitative analysis. However, there is limited research providing guidance on how to integrate LLMs while maintaining rigor and trustworthiness. In this proof-of-concept study, we propose, apply, and evaluate an NLP-assisted coding method in a health services research setting.MethodsWe analyzed 22 interviews among public health officials, law enforcement, community organizers, and medical professionals at one California county to examine existing substance use service gaps and needs. A primarily deductive codebook was iteratively refined until two coders achieved an inter-coder reliability (ICR) > 0.95 and was applied to the transcripts using ATLAS.ti. We developed an NLP-assisted method that uses a semantic shift algorithm to segment transcripts which are then passed to GPT-4 for code assignment and explanation using the codebook and coding guidelines developed during the manual process. We evaluated the method with a quantitative assessment of agreement between human and NLP-assigned codes, a qualitative and quantitative soundness assessment by two reviewers, and a comparative efficiency analysis.ResultsThe NLP-assisted method had moderate agreement with human coding (modified pooled Cohen’s Kappa = 0.66), and 71.8% of codes were rated as sound by reviewers. Sound codes were more often observed for high-certainty and straightforward codes, and when text chunks were semantically well defined. The NLP-assisted method had more difficulty with non-linear conversation and entity-dependent codes. Coding time was reduced significantly from ~40 hours for the traditional method to ~1 hour for the NLP-assisted method.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that LLMs can be effectively incorporated into qualitative processes while maintaining rigor if humans are embedded into the process. By maintaining a human-in-the-loop workflow, our methodology allows for researchers to maintain familiarity with the data, define the research question(s) and codebook, and determine if there are results that are not sound. By incorporating LLMs into the coding stage of the process, key limitations of traditional qualitative methods in health services research can be addressed, such as scalability, and resource and time limitations.

ABSTRACT This article analyses the political economy of state ownership and privatisation in Spain through the lens of strategic selectivity [Jessop, B. (2002). The future of the capitalist state. Polity Press] and recent theories of hybrid state capitalism. It argues that the creation and endurance of the Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) reflect not a withdrawal of the state from the economy but its strategic adaptation. By adopting a hybrid holding structure, the Spanish state developed a mechanism that provided managerial autonomy and economic flexibility while maintaining long-term strategic influence. SEPI can be understood as a state holding company responsible for managing the Spanish state's portfolio of corporate shareholdings, although legally it is constituted as a public law entity operating largely under private law. This selective institutional design allowed the state to navigate the constraints of European integration and fiscal discipline, transforming its role from a direct producer to a sophisticated strategic shareholder.

Drug mixture composition and compound identifications provide public health, first responder, and law enforcement communities with critical and actionable data, guiding emergency response and interdiction, informing the public, and targeting overdose prevention. The advent of novel synthetic opioids, nitazenes, and benzodiazepines, along with the spread of strong veterinary tranquilizer adulterants (e.g., xylazine and medetomidine), have created an ever-changing drug landscape. The Testing, Rapid Analysis, and Narcotic Quality (TRANQ) Research Act of 2023 directs research, method development, measurement science, and standards to address these hurdles. In conjunction with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Rapid Drug Analysis and Research (RaDAR) program, aimed at monitoring the chemical makeup of the drug landscape, we are investigating analytical instrumentation to enable drug screening to move from the laboratory to an agile point-of-need setting. We explored compound identification with a direct analysis in real time triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (DART-TQ-MS) and the NIST/NIJ DART-MS Data Interpretation Tool with Forensics Database. Full scan analysis of single-component standards demonstrated limits of detection generally in the tens to hundreds of picograms with a few in the single nanogram range (i.e., compounds with extremes in volatility). Single-component, mixtures, and real-world street drug samples were investigated with potential identifications made matching against the high-resolution mass spectral library, using both full scan and product ion scan spectra. The development of a compact TQ-MS system enables the future potential for rapid on-site analysis, supporting public health, law enforcement, and forensic applications. This innovation paves the way for mobile, point-of-need drug testing and identification, enhancing our ability to respond to emerging drug threats.

Between 2018 and 2024, 14 US states sought or obtained Section 1115 waivers to condition Medicaid expansion coverage on community engagement requirements, with medically frail exemptions determined from claims-based administrative data; the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (Public Law 119-21) codified these requirements nationally, with state implementation due by January 2027. Using American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample data from 75 043 Medicaid-enrolled adults aged 19-64 across 17 states, we simulated frailty identification under each state's existing algorithm via a 3-channel Monte Carlo microsimulation incorporating algorithm design, claims visibility, and documentation burden. Existing algorithms identified a mean of 31.4% of adults with functional disability as medically frail (range: 14.3% [Florida, Arizona] to 45.4% [New York]). An evidence-based redesigned algorithm incorporating expanded diagnostic criteria, health information exchange integration, ex parte determination, and elimination of physician certification requirements increased mean identification to 45.6% (+14.3% points), with gains across all 17 states. In multi-dimensional equity evaluation, the redesigned algorithm narrowed the American Indian/Alaska Native–White sensitivity gap by 46% (from 11.6% to 6.3% points) and the Black-White gap by 10% (from 12.8% to 11.5% points); within-race rural-urban sensitivity differences of 3%-5% points persisted under both algorithms. Adoption of the redesigned algorithm would identify an estimated 3.8 million additional medically frail adults and avert approximately 253 000 coverage losses under full implementation. These findings support minimum algorithmic design standards for state frailty determination systems.

Prohibition on the admission of evidence regarding facts covered by the seal of confession in administrative proceedings. Administrative proceedings exclude the possibility of a priest obtaining the status of a witness in relation to facts he learned during confession. The provisions of public law do not contain a definition of a clergyman or confession, referring in this respect to the internal law of churches and trade unions. The seal of confession is an integral part of the celebration of this sacrament, from which no one can ever release a clergyman. Respecting the seal of confession is an expression of respect for the constitutional principle of autonomy and independence of religious communities that freely regulate the principles of faith and worship.

This study aims to examine the influence of training, integrity, competence, and organizational culture on the performance of police personnel at Polsek Cangkringan, both partially (each variable individually) and simultaneously (collectively). The research is conducted by considering the importance of improving police performance as an institution responsible for public service, protection, and law enforcement at the local level. This study employs a quantitative research design with a survey approach. The population consists of all police personnel at Polsek Cangkringan, totaling 37 individuals. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling (census). Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires. The data analysis techniques include statistical analysis using multiple linear regression, F-test, t-test, and coefficient of determination. The results indicate that training, integrity, competence, and organizational culture each have a positive effect on performance, with competence emerging as the most dominant factor. Simultaneously, these four variables have a significant effect on personnel performance, indicating that performance improvement is influenced by various internal factors within the organization.

In order to realize the objective of instilling a high level of the rule of law consciousness in the field of the legal education of public security, one approach that incorporates technology and law into regulation course is explored in this paper, and a four-in-one model of public security law education is proposed: teaching, learning, practicing, and fighting. As a part of this study, the questionnaire method and multiple linear regression analysis have been adopted to investigate the existing conditions, differences, and the influences on the awareness of the rule of law among college students. The results reveal that the general rule of law awareness among college students is higher, and the average score is 3.89. Besides, the only-child children are more aware of the rule of law than the children having siblings. Key college and university students have stronger awareness of rule of law than other students in regular institutions. In addition, students of literature and history have a higher sense of rule of law than students of fields such as science, technology and art. College students who are Communist Youth League members demonstrate better rule of law awareness than non-members. Moreover, the family background, the school environment, legal qualities and character traits have significant impacts on developing rule of law awareness. They explain the development of the rule of law by 42.8, 0.5, 6.2 and 1.1 percents respectively. It indicates that to a certain degree, these factors help to create the spirit of the rule of law among college students providing them with practical information and a rational model of building the dynamic model of rule of law education in the field of public security.

The overall picture of foreign direct investment (FDI) across the world has been characterized by a steady decline. Being one of the key aspects of the international economic collaboration, overseas investment faces a more significant challenge of protecting the legal rights and interests, and there are numerous practical issues that require a systematic approach to their solution. According to the main principles of public international law, this article refers to the authoritative information provided in the World Investment Report 2025 published by UNCTAD, the official case statistics of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the 2023 Statistical Bulletin of China Outward Foreign Direct Investment. It explores the pragmatic challenges and the underlying cause of overseas investment protection based on the framework of public international law, offers specific institutional coordination solutions, and gives recommendations to the improvement in line with the Chinese experience of overseas investment. The research has established that the disintegration of the investment treaty system, the clash of interests between the sovereign of the host country and the investor, and the lack of effective functioning of the mechanism of resolving disputes have significantly limited the efficacy of the protection of overseas investment. The lag of public international law rule updates behind investment practice and the notable divergences in legal concepts among countries are the core causes of the above-mentioned dilemmas. This paper aims to offer practical insights for the international community to address investment protection issues, promote investment liberalization and facilitation, and facilitate the sound recovery of the global investment market.

ABSTRACT This project examined published reports from journalists and legal bloggers attending private family law proceedings in England and Wales. This pilot analysis explores issues in private and public family law proceedings with a focus on abuse allegations, use of ‘parental alienation,’ the role of journalists in enhancing transparency, and the involvement and impact of Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Services (Cafcass) or experts on contact outcomes. A mixed methods analysis was used to outline overarching themes (Thematic Analysis) positioned alongside percentages and common statistical tests on variable relationships. Initial findings align with existing literature in suggesting there is a theme of abusive fathers alleging ‘parental alienation’ against victim-mothers, a theme of pro-contact culture influencing contact maintenance with abusive parents, a theme of power held by Cafcass and experts in determining contact, and a serious pattern of administrative delays in cases concerning highly vulnerable individuals. Initial recommendations based on preliminary findings, aligned with existing literature, are to prohibit allegations of ‘alienation’ and ensure protections are in place for abuse survivors in the Family Court. A prior recommendation was to repeal the presumption of contact, but the government announced commitment to this change during the course of this work.

Human rights are fundamental rights inherent to every individual that must be respected without discrimination. This study aims to explore the concept of human rights protection within the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad SAW and its relevance to contemporary society. Employing a qualitative approach through library research, primary data were sourced from the Sahih Muslim and other pertinent hadith literatures, which were then analyzed using descriptive-analytical content analysis. The results indicate that the Hadith comprehensively regulates the protection of the right to life, legal justice, security, and honor, as well as social and economic rights for vulnerable groups. These principles align with modern human rights concepts regarding justice and equality; however, they differ in their epistemological foundations, where Islam places revelation as the primary source and emphasizes a balance between rights, obligations, and moral responsibility. The implementation of these Hadith-based values remains highly relevant as an ethical framework for public policy and law enforcement to address modern global challenges, such as social inequality and the abuse of power.

The article examines the specifics of the relations that develop in connection with the implementation of entre-preneurial activities from the point of view of public law regulation. The article shows the close connection be-tween the public legal regulation of entrepreneurship and the national interests and goals of socio-economic development of the state enshrined in strategic planning documents. It is proved that “administrative and eco-nomic relations” should be recognized as the most accurate term for relations arising as a result of public law regulation of entrepreneurial activity. In the context of the goals of socio-economic development, the concept of administrative and economic relations is clarified, and their structure is disclosed. It is proved that other partici-pants in administrative and economic relations who have a special legal status and are characterized by a spe-cific set of private socio-economic interests include: non-profit organizations that express the interests of small and medium-sized businesses and perform certain publicly significant functions; authors, consumers, and em-ployees. The conclusion is formulated that the role of public authorities is to consolidate the economic activities of different groups of participants in administrative and economic relations around the goals of socio-economic development set out in strategic planning documents by coordinating the private interests inherent in the repre-sentatives of each of these groups. This fundamental thesis should determine the content of public law regula-tion of entrepreneurship and the degree of government interference in the freedom of entrepreneurial activity.

The study deals with an important figure of 19th-century Hungarian legal science, who also had Czech roots. Professor Anton Virozsil (1792–1868) was born into a simple family in Banská Štiavnica. He originally prepared for a career in the Catholic priesthood, but ultimately chose to pursue legal studies. After obtaining his degree, he first taught at the Law Academy in Pozsony (Present-day Bratislava), and then for several decades in Pest at the local university. His activities coincided with the years when the reform program of the Hungarian liberal opposition was taking shape, with which the professor, who did not speak Hungarian well, could not identify, particularly due to its linguistic assimilation efforts. At the same time, he was critical of the constitutional views of the Hungarian noble opposition. He saw the possibility of the emergence of a modern constitutional and bureaucratic state primarily in Austria (after liberal reforms). During the revolutionary year of 1848, he was one of the last university lectures in Pest to teach in Latin before he retired. After the victory of Austrian neoabsolutism that suppressed the revolution, the Austrian government reactivated him, and in the following decade, he became the rector. During this time he leaded the unpopular educational reforms of Hungarian university education. After colaps of neoabsolutistic regime he removed to Vienna, where teached the Hungarian public law for university students. He was author of many important publications (in Latin, German and Hungarin) about the traditional Hungarian constitutional law, legal encyclopedy and methodology.