Psychological Literature Research Articles

A Theoretical Framework for the Development of Need for Cognition in Childhood and Adolescence.

Extensive research has highlighted the importance of Need for Cognition (NFC) in various contexts, but our understanding of its development remains limited. In particular, the current psychological literature is relatively silent regarding the factors influencing NFC development. We aim to address this gap by proposing a developmental model of NFC based on the principles of the Cognitive Adaptation Trait Theory (CATT). Through a comprehensive review of the current literature, we elucidate the potential key components contributing to the development of NFC in childhood and adolescence. Additionally, we outline several potential strategies to foster NFC development based on the key components of the model. The model aims to provide a starting point for future research on possible mechanisms underlying the development of NFC. Moving forward, future research should empirically test these hypotheses in real-world settings to enhance our understanding of NFC development and validate the suggested fostering strategies on their effectiveness.

Competence Awareness for Humans and Machines: A Survey and Future Research Directions from Psychology

Machine learning researchers are beginning to understand the need for machines to be able to self-assess their competence and express it in a human understandable form. However, current machine learning algorithms do not yet have the range or complexity of competence awareness measures present in humans. This review first describes progress towards competence awareness in machines, and then examines the psychology literature on competence awareness and competence motivation to identify the limitations of current competence awareness algorithms. The article concludes with a discussion of the necessary and promising future research directions for creating competence-aware machines.

Racial Minorities Face Discrimination From Across the Political Spectrum When Seeking to Form Ties on Social Media: Evidence From a Field Experiment

We conducted a preregistered field experiment examining racial discrimination in tie formation on social media. We randomly assigned research accounts varying on race (Black, White) and politics (liberal/Democrat, conservative/Republican, neutral) to follow a politically balanced sample of Twitter (i.e., X) users (N = 5,951) who were unaware they were in a research study. We examined three predictions from the social and political psychology literatures: i) individuals favor White over Black targets, ii) this tendency is stronger for conservatives/Republicans than for liberals/Democrats, and iii) greater discrimination by conservatives/Republicans is explained by the assumption that racial minorities are liberal/Democrat. We found evidence that individuals were less likely to reciprocate social ties with Black accounts than White accounts. However, this tendency was not moderated by individuals’ political orientation, shared partisanship, or partisan mismatch. In sum, this work provides field experimental evidence for racial discrimination in tie formation on social media by individuals across political backgrounds.

Response-shift effect for self-assessment: Magnitude and accuracy within an interprofessional education course

ObjectiveResponse-shift has described a shift in respondents' self-assessment following an impactful experience—where a respondent may initially score themselves higher than their true ability on Pre-assessment, though shifted/lowered their initial ability-score (on Post-assessment) after they learned further. While the psychological literature had described this ‘response-shift’ effect decades ago, our objective at this time was to evaluate the magnitude that response-shift was occurring in our interprofessional education (IPE) context and using our own self-assessment instrument. MethodsUsing a standard response-shift study design, first-year health-professions students within a foundational IPE course completed beginning-of-course (Pre) and end-of-course (Post) self-assessments based on that IPE course's student-learning-objectives; additionally at course-end, students completed a retrospective-beginning-of-course (RetroPre) self-assessment (to reflect and score themselves retrospectively for course's beginning). Paired t-tests compared each student's Post minus Pre (Conventional) versus Post minus RetroPre (Adjusted-effect); effect-sizes used Cohen's-d. ResultsAmong 267 students, conventional change had a 0.5 effect-size (medium), while adjusted-effect change was 1.5 (very-large). Notably, some students’ conventional change was negative, though none of those same students reported negative-change in their adjusted-effect. ConclusionWe found a substantial response-shift in our educational context, and evidence for improved accuracy. Moreover, RetroPre/Post appeared more efficient for students (as they could complete both in one sitting at course-end, instead of twice with conventional Pre/Post), and staff (no one needed to match each student's Pre and Post assessments).

Методология управления качеством образования на основе интегративной оценки

The article focuses on the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of education quality management at a technical university, based on fundamental research and key ideas of scientists; theories of vocational, engineering and technical education; conceptual provisions, principles of assessment activities, approaches and research methods; the conceptual-categorical apparatus is clarified. Aim. To identify and generalize the theoretical and methodological foundations of education quality management at a technical university, to find its niche, basis and «foundation». Methods. Analysis of philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical literature, scientific sources; state and regulatory documents on the research problem; analysis of the main concepts of this work. Results. The scientific foundations for creating an education quality management system at a technical university have been developed based on integrative assessment and monitoring of student professional development using digital resources, which ensures continuous correlation of this information with the requirements for a graduate specified in the Federal State Educational Standard and the OPOP (for a specific training profile), and adjustment taking into account these indicators of didactic conditions for the professional and personal development of students. Scientific novelty. Based on a generalization of the experience of fundamental research and key ideas of scientists in the field of pedagogy, sociology, psychology, philosophy a conceptual position is formulated on which the mechanism for managing the quality of education at a technical university is based. The practical significance of the research results is determined by the fact that in the practice of managing the quality of education, it becomes possible to evaluate the professional development of students on an integrative basis, predict changes in the development of students, and plan specific management decisions within the framework of this system.

Romantic Relationships as a Source of Significance

ABSTRACTDrawing on significance quest theory and its derived model of romantic relationships, we demonstrated that perceiving romantic partners as having socially valued qualities (partners’ merit) and as admiring and caring (partners’ appreciation) enhanced actors’ significance gained through the romantic relationship which, in turn, increased the likelihood to enter (Studies 1A and 1B) and maintain (Study 2) romantic relationships. Further, Study 3 demonstrated that significance gained through romantic relationships and inclusion of the other in the self were independently associated with romantic partners’ merit and appreciation and the likelihood of maintaining romantic relationships. Finally, Study 4 showed that people experiencing feelings of significance loss were more sensitive to their partners’ merit and appreciation features. Findings are compared with the rich social psychological literature on romantic relationships and future directions are outlined.

Trusting Employees to Deliver Results in Times of Change

Trusting Employees to Deliver Results in Times of Change explores the research foundation showing that building trust is key to empowering high performance, especially during periods of organizational change and uncertainty. Drawing from literature in psychology, management, and organizational behavior, the article discusses factors that contribute to developing organizational trust, with a focus on the pivotal role of managers as "trust anchors." Practical strategies are provided for fostering trust through transparent communication, participative decision-making, skill development support, and empowering teams with autonomy. The article also shares examples from the retail banking and technology industries to illustrate how trust-based approaches aided successful navigations of major transformations. The conclusion reinforces that trusting employees to problem-solve enables engagement and results, even amid disruption.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING SAFE BEHAVIOR SKILLS IN CHILDREN OF THE SENIOR PRESCHOOL GROUP

In the article, the authors consider the problems that hinder the development of safe behavior skills of children of the senior preschool group. A literary review of the works of foreign and Kazakhstani teachers and scientists on the safe behavior of older preschool children is made. The definitions of “safety” and “safe behavior” are analyzed. The current state of work on the development of safe behavior skills in a preschool organization, at home, on the street is studied; the characteristic of behavioral reactions of senior preschool children is given; the normative legal documents, the State mandatory standard of preschool education and training of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Standard curriculum of preschool education and training of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the educational direction “Formation of socio-emotional skills” are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify current problems that hinder the development of safe behavior skills in children of the senior preschool group. The authors analyzed the types of child safety (social, physical and psychological, information, transport, educational, environmental, medical, legal and others), which are currently debatable. Based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, the current problems of ensuring and threatening the safety of children at home, on the street, in a preschool organization are identified. The ways of solving the problems reflected in foreign and Kazakhstani studies on ensuring the safety of older preschool children are considered. In the perspective of our research, determining the effectiveness of “playful learning” in the development of safe behavior skills and its implementation in the educational process of a preschool organization.

THE STUDY OF TEACHING APPLIED DECORATIVE ARTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS THROUGH SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS: A REVIEW OF METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE

This article discusses the challenges of teaching applied decorative arts through software tools in higher education institutions. It examines the degree to which pedagogical, psychological, and methodological literature has studied these challenges and analyzes the current state of the subject within the higher education system. The paper emphasizes the importance of using digital resources and educational technologies to enhance learning outcomes, improve teaching quality, and align with international standards.

Delegitimizing protest: Psychology's omissions and commissions

AbstractPsychological research has failed to take accountability for the ways it has aligned with State interests, at the expense of solidarity with Black people protesting the criminal legal system and pursuing liberation in the U.S. Through a case study analysis of six psychological research articles, ranging from 1968 to 2022, this paper tracks evidence of psychology's alignment with the State's interests. Evidence emerges in clinical disease(s) assigned to enslaved and incarcerated Black people (drapetomania, protest psychosis) and in empirical assumptions and (il)logics binding research methods and analyses. While theoretical and methodological frameworks, language (“patients,” “rioters,” “ghetto residents,” “minority group members”) and levels of analysis (psyche, personality, social, community, identity, movement) evolve over time and across subdisciplines, racialized carceral ideologies persist across psychological research approaches. By tracing carceral footprints across this vast psychological literature, this analysis reveals how traditional empirical research weaponized pathologizing and criminalizing accounts to delegitimize Black protests of State violence from the Civil Rights Movement to the Movement for Black Lives and beyond.

Editor bias and diversifying psychology: Commentary on Sharpe (2024).

Sharpe (2024) draws attention to the role that editors may play in perpetuating bias in the published psychological literature. While Sharpe focuses on perspective-related diversity in reducing such bias, I argue that identity-related diversity is paramount. Editors play an important role in diversifying the scholarly conversation by recruiting diverse reviewers and providing clear and encouraging feedback on submissions. Further, enhancing the identities represented in the scholarly conversation is crucial to ensuring that editorial decisions are well-informed, that published science is of high quality, and that published literature is less biased. In addition to bringing scholarly expertise, editors must embrace a compassionate, humble, and courageous stance in their role as gatekeepers for our science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Does shared tenure between board of directors and CEO affect R&D investment?

Psychology literature suggests that shared tenure between individuals affects how they communicate and share information. Given that the relationship between board of directors and CEO involves extensive interactions and information-sharing to maintain shareholders' interests, this study seeks an answer as to whether that shared tenure between directors and CEO affects R&D investments. Using a sample of firms listed in the UK FTSE350 index between 2010 and 2019, we find that directors–CEO shared tenure positively affects R&D intensity. The study has implications for corporate governance and strategic management literature by highlighting Board–CEO shared tenure as a new factor affecting R&D investments. This study has implications for practice and policy-makers. In particular, companies that are eager to strengthen corporate governance and maintain sustained innovation might consider the shared tenure between directors and CEO.

The Relevance of Rewards in Performance- Based Management Control

This study aims to increase the understanding of how employees in different or-ganizational contexts and hierarchical levels explain and appreciate, i.e. under-stand, their organisation's reward systems. Two different schools of thought have dominated the debate of how to conceptualize the role of rewards in performance management and organisation psychology literature: agency theory and self-determination theory. This study combines these schools and take both monetary aspects into account in line with what is prescribed in agency theory and more non-financial aspects that self-determination consider. The study applies a case study approach based on interviews and publicly available information from five Finnish organisations. The organisations analysed operate in different sectors, have different organisational structures, and use different reward systems. From a careful investigation of the five different organisations, a cross-sectional picture emerges showing the role of reward systems in companies, and their perceived importance as management control tools. The findings show that reward transpar-ency and fair communication are the most significant factors affecting the experi-ence of employees towards performance-based management control system that is used to allocate rewards. Monetary rewards should also be complemented and linked with social non-financial rewards to reach the decent management control acceptance and understanding in the organisation.

Indianising Psychology: Furthering the Legacy of Durganand Sinha

Written as a commentary on an article penned by Durganand Sinha (1965) for the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, this article of mine shows that he was a true visionary in proposing the integration of Indian psychological thought with modern psychology—the credit for which is almost non-existent in the mainstream psychological literature. Post the publication of his article, there have been certain developments in the West in the growth of the discipline of consciousness studies, which explicitly bear the mark of his contentions. As far as India is concerned, he most certainly influenced the growth of Indian psychology, which this article elucidates by going into its history. Finally, my own publications in the field of Indian psychology show an inadvertent connection with a couple of his enunciations, which allows me to argue and explicate that the legacy that he has left behind lingers on.

A content analysis of counseling psychology literature: Resilience against oppression among people of color.

The researchers analyzed articles from two flagship counseling psychology journals (i.e., Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist) to examine current understandings of resilience. There were 54 articles included in the final analysis that spanned the years 1997-2022. The researchers conducted a content analysis to identify, analyze, and report patterns across counseling psychology journals with regard to how resilience has been defined, the racial/ethnic groups that were of focus, and the forms of oppression that were studied or addressed. Five themes were generated that are a direct representation of the topics within previous literature on resilience in the field of counseling psychology. Those topics included: (a) ways of coping, (b) ethnic and racial identity, (c) advocacy/collective action, (d) personality factors, and (e) ability to endure stress and thrive. Implications for future research, clinical applications, mentoring, and advocacy are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Using Freely Generated Labels Instead of Rating Scales to Assess Emotion in Everyday Life.

To measure emotion in daily life, studies often prompt participants to repeatedly rate their feelings on a set of prespecified terms. This approach has yielded key findings in the psychological literature yet may not represent how people typically describe their experiences. We used an alternative approach, in which participants labeled their current emotion with at least one word of their choosing. In an initial study, estimates of label positivity recapitulated momentary valence ratings and were associated with self-reported mental health. The number of unique emotion words used over time was related to the balance and spread of emotions endorsed in an end-of-day rating task, but not to other measures of emotional functioning. A second study tested and replicated a subset of these findings. Considering the variety and richness of participant responses, a free-label approach appears to be a viable as well as compelling means of studying emotion in everyday life.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ В ВУЗАХ КАЗАХСТАНА

This work examines the problem of social integration of international students. The work analyzes scientific sources, as well as psychological and pedagogical literature, and assesses the level of social integration of students, which should be taken into account in the process of their communication and study. The definitions of "social adaptation" are disclosed in the article. The author conducts an anonymous survey using an online platform to identify the problems that foreign students face in the process of social adaptation, and draws conclusions about the factors that have an exact impact on the integration of students in domestic universities.The article notes the positive effect that co-education of foreign students with domestic students has on the development of the status of a higher educational institution, as well as on a deeper understanding by foreign students of the values of the environment in which they have immersed themselves. It should be noted that the author of the article emphasizes that the involvement of foreign students in the educational and educational process develops their personalities as full-fledged members of the society of the country in which they study at a higher educational institution.

Gender and Professional Identities in Businesswomen's Negotiation.

Gender roles and expectations for women have been shown to account for why women tend to negotiate ineffectively in business settings. Drawing from the psychological literature on multiple identities, this paper examines how individual differences in perceived compatibility between gender and professional identities-captured by the construct Gender-Professional Identity Integration (G-PII)-shape businesswomen's negotiation behaviors. Two studies examined how G-PII interacts with identity cues and cue valence to influence negotiation outcomes. We found that those who perceived their gender and professional identities as compatible (high G-PII) exhibited an "assimilation" effect-they negotiate more effectively when their professional identity was primed by professional identity cues and when prototypical female traits were positively linked to negotiation success, and negotiated less effectively when their gender identity was primed by gender identity cues and when prototypical female traits were negatively linked to negotiation success. However, businesswomen who perceived their gender and professional identities as incompatible (low G-PII) exhibited the opposite "contrast" effect. These findings suggest that the way women negotiate is influenced in part by individual differences in perceptions of compatibility between multiple identities.

Endorsing Deviance: Examining the Influence of Legitimacy and Injustice on Responses to Strain

ABSTRACT Although scholars have theoretically addressed how information from others can affect justice processes, little empirical research investigates how individuals make sense of a distributive injustice when also attending to other justice and legitimacy concerns. This research examines how legitimacy conditions emotional and behavioral responses to various forms of injustice associated with strain. Drawing from General Strain Theory (GST) and the social psychological literature on legitimacy and justice, I investigate how endorsement of a deviant response to injustice, while failing to support the perpetrator of injustice, influences negative affect and projected deviant coping in response to a distributively unjust blocked goal. A randomized vignette survey was distributed to a sample of undergraduates. Results reveal that legitimacy affects perceptions of justice and conditions the effect of unjust strain on negative affect and the likelihood of deviance, but only when certain types of injustice are present.

Blame: What is it good for?

ABSTRACT An emerging strand of research claims that blame is justified on the basis of its instrumental role in serving to ‘cultivate’ or ‘scaffold’ moral agency in those to whom it is directed. On these instrumentalist accounts, our actual collective responsiveness to moral considerations is largely explained by the scaffolding or cultivating force of blame as directed at us. We believe that there is some reason to be sceptical of the instrumental role assigned to blame on these accounts. This is because there is evidence from the psychology literature on prosocial behaviour and moral development that blame may be directly ineffective; it may be ineffective in inculcating moral norms in the children and young adults to whom it is directed. We concede that blame may have this proximate instrumental role in scaffolding moral behaviour in adults, however we believe that such accounts overlook what we think is likely the more central instrumental role of blame. This is the role blame plays in the moral ecology: the models, narratives, scripts, and cultural frameworks that we internalize. The most central instrumental role of blame, we claim, is to indirectly foster moral considerations responsive agency in third parties through modelling behaviour observed in the moral ecology.