Winged Bean Research Articles

Electrohydrodynamic drying of plant seeds with the shape variation

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying is a dryer that does not require moving parts and is environmentally friendly and it results more durable. The purpose of it study is to compare among the physical characteristics of the results of the EHD Drying of the crop seeds with variations in shape. This research used samples of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds, Long Bean (Vegna Unguiculata ssp) Seeds and Winged bean (Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus) Seeds. It is in variations in diameter of seeds form. EHD flow is yield corona discharge plasma. It is using 10 pairs x 10 pairs of electrodes wich have configuration pin-three concentris ring. It is generated with applied high voltage of 18 kV, the gap electrode 4 mm and drying time 0-35 minutes with a 5 minute time interval. According to the results obtained, the graph of drying rate and the energy efficiency of all seeds sample is the maximum at the beginning of drying is after a 30 minute drying time and then decays with additional drying time. The drying rate and energy efficiency of the cucumber seeds is the largest and the winged bean seeds are the smallest.

Utilization of Natural Coagulant Substance (Tamarind and Winged Bean Seed) on the Quality of Tofu Wastewater in Muntilan, Magelang

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of various mass in tamarind and winged bean seeds on pH, TDS, and COD in tofu factory wastewater. The research was conducted at the Chemistry Research Laboratory of FMIPA UNY in December 2018. The results showed that the addition of various mass in tamarind and winged bean seeds as much as 7, 9, and 11 grams of tofu factory wastewater had an effect on pH which increased from the initial condition of 2.5 to 2.6; 2.7; 2.8 in tamarind seeds, and 2.8; 2.9; 3.0 on winged beans. The COD test increased from the initial condition of 6619.20 mg / L to 7312, 64; 7880, 00; 8195.20 mg / L in tamarind seeds, and 9140.80; 10464.64; 9329.92 mg / L in winged bean seeds which have decreased again in the addition of 11-gram coagulant substance mass. TDS test has increased from the initial conditions of 1512 mg / L to 1715; 1736; 1848 mg / L in tamarind seeds, and 1890; 1988; 1855 mg / L in winged bean seeds.

Effects of shading on the growth, development and yield of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different shading regimes [i.e., 60% (heavy), 30% (moderate), and 0% (control)] on 25 traits associated with the morphological features, photosynthetic gas exchange and agronomic characteristics of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), an underutilized protein-rich legume from the tropics. Collectively, 80% of the studied variables displayed significant differences (P<0.05) between at least two shade treatments. Shading generally showed most pronounced effect on the physiological traits of the legume, whereby the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic and transpiration rate differed significantly among plants for all treatments. The non-shaded plants were observed to have superior growth and physiological responses than the shaded plants. Interestingly, the moderately shaded plants exhibited the highest yield per plant, which significantly differed from the non-shaded and heavily shaded plants. This indicated that winged bean can adapt to partial canopy cover, making it a potential nitrogen-fixing cash crop which can be planted together with fruit or oil trees in commercial plantations.

Comparative analysis of Genetic Diversity among Pod Vegetables Genetic Resources Potential in Indonesia Revealed by ISSR Markers

Kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata ssp unguiculata), kacang panjang (V. unguiculata ssp sesquipedalis), kacang Bogor (V. subterranea), koro kratok (Phaseolus lunatus), kacang merah (P. vulgaris), koro pedang (Canavalia ensiformis), koro benguk (Mucuna pruriens) dan kecipir(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) merupakan sayuran polong penting di Indonesia dari tanaman kacang-kacangan. Tanaman tersebut bernilai ekonomi tinggi dan kaya nutrisi dengan kandungan protein biji keringnya yang hampir sama dengan kedelai dan dapat menunjang kesehatan manusia sekaligus menunjang pangan di masa depan. Informasi keragaman genetik di antara sayuran polong yang berbeda masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keragaman genetik dalam dan antar sayuran polong yang berbeda spesies berdasarkan marka ISSR. Sebanyak 32 aksesi sayuran polong dianalisis menggunakan 11 primer ISSR menghasilkan 80 pita polimorfik dengan persentase polimorfisme sebesar 100% dan primer informatif yang didapat adalah PKBT 3 dan PKBT 6. Hasil analisis kluster dan analisis PCA mengelompokkan 32 aksesi tersebut ke dalam delapan kluster dan menunjukkan mayoritas aksesi yang satu spesies mengelompok bersama. Koefisien kemiripan genetik Gower keseluruhan aksesi berkisar antara 0.425-0.988, dan koefisien kemiripan delapan spesies berkisar antara0.444 – 0.700. Hubungan kekerabatan antara spesies V. subterranean - C. Ensiformis memiliki jarak genetik terkecil, sedangkan jarak genetik terbesar ditemukan antara spesies P. vulgaris - M. pruriens. Penentuan kekerabatan tersebut bermanfaat untuk pemahaman yang lebih lanjut tentang hubungan di antara sayuran polong yang berbeda spesies, yang umumnya dianggap sebagai kelompok yang kompleks dengan variabilitas fenotipik yang tinggi.
 Kata kunci: jarak genetik, kacang-kacangan, koefisien kemiripan, pengelompokan, polimorfisme

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN WAKTU PANEN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA BIJI KECIPIR

In Indonesia, the utilization of winged bean seeds as a food source is very limited. Currently there is inadequate information on the characteristics of the seeds, especially the chemical properties associated with its maturity. This research aimed to analyze the chemical properties of winged bean obtained from different harvesting time. Three different harvesting times were investigated, i.e. eight (K1), twelve (K2), and as six (6) weeks after the first flowering stage as a control. K1 and K2 were dried at 40°C (24 h) to mimic the conventional preparation of beans practiced in Indonesia, while K3 was unripe seeds commonly consumed fresh thus it is analyzed as fresh seeds. K1 and K2 have water content between 12.3-13.0% (wb), ash content 4.7-4.8% (db), lipid content 13.4-15.4% (db), protein content 38.9-40.7% (db), carbo-hydrate content 40.8-41.0% (db), total phenolic content 7.6 and 5.3 mg GAE/g (db), antioxidant activity (IC50) 558.3 and 511.1 µg/mL, starch content 25.6-29.1%, reducing sugar content 1.3-1.7 mg/g. Mean-while, the unripe winged bean seeds (K3) has water content of 75.5% (wb), ash content 5.0% (db), protein content 19.6% (db), carbohydrate content 68.4% (db), total phenolic content of 59.4 mg GAE/g (db), anti-oxidant activity (IC50) 485.6 µg/mL, starch content 7.2% and reducing sugar 5.4 mg/g. Based on these che-mical properties and time efficiency, harvesting winged bean at 8 weeks (K1) was sufficient to produce winged bean potential as protein source, as well as a potential functional foods with good antioxidant acti-vity, total phenolic content, low starch and reducing sugar.

Analysis of Genetic Variation Among Cowpea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations Evidenced from Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Sequences

AbstractAphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or cowpea aphid is a polyphagous insect pest that feeds on a variety of leguminous plants. We determined the contribution of host-associated genetic differentiation on population structure using the sequence data generated from analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b oxidase (Cytb) and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1-alpha) of A. craccivora collected from cultivated yardlong bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) H. Ohashi.] (Fabales: Fabaceae) and winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.] (Fabales: Fabaceae). Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses revealed no evidence of strong host plant or geographical clustering in both the mitochondrial and nuclear gene dataset. A moderate, low-magnitude genetic distance (FST) between host plants and geographical localities was found in this study. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that host plant and geography do not influence the structure of genetic variation in A. craccivora populations. Genetic variation between host plants at a location and host plants among locations demonstrated no consistent result for population subdivision of A. craccivora. These results suggest that geographical location and host plants do not significantly influence the genetic structure of A. craccivora, and this might be due to their high reproductive (parthenogenesis) ability and high migration (airborne) between host plants and regions of the country.

Prospects for developing an early maturing variety of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) in Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract. Eagleton GE. 2019. Prospects for developing an early maturing variety of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3142-3152. To investigate the possibility of producing a more convenient, early-maturing cultivar of winged bean for vegetable growers in West Java, an early flowering accession introduced from Singapore Botanic Gardens (‘Singha’, the female parent) was crossed with a vegetatively vigorous, late-maturing, local winged bean accession (‘Bogor’, the male parent). The phenology and general performance of plants of the parental accessions and of their F1 and F2 hybrid generations were compared in the plant nursery of the Bogor Botanic Gardens (6036’ S, 106048’ E) in three successive experiments over ten months. In each of the three experimental plantings, the mean number of days to first open flower for the Bogor variety (B) was more than 40 days later than for the Singha variety (S). There was no significant difference in the average number of days to first open flower between F1 plants (S x B) and Singha plants in the first two experiments, but in the third experiment the F1 plants flowered 23 days later than the Singha parent. The phenological development of all genotypes, but especially the Bogor variety, appeared to be retarded by long daylengths. Out of nineteen F2 plants included in the third experiment, six flowered at least as early as the average of the early flowering Singha parent, nine overlapped the distribution for the F1 plants, while only two were as late as the Bogor parent. It was inferred that flowering time in this particular cross was influenced as much by dominance effects as by additive genetic effects, with early flowering dominant to late flowering. Plants in the first two experiments were severely affected by collar-rot disease with no difference between genotypes. In the third experiment, planted in a potting-mix in poly-bags that avoided the collar-rot, all plants of the Singha and most plants of the F1 and F2 generations became infected by false-rust disease Synchytrium psophocarpi (Rac.) Baumann, whereas none of the Bogor plants exhibited symptoms of false-rust. The results support the finding in a previous study by Aminah-Lubis and Sastrapradja (1981) that the resistance to false rust disease found in Bogor winged bean varieties is conferred by genes that are recessive to genes conferring susceptibility to the disease. This investigation has implications for breeding improved varieties of vegetable winged bean and for understanding the evolution of winged bean as a crop.

In search of alternative proteins: unlocking the potential of underutilized tropical legumes

Protein is one of the essential nutrients required for almost every task of a human’s cellular life. Severe protein malnutrition, which can cause a fatal outcome, is the leading cause of death for infants and children in many African and Asian countries that have little to no access to complete proteins. Complete proteins, which contain all nine amino acids essential for human health, are usually found in animal-based foods such as meat and dairy products. The overconsumption of animal-based proteins, however, can potentially increase the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Recent years have witnessed enhanced awareness about the health benefits of substituting animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins, especially in developed countries. Nitrogen-fixing grain legumes are considered important sources of protein in many developing countries because they are generally cheaper than meat or cereals. Extensive research has been conducted on several well-known legumes, notably soybean, which is the most economically important legume worldwide. Nevertheless, many lesser-known legumes with similar nutritional properties to soybean are still underdeveloped, including winged bean, lentil, lima bean, lablab, and bambara groundnut, which are commonly grown in the tropics. Only now are these species receiving more scientific attention. This review highlights the potential of these tropical legumes as future major sources of plant-based proteins, along with the critical research areas for their improvement. We provide insights into how these underutilized legumes could help resolve the global protein crisis and address food insecurity issues.

Nutrient and Antinutrient Composition of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) Seeds and Tubers

Many people in sub-Saharan Africa suffer from protein malnutrition; this results in negative health and economic impacts. Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is a tropical underutilized legume with beneficial nutritional characteristics such as high protein content, which may help to alleviate these problems. The proximate composition (fat, moisture content, crude protein, ash, and carbohydrate) and antinutrient (tannin and phytate) level of winged bean seeds and tubers were determined using 50 accessions. In the processed seeds, accession Tpt17 had the highest protein content (40.30%) and Tpt48 the lowest (34.18%). In the unprocessed seeds, Tpt17 also recorded the highest crude protein (31.13%) with Tpt125 having the lowest (28.43%). In the tubers, protein content ranged from 19.07% (Tpt42) to 12.26% (Tpt10). The moisture content in the processed seeds ranged from 8.51% (Tpt42) to 6.72% (Tpt6); in the unprocessed seeds, it was between 8.53% (Tpt53) and 3.76% (Tpt14). In the processed seeds, the values of ash ranged from 4.93% (Tpt126) to 4.45% (Tpt15-4); in the unprocessed seeds, it ranged from 4.98% (Tpt17) to 4.55% (Tpt125). In the processed seeds, the fat content ranged from 18.91% (Tpt51) to 14.09% (Tp43) while in the unprocessed seeds, the values ranged from 19.01% (Tpt15) to 13.87% (Tpt3-B). The crude fiber in the processed samples ranged from 13.82% (Tpt6) to 10.40% (Tpt125) while in the unprocessed seeds, it ranged from 7.29% in Tpt51 to 4.83% in Tpt11. Carbohydrate content in the processed seeds ranged from 26.30% (Tpt3-B) to 20.94% (Tpt125) and 39.76% in Tpt3-B to 34.53% in Tpt18 in the unprocessed seeds. The tannin and phytate contents showed remarkably significant differences. In the tubers harvested, significant variation was observed in the parameters evaluated. Winged bean flour could be formulated into various meals for children and adults to reduce malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa.

Formulation of winged bean seeds as pollen substitute for outgrowth of honey bees (Apis mellifera L)

The availability of pollen in plants depends on the season. The rainy season becomes a limiting factor for honeybees to obtain a source of pollen because there are not many flowering plants this season. This causes the development of honey bee colonies to be inhibited, as pollen is the only source of protein for the naturally available bees that can affect the rate of reproduction and the life span of bees. The winged bean contains a high enough protein and amino acids that the bees require, so the winged beans can be used as artificial feed of pollen substitute. Winged bean seeds be processed into three types of processed, namely roasted winged bean seeds (TKS), boiled winged bean seeds (TKR), and fermented winged bean seeds (TKF). Winged bean seeds flour given to bees in pasta form. Based on the observations obtained the results that the consumption of the bee’s liked is roasted winged bean seeds, because it does not a bad odor. The smell is lost due to the roasting process. Protein content of fermented, boiled, and roasted of winged bean seeds was 6.46%; 7.36%; and 15.19%. While the fat content on fermented, boiled, and roasted of winged bean seeds were 8.35%; 8.31%; and 12.07%. This indicates that the most preferred type is roasted winged bean seeds with the highest protein and fat.

English

Winged bean accessions were screened to evaluate biomass yield potential. The experiments, carried out during 2015 and 2016 to test nineteen accessions were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times. Data collected on number of days to 50% flowering (DTF), number of days to 50% pod (DTP), total number of pods (TNP) per plant fresh (FSW) and dry shoot weight (DSW), dry pod weight (DPW), total fresh (TFW) and dry (TDW) weight and seed weight per plot (SWP) were analysed for analysis of variance. Results showed that year of planting significantly (P≤0.01) influenced DTF, DTP and SWP. Accessions exhibited significant variations (P≤0.05) for DFF, DTF, DTP and CP, while no significant interaction was observed between the year and accessions (P˃0.05) for all studied traits. FSW had a positive and significant correlation (P≤0.01) with TFW (r= 0.97), DPW (r= 0.87) and TDW (r= 0.78). TFW also had positive and significant correlation (P≤0.01) with DPW (r= 0.68), DSW (r= 0.83) and TDW (r= 0.89). The study revealed that accessions with high biomass accumulation (TPT 12, 11, 53, 5 and 21) are better fit to channel assimilates for yield production through early flowering and pod formation. Key words: Accession, biomass, seed, yield, winged bean. &nbsp

The Effect of Population Density and Intercropping with Tomato on the Growth and Yield of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Winged bean (Fabaceae) is a tropical crop that has high nutrient content, and almost all parts of the plant are edible. The research aimed to evaluate the growth and production of winged bean in an intercropping system with tomato. The study was conducted at the Cikabayan Experimental Field of Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia, in a randomized block design with three replications during the rainy season of December 2017 to June 2018. Winged beans were planted in high and low population densities and intercropped with three tomato genotypes, “Tora”, F70030081-12-16-3 and “Apel Belgia”. Monoculture winged bean was assigned as control. Tomatoes were planted between the rows of the winged beans in the intercropping treatment. The results showed that the growth of winged bean in monoculture and intercropping systems was not significantly different. The photosynthetic activity of winged bean at three to five weeks after planting remained high, indicating that the vegetative growth was optimal in both systems. Intercropping increased the winged bean number of pods per plant by 12.66-19.52% compared to monoculture, irrespective of population density. Therefore, winged bean could be considered as suitable to grow in intercropping systems.

Screening Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) Accessions Using Agronomic Characters

Aim:This research aimed at screening winged bean accessions using morphological characters.
 Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso situated on longitude 8°7' N, latitude 4°14' E, and at altitude of 323.5 m above sea level. 
 Methodology: Seeds of thirty-eight accessions of winged bean were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan and were evaluated. Data were collected on germination count at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after planting (WAP), days to first and 50% flowering, days to first and 50% podding, top leaflet length, petiole length, secondary vine lengths at 8 and 9 WAP, pod length, and number of seeds per pod and were subjected to analyses variance.
 Results: Accessions exhibited significant (P≤0.05) variation for flowering and podding dates, petiole length and top leaflet length. Days to first flowering varied from 68 to 114 days after planting (DAP) with an average of 76 days while days to 50% flowering ranged between 78 and 121 days with a mean of 83 days. Number of seeds per pod varied from 7 to 15 seeds per pod among the accessions with a mean of 12.5 seeds per pod while pod length varied from 12.3 cm to 25.6 cm with a mean pod length of 22.2 cm. Accessions TPT 26 and TPT 32 were consistent for early flowering and high seed yield and are therefore recommended for further adaptation and nutritional trials.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAN INFUSA DAUN KECIPIR (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) DENGAN METODE PERENDAMAN RADIKAL BEBAS

Winged leaf (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) has been known to contain vitamin C compounds which can be efficacious as antioxidants. The aims of this study was determine the secondary metabolites contained in 70% ethanol extract and winged leaf (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) infusion and to test the antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and winged leaf infusion (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC). ) with the free radical reduction method using DPPH. Ethanol extract of 70% winged leaf (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) was made with a series of concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ppm and infusion of winged leaf (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) with a series of concentrations of 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 ppm are both dissolved with methanol pro analysis and DPPH, then their absorbance is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 517 nm. Ethanol extract of 70% winged leaf (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) Contains flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroids and winged leaf infusion (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) contains flavonoid, saponin, tannin. Ethanol extract of 70% winged leaf (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) Has antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 22.12 ppm (very strong) and winged leaf infusion (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) of 167.03 ppm (weak) and vitamin C as a positive control of 6.82 ppm (very strong).

AKTIVITAS INHIBISI ASETILKOLINESTERASE EMPAT JENIS SAYURAN SECARA IN VITRO

ABSTRACTAcetylcholine is a conducting compound of nerve excitatory (neurotransmitter), while acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze the acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. This reaction is needed so that the nerves can return to take a rest after the activation process, but it can cause damage to the cells in the brain. The most common case is dementia characterized by memory loss. The prevalence of this disease is lower in China and some other Asian countries compared to the United States. It supposed because food consumption commonly by Asians contain vegetables. Extracts derived from vegetables potentially inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme which related to chemical contents of the plant. This research aims to investigate the inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme from 4 types of vegetables namely soybean sprouts (bean sprout of Glycine max (L.) Merr.), green bean sprouts (bean sprout of Vigna radiata), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) by in vitro with the Ellman method. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents from fourth types of extracts were also determined. The winged beans extract had the smallest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, but the inhibitory activity against AChE was the biggest. The results showed that IC50 extract of winged beans was 893.86 μg/ml, IC50 carrot extract higher than 1500 μg/ml while the other extracts had no activity. The winged beans extract potential to be further developed as an inhibitor AChE.Keywords : inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, IC50, vegetables

Studies on the proximate, mineral composition and role of winged bean in the agro ecosystem

Studies on the proximate, mineral composition and role of winged bean in the agro ecosystem

Technical variables affecting the production of pickle winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Technical variables affecting the production of pickle winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

EFFECTIVENESS OF FINGER LEAF INFUSION (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) ON THE MALARIA MODEL OF RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

Winged bean is a type of plant that is used as traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of winged bean leaf infusion (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus(L.) DC) against white rat (Rattus norvegicus) model of malaria. The method used in this research is completely randomized design with 4 treatment groups and 3 replications consisting of a control group without being given an infusion (P1), a group that was given an infusion of concentrations: 31.25 mg/mL (P2), 62.5 mg/ mL(P3), and 125 mg/mL (P4). This study used 20 male rats, of which 5 rats including as donor mice. Donor mice were infected with Plasmodium berghe and left until the parasitemia percentage reached> 20%. Then 4 groups of model mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei. Observations were made for 7 days, starting from day 0 (before treatment), 4 days during treatment and 2 days after treatment. The percentage of parasitemia was calculated starting from the day before administration of winged bean leaf infusion (IDK) until the 7th day. The results of this study indicate that IDK can inhibit parasite growth by reducing the level of parasitemia along with increasing concentrations, namely (P2) of 73.78%; (P3) of 89.33%; and (P4) of 93.69%. It can be concluded has potential in inhibiting the growth of Plasmodium berghei in the rat model of malaria with an effective concentration of 31.25 mg/mL.

A modified method for purification of N-acetylgalactosamine specific lectin from Butea monosperma seeds and its effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth

Butea monosperma is a medicinal plant extensively used in ayurveda and is known for its medicinal applications. Butea monosperma seed powder is used for treating various health ailments including cancer. Although, most parts of the plant are being used in medicine none of them except for seeds are known to contain lectins. A lectin from seeds has been reported earlier, however it was not tested for its anticancer properties. Since plant lectins are known for their anticancer properties, in order to explore anticancer potential of B. monosperma a legume lectin was purified from seeds in a single step by nine fold, by a modified method using affinity chromatography on lactose-Sepharose 4B column and tested for its anticancer properties against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. SDS PAGE of BML reveals two bands with Mr of 32 and 34 kDa and a minor band of 67 kDa similar to earlier reported BML. Hapten inhibition assay shows that lectin is specific to GalNAc, galactose, lactose and D-Fucose. BML shows strong binding to Hep G2 cells with MFI of 476. MTT assay showed growth inhibitory effect on Hep G2 cells by BML, PTL1 and PTL2 in a dose and time dependent manner. Growth inhibitory effect of BML on Hep G2 cells was compared with two legume lectins, PTL1 and PTL2 from Psophocarpus tetragonolobus of Fabaceae Family. BML, PTL1 and PTL2 showed growth inhibitory effect on Hep G2 cells. The presence of lectin, in B. monosperma seeds contribute for its anticancer properties.

Development and interaction between plant architecture and yield-related traits in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.)

Winged bean (P. tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is a leguminous crop that could contribute towards food security in tropical areas, but whose growth and development is still poorly understood. In order to develop improved individuals for increased green pod and seed productivity, we investigated the factors involved in winged bean plant architecture, development, and their link to a number of yield-related traits. An F2 population was generated from the cross between M3 and FP15 Malaysian accessions and assessed under field conditions in Malaysia. The results showed stem length to be mainly influenced by internode length (rs = .80; p < .01), while multiple genes could be controlling the number of branches, with an average number of branches in the offspring above the highest parent value. The average length of branches appeared to influence the most the final number of pods per plant (rs = .44; p < .001), while flowering showed potentially transgressive segregation towards earliness, without preventing the potential development of high pod-yielding individuals (rs = − 208; p = .056). Taken together, the results reported here shed light on the interaction between morphological, developmental, and yield-related traits, defining potential targets for developing crop ideotypes to direct breeding programmes for this underutilised crop.