Proximate Composition Of Liver Research Articles

Combined effect of few pesticides on proximate composition of liver in a fresh water fish, channa punctatus (bloch).

The present work is an endeavour to study the effect of three pesticides (namely - Metacid-50(M), Kelthane (K) and Dithane, M-45 (D) and their different combination on changes in biochemical composition (Water, lipid and non lipid fraction) in a fresh water teleostean fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). In the liver of control group of fishes, the water, lipid and non lipid fractions (protein, carbohydrate and ash contents) were - 71.5%, 2.3% and 26.2% respectively. The water content of liver increased with the increasing concentration and exposure duration of pesticides except K+D mixed condition, where as water content increased at low concentration (i.e. 2.31 and 4.32 ppm) but at high concentration (5.96 ppm) the water content decreased after 24 hrs and increased after 48 hrs exposure. Decreased lipid content was obtained in all the concentrations except K+D mixed condition. In K+D mixed condition the lipid content increased from low to high concentration. The non lipid content decreased in all the experimental/treated animals. Statistical relationship between pesticides Vs. liver water and liver lipid have also been established.. KEYWORDS :Pesticides, liver water and lipid, fish.

Replacement of fish oil by soybean oil and microalgal meals in diets for Totoaba macdonaldi (Gilbert, 1890) juveniles

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soybean oil (SO) and two microalgal meals derived from Schizochytrium limacinum (SL1 and SL2) to replace fish oil (FO) in diets for Totoaba macdonaldi juveniles. Nine isoproteic (54% crude protein, CP) and isolipidic (14% crude fat, CF) diets were formulated based on a 3 × 3 factorial design, using the three lipid sources and three replacement levels, 33%, 66% and 100%. A control diet containing FO as the main lipid source served as a reference. Diets were fed for 6 weeks and were randomly assigned to six replicate tanks of a recirculating aquaculture system, with 25 fish stocked per tank. Initial mean fish weight was 8.08 g; at the end of the trial, statistical differences for growth responses such as weight gain (WG; P = 0.0069) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC; P = 0.0027) were detected. WG (SL1 = 50.75 g, SL2 = 51.43 g) and TGC (0.148) of fish fed the S. limacinum meals were significantly higher than in those fed SO (WG = 41.13 g; TGC = 0.129). Conversely, the hepatosomatic index (HSI; P = 0.0009) of fish fed SO was significantly higher (1.38%) compared to those fed the microalgae meals (SL1 = 1.13%, SL2 = 1.22%). Also, proximate composition of liver was significantly influenced by the lipid source and CF was significantly higher (P = 0.0067) in fish fed SO (47.68%) than in fish fed SL1 (37.44%) or SL2 (39.86%). The fatty acid (FA) profile of muscle and liver reflected the dietary FA composition; SO prompted increased concentrations of 18:2n-6 and total n-6 FA in fish fillet; whereas, the S. limacinum meals increased 22:6n-3, total n-3 FA and the n-3/n-6 ratios, which is highly desirable in food destined for human consumption. In addition, the concentration of pancreatic lipase 1 (70.2 kDa) in anterior intestine and pyloric caeca of fish significantly decreased (P = 0.0019) from 2.93 to 1.85 mg g−1 as the level of FO replaced increased. These findings indicate that up to 100% of FO can be replaced by S. limacinum meals improving the growth of T. macdonaldi and preserving the nutritional value and the health benefits of the fillet for human consumption; whereas, SO decreased growth and the concentration of 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, total n-3, and n-3/n-6 ratios, while increasing the HSI and the risk of hepatic dysfunction and steatosis.

Quality characteristics of edible byproducts compared to Longissimus Dorsi muscle of barbari kids

To assess and highlight the nutritional qualities in edible byproducts, a study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical properties and proximate composition of liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain and testicles of Barbari kids. The values were compared with the standard longissimus dorsi muscle. Physico-chemical properties revealed a higher pH values in all organs as compared to the reference muscle. Cooking loss varied significantly (P<0.05) among the organs with maximum loss (34.67%) in kidneys and minimum in brain (3.57%). The mean water activity values were almost similar for all the organs (0.991–0.997). Moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate and energy values differed significantly (P<0.05) among organs. Except liver, all organs had higher moisture values than muscle. Protein content of edible byproducts was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of muscle. Fat and carbohydrate contents were found to be highest in the brain. Ash content was significantly (P<0.05) highest in spleen. Per cent energy value was significantly (P<0.05) different among all organs with maximum for liver. It was concluded that these edible byproducts can be effectively utilized by the processing industry in formulation of various value-added products without affecting the physico-chemical attributes.

Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of edible tissues of Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) reared in freshwater and brackish water

This study aimed to determine the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of edible tissues of Capoeta damascina reared in freshwater and brackish water. The Juveniles of freshwater originating C. damascina were acclimated to brackish water of different salinities (6, 12, and 24g/l); and grown in same conditions as their counterparts in freshwater. Increase in salinity led to higher moisture and lower lipid content (P<0.05) in muscle, but had no marked impact (P>0.05) on proximate composition of liver. In both tissues, the contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-3 PUFAs were significantly (P<0.05) increased, while the content of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) was significantly decreased (P<0.05) by increase in salinity. The contents of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosahexanenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) were significantly increased (P<0.05), while linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) were significantly decreased (P<0.05) by salinity. Considering the contents of fatty acids in 100g of edible portions, fillets of C. damascina reared in 6 and 12g/l salinities as well as freshwater group were good sources of n-3 PUFAs particularly EPA and DHA.

Changes in the activities and mRNA expression levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during fasting and re-feeding

This study aimed to characterize the dynamic changes in the growth and proximate composition of liver and muscle tissue in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during feed restriction followed by re-feeding. In addition, we measured triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and glucose (GLU) levels in serum and the mRNA levels and the activity levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) in liver. Nile tilapia with an initial body weight of 62.50±3.44g were starved for 28days and then fed for 21days under a controlled indoor environment. Fish were sampled at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of fasting (F0, F7, F14, F21 and F28, respectively) and days 14 and 21 of re-feeding (RF14 and RF21, respectively). The results indicate that body weight decreased significantly by F14, and significantly increased at RF21 (P<0.05). The hepatosomatic index was significantly decreased throughout the experiment (P<0.05). The fat content in liver and muscle decreased significantly by F7 and F14 (P<0.05), and the protein content decreased significantly by F7 and F28 (P<0.05), respectively. Significant reductions were observed in the serum content of TAG and GLU during fasting. Following re-feeding, values for these indices recovered to varying degrees. There was no change in serum HDL-C levels during the experiment (P>0.05). The activity and relative mRNA expression of FAS in the liver both significantly decreased under fasting conditions, but were significantly increased at RF21 (P<0.05). LPL and HSL mRNA hepatic levels were significantly upregulated during fasting, and LPL activity increased in response to fasting, whereas HSL activity increased by F14, and decreased to basal levels at F28. Following re-feeding, the activity and mRNA expression of LPL decreased. The hepatic expression of HSL mRNA decreased, but hepatic HSL activity increased (P<0.05).

Effect of sexual maturation and triploidy on chemical composition and fatty acid content of energy stores in female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Sexual maturation is an energy and nutrient demanding physiological process that alters growth efficiency and compromises muscle quality in many food fish species. Lipid mobilization supplies energy required for this process. To study the effect of sexual maturation on lipid mobilization in female rainbow trout on a high nutritional plane, fish growth, egg development, proximate composition, and fatty acid composition of muscle, liver, visceral fat, and gonads were determined for diploid (2N; fertile) and triploid (3N; sterile) females from July 2008 thru March 2009, when most 2N females ovulated. Previously, we reported there were minimal differences in most growth measurements between the 2N and 3N fish in this study, but there were changes in muscle proximate composition and visceral fat stores. Here, we report changes in proximate composition of liver, gonads, visceral adipose tissue, and fatty acid composition of these tissues and muscle during sexual maturation of 2N females with 3N females serving as the control. Similar and distinct patterns of change in fatty acids were observed between tissues of 2N and 3N fish, and among different tissues as the 2N fish were maturing. Highly unsaturated, long chain fatty acids appear to play an important role in gonadogenesis, either as a source of energy or for deposition in eggs to support offspring development and survival. Differences in growth and preferential mobilization of fatty acids are observed when fish are on a high nutritional plane compared to more typical, lower nutritional regimens.

Effect of starvation and re-feeding on reproductive indices, body weight, plasma metabolites and oxidative enzymes of sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax)

Feed management is an important factor for successful aquaculture, especially when it affects gonad maturation. In this context, the present study evaluates the effects of long term starvation (1F–3S: one-month feeding – three-month starvation) and starvation/re-feeding (2S–2F: two-month starvation – two-month re-feeding) on gonad maturation, hematological/biochemical indices and proximate composition of liver and muscle of vitelogenic sea bass. In males, all the fish in the control group (4F–0S: four-month feeding – zero-month starvation) reached the maturity stage S2 (Mature), while only 33% and 75% reached that stage in the 1F–3S and 2S–2F groups, respectively. In females, the percentages of immature gonads were 80%, 25% and 50% for the groups 1F–3S, 2S–2F and 4F–0S respectively, while the percentages of the fish which reached the stage of vitellogenesis were 20%, 75% and 50% for the same groups. The concentration of glucose and lactate in plasma was not affected by starvation or re-feeding. On the contrary, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids of group 1F–3S decreased significantly, whereas cholesterol did not differ compared to the control group. In the 2S–2F group, total lipids and cholesterol were also significantly decreased while triglycerides and phospholipids were not altered. Proximate composition analysis in the liver showed that long term starvation (1F–3S) led to a significant reduction of crude lipid and ash, compared to the 4F–0S and 2S–2F groups. In contrast, crude protein concentration in the liver was significantly increased in 1F–3S group compared to 4F–0S and 2S–2F groups. In white muscle a significant reduction of crude lipids was detected in the 1F–3S and 2S–2F groups, while no significant changes were observed in crude protein, ash and moisture concentrations. The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) were significantly increased in the liver of 1F–3S fish, whereas in red muscle both HOAD and CS were significantly decreased in both 1F–3S and 2S–2F groups. Overall our results indicate that a 2 month starvation and 2 month re-feeding period during vitellogenesis reduces GSI and maturity stage in male sea bass and affect the levels of biochemical blood indices and the activities of certain enzymes of the intermediary metabolism.

Physical characteristics, and proximate composition of oocytes, liver and muscle of wild caught and tank-reared Macquarie perch

Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica) is a freshwater percichthyid endemic to south-eastern Australia. In view of its conservation status (indeterminate), and its importance as a sport fish, natural stocks are replenished through a breeding programme using mature stock taken from the wild each year. This paper is the first of a series of investigations instigated to understand the underlying causes of the lack of response of Macquarie perch, caught from the wild and spawned and then tankreared for a year, to hypophysation techniques. In this paper, results of physical characteristics, proximate composition and ovarian histology of wild-caught and tank-reared fish (injected with salmon GnRHa and non-injected) are presented. Oocyte diameter distribution patterns indicate that Macquarie perch spawn once each year, and that in tank-reared fish oocyte maturation is incomplete with only a small proportion of oocytes reaching maturation. The mean (sd) gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices of wild fish were 11.25 (2.38) and 0.59 (0.10) and that of tank-reared fish were 4.84 (0.70) and 1.44 (0.09) respectively. These two parameters differed significantly (p<0.05) in the two groups of fish. Major differences also existed in the proximate composition of the liver and the way the liver components responded to GnRHa injection. The percent (sd) protein, lipid and ash by dry weight in the liver of wild injected fish were 57.02 (0.66), 30.63 (1.22) and 8.24 (0.05) respectively while in the liver of tank-reared uninjected fish these values were 30.87 (1.36), 24.59 (1.18) and 6.43 (0.13) respectively. When expressed as an absolute amount or an amount kg−1 body weight, all of moisture, protein, lipid, ash and nitrogen free extract were greater in tank-reared than wild fish. No significant differences were observed between wild and tank-reared fish in the composition of the body musculature or the oocytes.