Provisional List Research Articles

Early Mercian Text Production: Authors, Dialects, and Reputations

Abstract There are suggestions that King Alfred’s legendary literary renaissance may have been a reaction to the efforts of the neighbouring kingdom of Mercia. According to Asser, Alfred assembled a group of literary scholars from this rival Mercian tradition at his court. But it is not clear what early literary activities these scholars could have been involved in to justify their pre-Alfredian reputation. This article tries to outline the historical and literary evidence for early Mercian text production, and the importance of this ‘other’ early literary corpus. What is our current knowledge of Mercian text production and the political and literary relationship of Mercia with Canterbury? What was the relationship of Alfred’s educational movement with its Mercian forerunner? Why is modern scholarship better informed about Alfred’s movement than any Mercian rival culture? If our current knowledge of this area is insufficient for the writing of a literary history of Mercia, a provisional list of texts and bibliography, published electronically for convenient updating, may prove useful in the meantime.

A Provisional List of Unprovenanced, Twenty-First Century, Dead Sea Scrolls-like Fragments

Abstact This article briefly discusses the Dead Sea Scrolls-like fragments that have surfaced in the twenty-first century and presents a full list of these fragments as known to the author.

The role of monumental trees for the preservation of saproxylic biodiversity: re-thinking their management in cultural landscapes

Ancient trees present structural and functional characteristics fundamental for sustaining complex and unique assemblages of species. They are a resource globally threatened by both intensive land uses and lack of recruitment. Their disappearance would involve not only the loss of majestic organisms with high intrinsic value, but may also result in the disappearance of rare and endangered species. Italy is currently implementing a new list of noteworthy ancient trees (i.e. monumental trees) and the preliminary results of this new inventory have been analysed as a case study of a national initiative. The provisional list included 950 complete records, corresponding to 65 genera and 118 species. The most abundant species was Quercus pubescens Willd while the most common genera were Quercus, Larix, Cedrus, Fagus and Platanus. Age and size were the most used criteria for inclusion of trees in the census. The fundamental novelty of the new inventory is that it is based on a set of well-defined criteria of monumentality and that it clearly recognised the ecological value of ancient trees. Preserving a tree for its ecological role requires a profound cultural shift. The value of microhabitats, structures that have historically been considered defects, should be recognised and managed accordingly. Ancient trees are often part of disappearing cultural landscapes: to preserve the richness and diversity of these habitats, new policies and regulations are needed. The preservation of landscapes, where there is still a high density of ancient trees, should be a priority for all European countries in order to conserve their unique associated fauna and for their irreplaceable functional value for biodiversity conservation.

Development of Quality Metrics to Evaluate Pediatric Hematologic Oncology Care in the Outpatient Setting

There are currently no clinic-level quality of care metrics for outpatient pediatric oncology. We sought to develop a list of quality of care metrics for a leukemia-lymphoma (LL) clinic using a consensus process that can be adapted to other clinic settings. Medline-Ovid was searched for quality indicators relevant to pediatric oncology. A provisional list of 27 metrics spanning 7 categories was generated and circulated to a Consensus Group (CG) of LL clinic medical and nursing staff. A Delphi process comprising 2 rounds of ranking generated consensus on a final list of metrics. Consensus was defined as ≥70% of CG members ranking a metric within 2 consecutive scores. In round 1, 19 of 27 (70%) metrics reached consensus. CG members' comments resulted in 4 new metrics and revision of 8 original metrics. All 31 metrics were included in round 2. Twenty-four of 31 (77%) metrics reached consensus after round 2. Thirteen were chosen for the final list based on highest scores and eliminating redundancy. These included: patient communication/education; pain management; delay in access to clinical psychology, documentation of chemotherapy, of diagnosis/extent of disease, of treatment plan and of follow-up scheme; referral to transplant; radiation exposure during follow-up; delay until chemotherapy; clinic cancellations; and school attendance. This study provides a model of quality metric development that other clinics may use for local use. The final metrics will be used for ongoing quality improvement in the LL clinic.

Bibliotecas e inclusión

In this editorial is developed, firstly, the ways that the traditional types of libraries have currently changed. Secondly, a provisional list of topics related to the problematic of inclusion are listed, concerning the totality of these institutions. Finally, a series of reflections, both theoretical and practical, are formulated regarding the libraries and its inclusion processes.

Researching outcomes from forensic services for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities: a systematic review, evidence synthesis and expert and patient/carer consultation

BackgroundInpatient services for people with intellectual and other types of developmental disabilities (IDD) who also have forensic or risk issues are largely provided in secure hospitals. Although this is a health service sector with high levels of expenditure, there is limited empirical information on patient outcomes from such services. In order for a future substantive longitudinal outcomes study in forensic IDD services to be informed and feasible, more needs to be understood about the outcome domains that are of relevance and importance and how they should be measured. A preliminary series of studies was therefore undertaken.ObjectivesTo synthesise evidence in relation to the outcome domains that have been researched in the existing literature from hospital and community forensic services for people with IDD, within the broad domains of service effectiveness, patient safety and patient experience. To identify a definitive framework of outcome domains (and associated measures and indicators) based both on this research evidence and on the views of patients, carers and clinicians. To synthesise the information gathered in order to inform design of future multisite longitudinal research in the sector.DesignThree linked studies were conducted. Stage 1 was a systematic review and evidence synthesis of outcome domains and measures as found within the forensic IDD literature. Stage 2 was a consultation exercise with 15 patients with IDD and six carers. Stage 3 was a modified Delphi consensus exercise with 15 clinicians and experts using the information gathered at stages 1 and 2.ResultsAt stage 1, 60 studies that researched a range of outcomes in forensic IDD services were identified from the literature. This resulted in the construction of an initial framework of outcome domains. The consultation with patients and carers at stage 2 added to these framework domains that related particularly to carer experience and the level of support post discharge in the community. The Delphi process at stage 3 confirmed the validity of the resulting framework for clinician. This survey also identified the outcome measures preferred by clinicians and those that are currently utilised in services. Thus, indicators of appropriate measures in some important domains were identified, although there was a paucity of measures in other domains.ConclusionsTogether, these three linked studies led to the development of an evidence-based framework of key outcome domains and subdomains. A provisional list of associated measures and indicators was developed, although with the paucity of measures in some domains development of specific indicators may be required. With further refinement this could eventually be utilised by services and commissioners for comparative purposes, and in future empirical research on outcomes in forensic IDD services. An outline research proposal closely linked to recent policy initiatives was proposed. Limitations of the study include the relatively small number of carers and patients and range of experts consulted.Future workThis would comprise a national longitudinal study tracking IDD in patients through hospitalisation and discharge.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015016941.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

Development of an item bank for the EORTC Role Functioning Computer Adaptive Test (EORTC RF-CAT).

BackgroundRole functioning (RF) as a core construct of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) comprises aspects of occupational and social roles relevant for patients in all treatment phases as well as for survivors. The objective of the current study was to improve its assessment by developing a computer-adaptive test (CAT) for RF. This was part of a larger project whose objective is to develop a CAT version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 which is one of the most widely used HRQOL instruments in oncology.MethodsIn accordance with EORTC guidelines, the development of the RF-CAT comprised four phases. Phase I involved the conceptualization of RF. In Phase II, a provisional list of items was defined and revised by experts in the field. In phase III, feedback was obtained from cancer patients in various countries. Phase IV comprised field testing in an international sample, calibration of the item bank, and evaluation of the psychometric performance of the RF-CAT.ResultsPhases I-III yielded a list of 12 items eligible for phase IV field-testing. The field-testing sample included 1,023 patients from Austria, Denmark, Italy, and the UK. Psychometric evaluation and item response theory analyses yielded 10 items with good psychometric properties. The resulting item bank exhibits excellent reliability (mean reliability = 0.85, median = 0.95). Using the RF-CAT may allow sample size savings from 11 % up to 50 % compared to using the QLQ-C30 RF scale.ConclusionsThe RF-CAT item bank improves the precision and efficiency with which RF can be assessed, promoting its integration into oncology research and clinical practice.

Macromammalian faunas, biochronology and palaeoecology of the early Pleistocene Main Quarry hominin-bearing deposits of the Drimolen Palaeocave System, South Africa.

The Drimolen Palaeocave System Main Quarry deposits (DMQ) are some of the most prolific hominin and primate-bearing deposits in the Fossil Hominids of South Africa UNESCO World Heritage Site. Discovered in the 1990s, excavations into the DMQ have yielded a demographically diverse sample of Paranthropus robustus (including DNH 7, the most complete cranium of the species recovered to date), early Homo, Papio hamadryas robinsoni and Cercopithecoides williamsi. Alongside the hominin and primate sample is a diverse macromammalian assemblage, but prior publications have only provided a provisional species list and an analysis of the carnivores recovered prior to 2008. Here we present the first description and analysis of the non-primate macromammalian faunas from the DMQ, including all 826 taxonomically identifiable specimens catalogued from over two decades of excavation. We also provide a biochronological interpretation of the DMQ deposits and an initial discussion of local palaeoecology based on taxon representation.The current DMQ assemblage consists of the remains of minimally 147 individuals from 9 Orders and 14 Families of mammals. The carnivore assemblage described here is even more diverse than established in prior publications, including the identification of Megantereon whitei, Lycyaenops silberbergi, and first evidence for the occurrence of Dinofelis cf. barlowi and Dinofelis aff. piveteaui within a single South African site deposit. The cetartiodactyl assemblage is dominated by bovids, with the specimen composition unique in the high recovery of horn cores and dominance of Antidorcas recki remains. Other cetartiodactyl and perissodactyl taxa are represented by few specimens, as are Hystrix and Procavia; the latter somewhat surprisingly so given their common occurrence at penecontemporaneous deposits in the region. Equally unusual (particularly given the size of the sample) is the identification of single specimens of giraffoid, elephantid and aardvark (Orycteropus cf. afer) that are rarely recovered from regional site deposits. Despite the diversity within the DMQ macromammalian faunas, there are few habitat- or biochronologically-sensitive species that provide specific ecologic or age boundaries for the deposits. Recovered species can only support the non-specific, mixed open-to-closed palaeohabitats around Drimolen that have been reconstructed for the other penecontemporaneous South African palaeokarst deposits. The identified Equus quagga ssp. specimens recovered from the floor of the current excavation (∾−4.5–5 m below datum) suggests that most, if not all the DMQ specimens, were deposited after 2.33 Ma. Simultaneously, the carnivore specimens (D. cf. barlowi, L. silberbergi) suggest earlier Pleistocene (pre- 2.0–1.8 Ma) to maximally 1.6 Ma deposition (D. aff. piveteaui) for most of the DMQ fossil assemblage.

Systematic procedure for the classification of proven and potential teratogens for use in research.

Although there is strong evidence that some medications are teratogenic, the current lists of teratogens to be used in research are outdated. The objective of this study was to develop an updatable and systematic procedure to the classification of medications proven and potentially teratogenic in the first trimester of pregnancy, for use in research. We developed a two-step procedure for teratogen classification. Step 1 includes classifying the medications from Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: a Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk (9th ed.) into two provisional lists: (1) teratogenic medications, and (2) potentially teratogenic medications. We also searched other references to add other medications. In Step 2, the Teratology Information System (TERIS) database was searched, and the medication was classified as teratogenic or potentially teratogenic according to a newly developed scheme. Expert consensus was used if a medication was not recorded in TERIS. A total of 114 medications were identified in Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: a Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, with 57 medications in each provisional list. Seventy-eight medications were identified in other sources. A total of 135 medications were included in Step 2; the TERIS scheme classified 23 medications, and 112 medications required expert opinion. The two experts agreed on 78.6% of the medications (kappa = 0.63). We identified 91 teratogenic and 81 potentially teratogenic medications. Using reliable references, we established a systematic procedure to the classification of medications with evidence of or potential teratogenic risk. These exhaustive lists will be useful in teratology research and related fields.

Preparing Adapted Physical Educators to Teach Students With Autism: Current Practices and Future Directions

For many students with autism spectrum disorder, physical education is the responsibility of an adapted physical education specialist. In this study, we examined the training focused on teaching students with autism spectrum disorder received by a sample of 106 adapted physical education specialists. Competencies necessary on a course to train adapted physical education specialists to work with students with autism spectrum disorder were also defined using a two-step process. First, a group of physical education and special education experts generated a provisional list of competencies that they saw as necessary. Participants in this study then provided their opinions on the validity of this list. Additional suggestions for future training were also sought from participants.

SOME PEZIZOMYCETES COLLECTED ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SUTJESKA NATIONAL PARK

UDK: 582.282.16:712.2(1-751.2) (497.6 Sutjeska)
 In August 2014, a short mycological research was carried out in the Sutjeska National Park, Bosnia and Herzegovina, at several localities along the rivers Sutjeska and Hrčavka. The main objective of this research was to start documenting presence of fungal species in this area so that a provisional list of potentially rare and endangered species could be proposed in the future. Over 20 species, members of the phylum Ascomycota, were collected and examined (families Pyronemataceae, Pezizaceae, Ascobolaceae and Helotiaceae), some of which were recorded for the first time for Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a first step towards the aforementioned goal, three identified species - Peziza polarispinosa J. MORAVEC, Parascutellinia carneosanguinea (FUCKEL) T. SCHUMACH., Marcelleina brevicostatispora J. MORAVEC were selected to be presented in this paper.

Fifty psychological and psychiatric terms to avoid: a list of inaccurate, misleading, misused, ambiguous, and logically confused words and phrases.

The goal of this article is to promote clear thinking and clear writing among students and teachers of psychological science by curbing terminological misinformation and confusion. To this end, we present a provisional list of 50 commonly used terms in psychology, psychiatry, and allied fields that should be avoided, or at most used sparingly and with explicit caveats. We provide corrective information for students, instructors, and researchers regarding these terms, which we organize for expository purposes into five categories: inaccurate or misleading terms, frequently misused terms, ambiguous terms, oxymorons, and pleonasms. For each term, we (a) explain why it is problematic, (b) delineate one or more examples of its misuse, and (c) when pertinent, offer recommendations for preferable terms. By being more judicious in their use of terminology, psychologists and psychiatrists can foster clearer thinking in their students and the field at large regarding mental phenomena.

Report on the creation of a diabetes register and retinopathy screening outcomes in the Mid-West of Ireland.

With concerns that blind registration in Ireland due to diabetic retinopathy is continuing to rise, a structured retinopathy screening service is in the process of being rolled out nationally. To report on the validation process for creating a register of diabetics in the Mid-West of Ireland, and findings following retinopathy screening of a representative sample. National primary care databases were employed in generating provisional lists of diabetic patients in the Health Service Executive (HSE) Mid-West area. Subsequent engagement with the corresponding general practices over a three year period between 2010 and 2013 facilitated the validation of these lists. A summary of the retinopathy screening outcomes of 1,434 patients and pre-existing screening patterns is reported. The number of patients on the Mid-West diabetes register to date is 11,126. Of the 1,434 patients screened, 288 (20.1 %) had background retinopathy, while 117 (8.2 %) had sight-threatening retinopathy. Seventeen (19.8 %) of the 86 patients identified with maculopathy required treatment with intravitreal injections. Of the 610 patients questioned about previous screening events, 389 (63.8 %) said they had undergone an ocular examination within the previous 12 months. The HSE Mid-West has over 11,000 patients on its database ready to be screened by the national programme, with the treatment of maculopathy expected to have the largest impact on resources. Although the majority of patients are already undergoing screening in the community in an ad hoc fashion, the rates of sight-threatening retinopathy encountered highlight the timeliness of the full implementation of the national programme.

Development of Quality Metrics to Evaluate Pediatric Hematologic Oncology Care in the Outpatient Setting

Introduction:Systems to quantify and incentivize quality of care (QoC) have been developed in multiple healthcare settings. In pediatric oncology, lists of QoC metrics or recommendations have been procured through consensus methodologies such as the Delphi process. To date, no QoC metrics have been developed for outpatient pediatric oncology.Objectives:The aim of this study was to develop a list of QoC metrics for the leukeumia-lymphoma (LL) clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, using a consensus process that could be adapted to other clinic settings.Methods:A modified Delphi process following the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines was used to generate consensus on a list of QoC metrics (Loblaw et al., 2012). A Medline-Ovid search was conducted for quality indicators, metrics and recommendations relevant to pediatric oncology. Results were screened for (a) system-level metrics that could be translated to a clinic level and (b) clinic-level recommendations that could be converted to measurable quantities. Additional metrics outside the literature search were considered. A provisional list was compiled and circulated electronically to local stakeholders, including medical and nursing staff (n=10). Stakeholders ranked each metric on a 5-point Likert scale based on importance and feasibility of measurement (round 1). Stakeholders provided feedback on the metrics and suggested additional metrics. Median, interquartile range and full ranges were calculated for each metric. A metric was considered to reach consensus if the percent of respondents ranking within two consecutive scores was ≥70%. Results and comments from round 1 were re-circulated to stakeholders in personalized reports. This allowed each stakeholder to compare his or her previous scores with overall scores for each metric. Stakeholders were asked to re-rank each metric (round 2).Results:The literature search yielded 2 relevant publications from which a provisional list of 27 metrics was generated. Metrics were grouped into 7 categories (Table 1). In round 1, 19/27 (70%) metrics reached consensus. Stakeholders’ comments resulted in 4 new metrics and edits to 8 original metrics. All metrics were included in round 2 for a total of 31. Twenty-four of 31 (77%) metrics reached consensus after round 2 (Table 1). Thirteen were chosen for the final list based on highest consensus scores, highest interquartile and full ranges, and minimizing redundancy.Conclusion:This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a modified Delphi process to generate QoC metrics for a pediatric hematology oncology clinic, and provides a model other clinics may employ for local use. The final metrics will be used to evaluate the quality of care in the LL clinic, and to identify areas for improvement in clinic function. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

JUSTIFICATION OF BOUNDARY LINES OF BUFFER ZONE OF HOUSE OF STATE INDUSTRY IN KHARKOV(UKRAINE) TAKING INTO ACCOUNT VISUAL INFLUENCES FACTORS

In the article the problem of preservation of the architectural ensemble of the square of Svodody in Kharkov and Gosprom building is viewed. This architectural monument of constructivism is presented for including in the provisional list of objects of the world cultural heritage. The need to allocate a buffer zone is justified by international regulatory documents for protection of cultural heritage and risks of lossing of visual integrity of the ensemble of buildings in connection with absence of the town-planning regulation of building free areas.

P15.04 * DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEASURE INSTRUMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING (I-ADL) IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY BRAIN TUMOURS: RESULTS OF PHASE 1

BACKGROUND: Next to health-related quality of life, information on daily life functioning in brain tumour patients is essential. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (I-ADL) are complex daily activities, such as food preparation and shopping. I-ADL may be negatively influenced by a cognitive decline, characteristic of brain tumor patients. OBJECTIVE: In the first phase of this project, we generated a provisional list of items measuring I-ADL that are relevant for primary brain tumour patients. METHODS: Questions from the Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire®, a 70-item questionnaire developed and validated to measure I-ADL in patients with dementia, were evaluated for relevance to brain tumour patients. In addition, new activities were generated. In the first step, 6 professional experts in neuro-oncology and 10 primary brain tumour patient-proxy dyads were asked to evaluate items in the Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire®. Experts had to indicate if these activities (1) could be considered as I-ADL, (2) were affected in brain tumour patients and (3) were clearly formulated. Patients and their proxies only needed to answer the latter two questions. In the second step, the same 6 experts, and in addition 6 other patient-proxy dyads were asked to generate new activities. To do so, in-depth interviews were conducted. Decision rules were determined to aid in deciding which items to retain (step 1) or to add (step 2). Activities that were indicated as IADL, affected and clearly formulated were retained. Activities that were considered as IADL and affected, but not clearly formulated, were rephrased. New activities that were frequently generated were added to the existing list of items. RESULTS: In step 1, experts indicated that 37% of the activities described in the Amsterdam IADL questionnaire® fulfilled all three criteria: conform the definition of IADL, clearly formulated and affected in brain tumour patients. Twenty-three per cent of the activities were affected and conform the provided definition, but not clearly formulated. According to patients and their proxies, 19% and 17% of the activities were clearly formulated and affected in brain tumour patients, respectively. Moreover, 1-3% of the activities were indicated to be affected, but not clearly formulated. Several new activities (concerning social interaction and work) were generated in step 2. With the decision rules as guide, it was decided in consensus that a total of 30 questions of the Amsterdam IADL questionnaire® could also be used to measure I-ADL in primary brain tumour patients. In addition, 16 new questions covering other relevant activities for brain tumour patients were added. CONCLUSION: This first phase resulted in a provisional questionnaire of 46 items intending to measure I-ADL in primary brain tumour patients. The next step is to validate this provisional questionnaire in a larger sample of patients.

Cultural resources and management in the coastal regions along the Korean tidal flat

The Korean tidal flat (getbol) region is characterized by close relationships between regional inhabitants and getbol-related goods and services. To illustrate this point, we made a provisional list of cultural entities found in and around the getbol areas of the West Sea region. In the process of this inventory, we confirmed that folk culture is composed of direct representations of getbol villagers' livelihoods. This culture has increasingly become endangered and risks disappearance due to land reclamation, urbanization and industrialization. The Korean government has implemented conservation policies regarding cultural heritage in urgent need of protection, but has largely overlooked getbol folk culture. We also examined the structural relationship between designated and undesignated cultural entities in the getbol area. The core getbol culture consists of undesignated folk cultural entities. These undesignated folk cultural entities clearly have a more direct relationship with the sea and tidal flats. Designated cultural entities are more indirectly related to this environment and comprise the periphery of the getbol culture. Government entities and academics have viewed these two categories of cultural entities independently, but they are closely interrelated and interdependent. The notion of cultural landscape is far less established or reflected in getbol conservation and management policies in Korea than in those implemented in the Wadden Sea region of Europe. We further indicate the uniqueness of Korean cultural landscape developed by folk culture and warn of a direct application of the Wadden Sea's cultural landscape approach to the Korean getbol.

A bioethical framework for health systems activity: a conceptual exploration applying ‘systems thinking’

Recognizing that the health system is a complex and dynamic network of actors and activities, this paper seeks to push the field of bioethics to develop a more holistic approach from the health systems perspective. Expanding upon the work of existing public health frameworks and drawing upon concepts from related areas such as governance, human rights, and organizational ethics, our provisional list of ethical considerations for health systems fall under the following categories: Holism, Sustainability, Evidence & Effectiveness, Efficiency, Public Engagement & Transparency, Accountability & Feedback, Equity & Empowerment, Justice & Fairness, Responsiveness, Collaboration, and Quality. By outlining these key domains, we hope to stimulate global discussion and further development of an ethics framework that will help guide ongoing work to strengthen health systems. This will be particularly important for low- and middle-income countries where resources are highly constrained and health systems efforts have scaled-up dramatically in the past decade.

White-collar Crimes in Kashmir, J&K - A Systematic Review Study on White-collar Crime, Criminal Behavior and its Consequences

White-collar crime as moral or ethical violations follows ideals inherent within the principles of natural law. Natural law focuses on behaviors or activities that are defined as wrong because they violate the ethical principles of a particular culture, subculture, or group. The immoral nature of the activities is seen as the foundation for defining certain types of white-collar activities as criminal. Some pre- fer to call white-collar crime as violations of criminal law. White-collar crimes are criminally illegal behaviors committed by upper class individuals during the course of their occupation. From a systems perspective, those working in the criminal justice system would likely define white-collar crime as criminally illegal behaviors. Crime, in this context, is defined as an intentional act or omission committed in violation of the criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor (Tappan, 1960, p. 10). The consequences of white-collar crime can be characterized as; individual economic losses, societal economic losses, emotional consequences, physical harm and consequences as well. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cul- tural, and policy-driven reasons (Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008). Because white-collar offenses are viewed as equally serious as street crimes, there may be a tendency among some to view white-collar criminals as similar to street criminals (Payne, 2003b). Many crime prevention programs work. Others don't. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclu - sions. Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn't and what's promising. Those lists will grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for their results. Both crime and criminal have become the focus of attention in the present day Kashmiri society. It is a regrettable fact that we have not so far undertaken comprehensive macro and micro level studies of crimes in Kashmir which could have facilitated a better understanding of its causes and effects and help to devise proper remedial measures. It is evident from the facts that white-collar crimes in Kashmir are increasing day by day. There are multiple causes of white-collar crimes in Kashmir. The consequences of white-collar crime can be characterized as (1) individual economic losses, (2) societal economic losses, (3) emotional consequences, (4) physical harm and (5) positive consequences. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural, and policy-driven reasons (Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008).

First steps toward a nonideal theory of justice

Theorists have long debated whether John Rawls’ conception of justice as fairness can be extended to nonideal (i.e. unjust) social and political conditions, and if so, what the proper way of extending it is. This paper argues that in order to properly extend justice as fairness to nonideal conditions, Rawls’ most famous innovation—the original position—must be reconceived in the form of a ‘nonideal original position’. I begin by providing a new analysis of the ideal/nonideal theory distinction within Rawls’ theoretical framework. I then systematically construct a nonideal original position, showing that although its parties must have Rawls’ principles of ideal justice and priority relations as background aims, the parties should be entirely free to weigh those aims against whatever burdens and benefits they might face under nonideal conditions. Next, I show that the parties ought to aim to secure for themselves a special class of nonideal primary goods: all-purpose goods similar to Rawls’ original primary goods, but which in this case are all-purpose goods individuals might use to (a) promote Rawlsian ideals under nonideal conditions, (b) weigh Rawls’ principles of ideal justice and priority relations against whatever burdens and benefits they might face under nonideal conditions, and (c) effectively pursue their most favored weighting thereof. Finally, I defend a provisional list of nonideal primary goods, and briefly speculate on how the parties to the nonideal original position might deliberate to principles of nonideal justice for distributing them.