Abstract: This article systematizes theories of psychomotor disorders, human movement and psychomotor function. In it, we summarize the classical neuroanatomical theories of Vesalius, Brodmann, Charcot, and Luria; the fundamental psychoanalytic ideas of the psychic apparatus of Freud and Klein; and the contemporary neuropsychoanalytic concepts of Solms and Turnbull. As a result, we distinguish three main groups of theories: structural (with a neuroanatomical focus), linear (connecting the psychic with the physical aspect), and neuroplastic (looking for similarities between neuronal plasticity and the psychic adaptability of the psychic apparatus). These theories are presented in chronological order, with structural theories preceding linear theories, and linear theories serving as a transition to neuroplastic theories. In conclusion, psychomotor skills and synaptic conduction in the brain depend on the overall integrity of the organism, the interactions of the individual with the environment, and concomitant changes in neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, and cortisol.

The therapeutic methods used in pediatric neurorehabilitation should take into account the holism of psychomotor development and influence both motor and cognitive development. A method that is becoming more and more popular is Bilateral Integration Therapy by Sheila Dobie OBE. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge regarding this method, both its neurophysiological basis and the effectiveness of its use, as well as its potential applications in clinical practice.Bilateral Integration Therapy is a therapeutic method which primary task is to coordinate the work of the cerebral hemispheres by performing specific motor exercises, justified by the current knowledge in the field of anthropomotorics and neurophysiology. The application of this method is very wide, because it can be used both in adults and children, both in healthy people and in people with various neurological or psychomotor disorders. This method is based on current neurobiological, medical, psychological and pedagogical knowledge, and its effectiveness in shaping motor functions, somatognosia and academic skills has been confirmed empirically. Bilateral Integration Therapy is mainly used in schools to support a child's development, but it can also be an important part of neurorehabilitation programs.The Bilateral Integration Therapy method according to Sheila Dobie OBE is a very promising therapeutic and prophylactic method, both in the context of motor skills and cognitive processes. The use of the Bilateral Integration method in education systems and in health care systems may constitute a significant step towards the holistic support of a child's psychomotor development.

Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation and its regulatory effect on pain.

A set of protective clothing against infectious agents (PPE) is intended to prevent infection with pathogens, and the required high level of protection hinders heat exchange due to sweat evaporation. In heat stress conditions, evaporative heat loss through the skin from the user body to the external environment is then difficult or very limited, resulting in a significant impairment of overall heat exchange/transfer and, consequently, affects the productivity and health of PPE users. In order to check how the type of PPE clothing used and particular microclimatic conditions affect the subjective feelings of users, tests were conducted under controlled conditions in a climatic chamber. Two variants of the study were conducted: W1 - set with a barrier suit at an air temperature of 29 oC, W2 - set with a barrier suit at an air temperature of 22 oC. The results of the conducted studies indicate that the temperature of conducting the test has an impact on the subjective assessments of users of barrier clothing, after just 1 h of exposure. Controlling the air temperature (e.g. in a room) through air conditioning can reduce the intensity of physiological and psychomotor disorders.

KeyGAN: Synthetic keystroke data generation in the context of digital phenotyping

BackgroundAngelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease caused by imprinting disorders that impede the production of the ubiquitin E3A ligase protein (UBE3A). AS affects multiple systems, with the main symptoms including epilepsy, psychomotor disorders and speech development disorders. To date, no study has been conducted in the Polish population to verify the condition's diagnosis and treatment process.ResultsSeventy patients with the median age of 60 months were included into the analysis. 80% of patients were diagnosed with deletion, 19.9% with a mutation of UBE3A gene, 4.3% with paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) and 2.8% with an imprinting defect. The mean age of first symptoms was 5 months, while the mean age of diagnosis was 29 months (earliest in deletion group at 23 months), and the median duration of diagnosis process was 7 months. The average time to a clinical geneticist appointment was 3 months. 37.9% of the patients initially received a different diagnosis. Epileptic seizures were present in 88.6% of the individuals. 98.6% of the studied group were under care of a pediatric neurologist, 47.1% of a gastroenterologist. A ketogenic diet was used in 7.1% of patients. Caregivers identified finding a specialist suitable for AS patients and access to genetic testing as the biggest problems.ConclusionsThe care of patients with AS in Poland is carried out according to the European and world standards, however there is an impeded access to clinical geneticist, and the knowledge about rare diseases among primary healthcare physicians could be improved. Moreover, access to AS care specialists and coordination of care is limited. There is a need for creation a specialized centers and databases for AS patients.

Depression in children and adolescents is often under-diagnosed due to its complex and varied clinical presentation. This article analyzes the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors and clinical manifestations of depression in this population, through a retrospective study conducted at the child psychiatry department of the Abderrahim Harouchi mother-child hospital of the University Hospital Center Ibn Rochd in Casablanca- Morocco over two years. Out of 8720 new consultants, 820 presented with depressive elements, i.e. a prevalence of 9.4%. The main symptoms included psychomotor disorders, anhedonia, sleep disorders and suicidal ideation. The main risk factors were psychiatric family history in 59.3% of patients, and personal organic history and comorbidities in 11.8%. The clinical complexity of depression in children and adolescents underscores the importance of an individualized treatment approach. This study highlights the importance of early detection and appropriate management of depression in children and adolescents.

The evolution of the individual in ontogenesis has been studied throughout life and on all sides of development. Studies in the field based on medical rehability performed by a full team such as doctors, physiotherapists and psychologists and not only have shown that the link between the patient’s psychological state and exercise are factors in full dependence and any imbalance can trigger irreparable effects. Psychology is the science that studies the laws of formation, development, functioning and deficiencies related to psychism; it includes a series of fundamental concepts that include: psychic processes, psychic phenomena, psychic attributes, psychic states or psychic activities. Psychic phenomena are the component elements of psychism. In a sense, the psychic phenomena are manifested by external facts, by our behavior, by the motor actions started, by gestures or verbal actions; in the other sense, psychic phenomena are manifested by inner deeds, as the form of ideas, images, feelings, and desires. The motor acts without psychism would be only simple automatisms, without human specifications of adaptation, while the psychism without motor acts would be deprived of the fundamentals of formation and functioning as well as of its production mechanisms. Objective: The objective of this study is to highlight the causal problems of delayed medical recovery in relation to the psychological and emotional factors. This desktop review aims to identify psychoemotional disorders in the case of subjects with operated lumbar disc herniation and aims to adapt a specialized physiotherapeutic protocol by adapting to CIF. The result of this study will be found in the percentage of socio-professional reintegration of the subjects with operated lumbar disc herniation and implicitly the increase in the quality of life. Conclusions: 1) For an effective functional recovery, a psycho-emotional balance is needed; 2) A positive attitude actively influences medical rehabilitation; 3) Regaining physical, cognitive and social activities depend on the degree of psycho-emotional impairment.

Benefits of vagus nerve stimulation on psychomotor functions in patients with severe drug-resistant epilepsy

BackgroundThe monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) plays a vital role in maintaining brain thyroid hormone homeostasis. This transmembrane transporter is expressed at the brain barriers, as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and in neural cells, being the sole known thyroid hormone-specific transporter to date. Inactivating mutations in the MCT8 gene (SLC16A2) cause the Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome (AHDS) or MCT8 deficiency, a rare X-linked disease characterized by delayed neurodevelopment and severe psychomotor disorders. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of AHDS remain unclear, and no effective treatments are available for the neurological symptoms of the disease.MethodsNeurovascular unit ultrastructure was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. BBB permeability and integrity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, non-permeable dye infiltration assays and histological staining techniques. Brain blood-vessel density was evaluated by immunofluorescence and magnetic resonance angiography. Finally, angiogenic-related factors expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR. The studies were carried out both in an MCT8 deficient subject and Mct8/Dio2KO mice, an AHDS murine model, and their respective controls.ResultsUltrastructural analysis of the BBB of Mct8/Dio2KO mice revealed significant alterations in neurovascular unit integrity and increased transcytotic flux. We also found functional alterations in the BBB permeability, as shown by an increased presence of peripheral IgG, Sodium Fluorescein and Evans Blue, along with increased brain microhemorrhages. We also observed alterations in the angiogenic process, with reduced blood vessel density in adult mice brain and altered expression of angiogenesis-related factors during brain development. Similarly, AHDS human brain samples showed increased BBB permeability to IgG and decreased blood vessel density.ConclusionsThese findings identify for the first time neurovascular alterations in the MCT8-deficient brain, including a disruption of the integrity of the BBB and alterations in the neurovascular unit ultrastructure as a new pathophysiological mechanism for AHDS. These results open a new field for potential therapeutic targets for the neurological symptoms of these patients and unveils magnetic resonance angiography as a new non-invasive in vivo technique for evaluating the progression of the disease.

Motor Neurological Soft Signs (MNSS) has been increasingly studied in people with schizophrenia spectrum, contributing to the knowledge of psychomotor disorders. However, there is still scarce the availability of valid and reliable instruments for this assessment worldwide, and in Portugal there is none. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the factor structure model of the Portuguese version of the Brief Motor Scale. Method: The confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in a sample of 103 participants with schizophrenia, 82 males and 21 females, mean age 44.21 (+11.25). A one-factor model was compared with three two-factor models based on the literature and a previous exploratory factor analysis. Results: The results of this study showed good fit indices and provide evidence to support a two-factor model for the assessment of motor neurological soft signs in persons with schizophrenia. Conclusions: It was proposed a new construct for MNSS assessment consists of 2 domains and 9 items distributed among them.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is responsible for different post-natal adverse outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the post-natal psychomotor development status in 6 and 12-month-old IUGR infants who received early preventive interventions. A historical cohort study was done at an Iranian Hospital (2019). The case group included one-year-old infants with a history of IUGR at birth. This group was visited every 2 months to evaluate their growth and neurodevelopmental status. Their parents had also received some training to improve their infant's sensory and motor skills. The control group comprised one-year-old healthy infants with a history of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) at birth. Data related to psychomotor developmental indices based on the ASQ questionnaire at 6 and 12-month for both groups was extracted from subjects' records. Infants' psychomotor development status was compared between groups. Forty-one infants with a history of IUGR and 43 healthy control infants were included in this study. There were significant differences between 2 groups associated with abnormalities in all evaluated psychomotor skills, including gross motor (P=0.014), problem-solving ability (P=0.049), communication (P=0.031), fine motor (P=0.016) and personal-social (P=0.016) at 6 months. After one year of family-based interventions for the case group, significant differences between groups were notable in only fine motor (P=0.016) and personal-social skills (P=0.031). At 12 months, the psychomotor disorders related to gross motor, problem-solving ability, and communication were significantly alleviated in the IUGR group. Early preventive family-based interventions can improve the neurodevelopmental outcomes in 12-month-old IUGR infants.

The paper presents the evolution of the concentration level for four particle size groups of microaerosols (1.0, 2.5, 4.0 and 10.0 µm) in correlation with the microclimatic characteristics (temperature, humidity, lighting, pressure and concentration in CO2 and O2) in three active areas of the Targu Ocna Saltworks, currently used in treatments with solions (hydrated aerosols): in the vicinity of the walls of the old mining salt room, where there is a semi-wet static regime (SSR); in the transition area between the old rooms of exploitation with the semi-wet dynamic regime (DSR); and in the area of the waterfall and the marshy lake with the dynamic wet regime (DWR). The first and last halochamber are the ones recommended for cardio-respiratory, immuno-thyroid and osteo-muscular conditions, as well as in psycho-motor disorders. Based on questionnaires carried out over the course of a year, between 1 September 2021-31 August 2022, in two periods of stationing/treatment: a cold one (15 September 2021-15 December 2021) and a warm one (1 May 2022-30 July 2022), correlated with the data from the Salina medical office, achieved the profile of the improvement rate of the patients' ailments depending on the type of treatment (working regime in halochambers). These studies have allowed the optimization of the treatment conditions in the artificial surface halochambers in order to reduce the stationary period and optimize the treatment cycles.

Currently, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading ones in mortality among other causes. Increasingly, interventional methods are used in their treatment. In the postoperative period, complications in the form of somatogenic psychoses, including postoperative delirium, are not uncommon. The purpose of the review is to study the prevalence, pathophysiological hypotheses and mechanisms of delirium, as well as risk factors and outcomes associated with the development of this complication in cardiac surgery. Materials and methods. Information was searched in the PubMed database by Key words: delirium, postoperative period, cognitive dysfunction, cardiac surgery. The search yielded a total of 57 results. During the review of titles and abstracts, 47 articles were selected for detailed consideration. Results. There are three forms of postoperative delirium: hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed. The frequency of confused mental state development after heart surgery is 26-52%, and its hypoactive form dominates. Delirium is considered as an acutely developing, reversible nonspecific syndrome of multifactorial etiology, characterized by a combined disorder of consciousness and attention, perception, thinking, memory, sleep–wake rhythm, psychomotor disorders with alternating hypo- and hyperactivity. The factors influencing the onset of delirium include increased inflammatory response, changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters (especially acetylcholine), electrolyte and metabolic and hemodynamic disorders, and the presence of a genetic predisposition. There is a number of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for the development of delirium in patients after cardiac surgery. Delirium after cardiac surgery is associated with such adverse outcomes as increased mortality, stroke risk, sepsis development, more frequent repeated hospitalizations and persistent severe cognitive impairment during 1 year after the surgery. Differential diagnosis is carried out for depression, dementia, psychogenic psychoses and organic lesions of the central nervous system. Delirium treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause; it includes supportive therapy, correction of agitation, elimination of water-electrolyte disorders and elimination of provoking factors (discontinuation of the causal drug), replenishment of nutritional deficiencies, vitamins B12 or B1 (thiamine) with adequate dietary regimen and fluid intake. Conclusions. Taking into consideration that delirium is a dangerous condition that develops in the postoperative period, the following main provisions are important: 1) eliminate correctable risk factors in every period of surgical intervention in outpatient and inpatient settings; 2) carry out drug prevention and, if necessary, delirium therapy; 3) increase alertness regarding the occurrence of confused mental state episodes in patients in the postoperative period; 4) conduct screening in patients over the age of 65 to assess the main risk factors of delirium, cognitive impairment development.

Background. Children with psychomotor disorders are vulnerable to nutrient deficiencies, which significantly complicate their rehabilitation. The purpose of our study was to identify the nutrient deficiencies in preschool children with psychomotor disorders by analyzing their diet, revealing the relationship between the detected nutrient deficiencies, the gender of the children and their psychomotor disorders in order to improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Materials and methods. The diet of 53 preschool children with psychomotor disorders was analyzed using the Child’s Eating Behavior questionnaire, followed by analysis with the licensed computer program Dietplan7. Statistical processing was conducted using parametric and correlational analysis. Results. Different violations of eating behavior in children with psychomotor disorders were determined. They included, in particular, the refusal to consume a number of healthy foods, while preferring mainly semi-finished products, fast food, smoked products, rich in salt and sugar, spices. The diet of most examined children was unbalanced in terms of the content of basic nutrients, vitamins and minerals: an excess of proteins, fats and calories, numerous combined vitamin and mineral deficiencies were detected. A reliable correlation was found between the daily consumption of nutrients and neurological pathology that was most significant in subgroups of children with mental retardation. Conclusions. In the food diet of many children with psychomotor disorders, there were unhealthy eating patterns typical of the Western diet. Numerous deficiencies in the daily consumption of basic nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, were found in them, which had a probable correlation with neurological disorders. To improve the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of children with psychomotor disorders, a multidisciplinary approach is advisable with the involvement of a nutritionist for personalized correction of the child’s diet.

The restrictions due to COVID-19 have left their mark on the education of children with disabilities. Conducting physical therapy classes online was a necessity and at the same time a challenge for both teachers and parents. The purpose of this paper was to investigate spatio-temporal orientation, followed by the design and implementation of stimulation programs for education, by applying multisensory intervention programs conducted online. The study included 27 students with DS and associated conditions. The groups were established according to the kinetic diagnosis, motor and psychomotor disorders of each child. The statistical analysis was quantitative, with a significance level of 95%. The dependent test was used to highlight the significance of the rate of progress achieved by the children. Results obtained for the psychomotor component—spatial orientation registered an increase of 1.81 units, between the initial and the final test. The value of the Student-t test calculated t between the two tests is 6.20 so 6.20 > 2.056 (Table Fischer) and as a result the differences are significant (p < 0.05). Regarding the psychomotor component, for temporal orientation, the results registered an increase of 1.37 units between the initial and the final test. The value of the Student t test calculated between the two tests is 7.68 so 7.68 > 2.056 (Table Fischer), and as a result the differences are significant between the averages of the two tests (p < 0.05). Following the experiment, the results obtained by the subjects, at the final test, were superior to the initial ones, with differences between statistically significant arithmetic averages for all components of the investigated psychomotor ability: spatial orientation and temporal orientation.

In modern societies, including that of Poland, a weakening of the family's caring functions is observed, while simultaneously the demographic process of ageing in these societies intensifies. Being able to provide proper care for the elderly is one of the most significant challenges of ageing societies, necessary to minimise the risk of neglect and self-neglect in this population. In response to the growing needs of society, traditional informal care is being replaced by care of a formal nature, in the form of inpatient institutional care, among others. At the end of 2021, there were 2015 inpatient social care institutions in Poland, 164 more than in 2020. The largest group of residents in stationary social care institutions were those aged 65 and over, i.e., more than half of all residents. In the group of residents of social care facilities for the elderly, one of the most common syndromes affecting cognitive function is dementia, including dementia of the Alzheimer's type, vascular dementia, and dementia in the course of Parkinson's disease. In addition, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is also found in this group. Many residents of 24-hour care facilities, who constitute the elderly population, are diagnosed with multimorbidity. In addition, a significant proportion of the disease entities diagnosed in this population are categorised as Geriatric Giants. Disease entities affecting the level of physical activity of elderly residents of 24-hour care facilities include Parkinson's disease, depression, and various types of dementia.

Based on the analysis of literature sources and many years of personal pedagogical experience, the article systematizes forms of inclusive physical development of preschoolers with special educational needs, including various types of musculoskeletal disorders (cerebral palsy, spinal paresis, delayed psychomotor development, psychomotor disorders, translational problems, etc.). Such forms included: the teacher works with one child with SEN, but parents or close relatives are present as partners in the class; the teacher works individually with one child with SEN; the teacher works individually with one child, but toy partners are used as partners for her; the teacher deals autonomously with two children with SEN with similar diagnoses (variant of "related couple"); the teacher deals with two children (a child with SEN and a healthy child); the whole subgroup of children with SEN is completely autonomous from their healthy peers (at different times or in different rooms); children with SEN are present at classes of their healthy peers as spectators-observers; "Free style" (when children with SEN choose their own options for communication with healthy peers); option, when children are constantly engaged in the same group with healthy peers, but kept relatively independent of them; option, when children with special educational needs are engaged with healthy peers only for some time, performing feasible for them motor-game tasks; option, when all children with SEN are engaged in a mode of partial autonomy from healthy peers (are in the same room with them, but technically separated from them by sports equipment); all children with SEN are engaged in partial autonomy from healthy peers (are in the same room with them, but separated from them by a transparent curtain net), with some of them periodically switching to healthy children and then returning ("migration" option); "Guardian" option (when for each child with SEN assigned 1 - 3 assistants from healthy peers); different combinations of the above options depending on the pedagogical situation

Purpose: to reveal the reliability of the effectiveness of the developed author's system for correcting the physical development of young and preschool children with psychomotor disorders. Material and methods. A total of 208 children of early (2-3 years) and younger preschool (3-4 years) age with psychomotor disorders took part in the study. Specially organized studies of the effectiveness of the system of corrective physical education for children of early and younger preschool age with psychomotor disorders were conducted during 2019 - 2021. They took place in specialized preschool education institutions, as well as kindergartens of the combined type in the city of Odesa, Odesa region, as well as in the cities of Kramatorsk, Kharkiv, Mykolaiv, Balaklia (Kharkiv region). I also summarized my own long-term (over 25 years) experience of individual rehabilitation activities with the specified contingent of children in the Odessa Movement Rehabilitation Center. All children were divided into two groups: 108 from experimental groups and 100 from control groups. Results. Summarizing the analysis of the results of the dynamics of physical development indicators of children with psychomotor disorders (on the example of the study of their posture), we should conclude that almost all the indicators of children from the experimental groups had a marked improvement in results, which in the absolute majority of cases was confirmed statistically (P<0,01‒0,05). Children from control groups also demonstrated some improvement of physical development indicators, but it was by no means confirmed by the methods of mathematical statistics (P>0,05). Conclusions: the conducted formative pedagogical experiment confirmed the reliability of the effectiveness of the developed author's system of correction of physical development of children of early and early preschool age with psychomotor disorders in comparison with the traditional system of their education.


 
 
 
 Background: Mental disorders are psychological or behavioral disorders that occur in a person, generally associated with affective, behavioral, cognitive and perceptual disorders. Schizophrenic patients have symptoms including thought process disorders, affective and emotional disorders, volitional disorders, psychomotor disorders and secondary symptoms in the form of delusions and hallucinations. Hallucinations are one of the symptoms of mental disorders where the client experiences changes in sensory perception, feels false sensations in the form of sound, sight, taste, touch or smell. The client feels a stimulus that is not actually there. Schizophrenia is a major disorder in thought processes and disharmony between thought processes, affect and emotions. Schizophrenia has the main symptom of decreased sensory perception, namely hallucinations. Destination : To apply Art Therapy to the Nursing Care of Patients with Auditory Hallucinations at Madani Hospital Palu. Research methods : Descriptive Research with Case Study approach. Measuring instrument : The measuring instrument used to relieve auditory hallucinations is using an observation sheet. Research result : It was found that the patient's complaint during the assessment was that the patient looked restless, often paced back and forth the patient said he heard whispering sounds like he wanted to scold people, the patient said the voice came when the patient was alone and before going to sleep. with nursing diagnoses Auditory hallucinations. The nursing intervention carried out a strategy for implementing auditory hallucinations, namely training how to rebuke, converse, doing activities, one of which was Art Therapy, taking medication regularly. Suggestion :Conclusion: The application of Art Therapy can control hallucinations at Madani Hospital Palu. Suggestion : It is hoped that nurses can apply Art Therapy to patients who experience hallucinations.