Henan Research Articles

Sustainable Development of Production–Living–Ecological Spaces: Insights from a 30-Year Remote Sensing Analysis

The rapid pace of urbanization and industrialization has reshaped land use patterns globally, particularly within the interconnected domains of ‘production, living, and ecological spaces’ (PLES). Understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of these spaces is crucial for guiding sustainable development. Although a number of previous studies have explored aspects of their dynamics and driving factors, further investigation is needed to fully understand their long-term spatiotemporal evolution and the broader influences of socio-economic and environmental forces. This study aims to fill that important gap by leveraging advanced remote sensing techniques to analyze PLES transformations over a 30-year period. Using Henan Province, China, as a testbed, this study applies high-resolution Landsat data, land use transition matrices, dynamic degree analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and multiple linear regressions to uncover trends and underlying drivers. The results reveal a substantial reduction in production spaces by 3394.62 km² steady growth in living spaces by 4459.41 km² and complex, non-linear changes in ecological spaces, which decreased by 1067.43 km². Key driving forces, such as economic growth, urbanization, and fiscal policies are identified and discussed. These insights provide a robust framework for sustainable land use planning, with broader implications for rapidly urbanizing regions worldwide.

Prevalence of molecular markers of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from West Africa during 2012–2022

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is a key drug recommended by the World Health Organization for the chemoprevention of malaria. However, the strategy is affected by the parasite resistance to SP. This study evaluated Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (Pfdhps) genes, associated with SP resistance, from 508 P. falciparum isolates imported from West African countries to Henan Province, China, during 2012–2022. High mutant prevalence of the genes Pfdhfr (94.7%) and Pfdhps (96.8%) was observed. The mutants Pfdhfr N51I, C59R, S108N, and Pfdhps A437G were at high frequency in all countries analyzed. The overall prevalence of the mutant Pfdhps K540E was low (3.4%), but with a high frequency in Liberia (24.3%). The frequency of mutants Pfdhps I431V, A581G, and A613S was 11.7%, 9.8%, and 16.2%, respectively, all of which had the highest mutant prevalence in Nigeria. The mutant Pfdhps A581G and A613S were identified in the absence of K540E. The partially resistant haplotype (I51R59N108 - G437) was the most common (72.6%), and the fully resistant haplotype (I51R59N108 - G437E540) had a low prevalence of 3.4% and mainly occurred in Liberia. No super resistant haplotype was identified. The mutant Pfdhps I431V and the octuple mutant haplotype I51R59N108 - V431A436G437G581S613 deserve more attention. In areas of high SP resistance, the intervention still reduces low birthweight and maternal anaemia. SP should continue to be used in areas of high SP resistance until more effective alternatives for malaria chemoprevention are found. It is important to continuously monitor the molecular markers associated with SP resistance to better implement intermittent preventive treatment policies in pregnancy (IPTp) and infants (IPTi).

A Novel Phenology-Based Index for Plastic-Mulched Farmland Extraction and Its Application in a Typical Agricultural Region of China Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and Google Earth Engine

Plastic-mulching technology has a crucial role to play in modern agriculture by optimizing crop growth environments and enhancing yields. Accurately detecting and mapping the distribution of plastic-mulched farmlands (PMFs) is essential for improving both agricultural management and production efficiency. By analyzing the temporal spectral characteristics of PMFs and crop phenological information, we developed a phenology-based plastic-mulched farmland index (PPMFI). This index, when combined with Sentinel-2 imagery and an automated high-precision extraction process via the Google Earth Engine platform, effectively distinguishes PMFs from other land cover types, especially in complex agricultural landscapes. Validation across areas varying in their background complexity and PMF coverage demonstrated that the proposed PPMFI consistently achieves an overall accuracy rate that exceeds 90%, showcasing its robust performance and significantly outperforming other comparative extraction methods. Applying the PPMFI to the Yudong agricultural region of Henan Province, China, further confirmed its capability for large-scale PMF monitoring, thereby offering critical technical support for sustainable agricultural management and environmental protection.

Natural or man-made disaster? Lessons from the extreme rain and flood disaster in Zhengzhou, China on "2021.7.20"

Driven by extreme weather events, precipitation-induced flood disasters are occurring more frequently, posing substantial threats to both economic development and public safety. Increased human production activities have further intensified the impact of flood disasters. However, understanding of the factors influencing flood disasters and their associated risk assessments remains limited. To better formulate flood prevention and disaster reduction strategies suited to local conditions, this paper takes the "7.20" extreme rainfall event in the main urban area of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, on July 20, 2021, as a case study and uses geographic detectors to incorporate human activities into the quantitative analysis of influencing factor contributions. Based on the three aspects of disaster incubation, disaster causation, and disaster bearing, this study proposes using the influence values obtained from geographic detectors as objective weight assignments for risk assessment, thereby conducting a locally adapted risk assessment of Zhengzhou's main urban area. Research results indicate that the "7.20" heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou's main urban area involved a superposition of natural and human factors. Impervious surfaces had the highest explanatory power, followed by population density, confirming that this flood disaster arose from the interaction of multiple factors. The flood disaster risk assessment for Zhengzhou's main urban area shows higher risk levels in the central area and relatively lower levels in peripheral areas. The central area features flat terrain, with high population density and a large proportion of impervious surfaces. Among these, 22 subdistricts are located in extremely high-risk flood zones, while 6 subdistricts, classified as low-risk, account for over 60% of the low-risk area, making them relatively lower-risk communities. Comparison with flood waterlogging point data verifies the accuracy of the risk assessment through statistical analysis, allowing for further analysis of the spatial differentiation of flood risk. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for preventing and managing urban extreme rainfall disasters.

The Relationship Between Interparental Conflict and Social Anxiety Among Chinese College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model.

Our aim is to construct a moderated mediation model for investigating the effect of interparental conflict on social anxiety, the potential mediating role of psychological resilience, the moderating effect of perceived social support on this association, and the gender difference among Chinese college students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1343 Chinese college students from Anhui Province, Hunan Province, Jiangsu Province, and Henan Province, China, in March 2024. Pearson correlation, mediation effects analyses, and multiple-group comparison were conducted. (1) Interparental conflict and social anxiety varied significantly with gender, while the interparental conflict (t = -3.998, p < 0.001) and social anxiety (t = -4.644, p < 0.001) in the female group were significantly more severe than in the male group. However, there was no significant difference in interparental conflict and social anxiety between different grades (p > 0.05); (2) Interparental conflict positively predicts social anxiety; (3) The relationship between interparental conflict and social anxiety is mediated by psychological resilience; (4) The relationship between interparental conflict and psychological resilience is moderated by perceived social support; (5) The mediating effect was found only in women, but the moderating effect was no gender difference. It is crucial to recognize and cultivate the psychological resilience of college students and to provide them with appropriate high social support. This is conducive to alleviating the social anxiety suffered by college students and promote their psycho-social well-being.

An integrated strategy for evaluating flood susceptibility combining deep neural networks with biologically inspired meta-heuristic algorithms

Predicting the likelihood of future flooding remains a challenging problem due to diverse hydrological conditions and heightened flood vulnerability. Previous flood susceptibility mapping efforts have often been constrained by limited predictive capabilities and a lack of integration with advanced computational methods. This study developed a flood susceptibility map (FSM) for Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China, improving predictive accuracy by incorporating a long short-term memory network (LSTM) with three biologically inspired meta-heuristic algorithms: the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), the Northern Goshawk Algorithm (NGO), and Snake Optimization (SO). A flood list map containing 300 flood locations was established through the construction of a spatial flood database incorporating 12 explanatory factors for flooding. The relationship between these factors and flood occurrences was examined using the variance inflation factor (VIF), random forest (RF), and frequency ratio (FR) methods. The effectiveness and predictive capabilities of these models were compared and validated using statistical techniques, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The optimized WOA-LSTM and SO-LSTM models outperformed others, achieving a kappa coefficient of 0.966 and an AUC value close to 1, indicating superior prediction accuracy and stability. The model effectively categorized risk regions into six levels, facilitating flood risk management in geologically similar areas. This research contributes to the field by demonstrating the effectiveness of combining LSTM with meta-heuristic algorithms for enhanced flood susceptibility prediction.

Scaling sustainable pig manure treatment: Life cycle assessments for small to large piggeries in China

Over 50 % of pig stockpiling and slaughtering in China is attributed to medium and large piggeries. The diverse scales and distributions of these piggeries present significant challenges for the sustainable management of pig manure, with a research gap in assessing the environmental benefits of treatment technologies across different farm sizes. Therefore, the environmental and economic performances of ten pig manure treatment technologies for small, medium and large piggeries were evaluated via life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methods. The black membrane biogas pool (BMBP) technology for medium-scale piggeries demonstrates superior environmental performance, reducing emissions by 44.00 kg CO2 equivalent, 0.36 kg SO2 equivalent, and 0.05 kg PM2.5 equivalent per ton of dry pig manure treated. Additionally, the products generated from this process can offset 2.93 GJ of energy consumption and 0.25 tons of water consumption. Meanwhile, the ectopic microbial fermentation bed technology provides the best economic efficiency, at the cost of only $17.88 per ton. Significant disparities in the scale of piggeries and manure production across provinces necessitate region-specific policies. The estimated global warming potential (GWP) from pig manure treatment nationwide was 5.31 million tons of CO2 equivalent, with Henan, Sichuan, and Hunan provinces accounting for a combined 28.3 % of this total in 2020. Scenario analysis indicates that by 2025, achieving a pig manure utilization rate of 90 % could reduce GWP by 9.1 % (0.5 million tons of CO2 equivalent) compared to an 80 % utilization rate, with reductions ranging from 1.78 % to 22.36 % across other environmental indicators. Promoting technologies such as BMBP and transitioning 5 % of aerobic processes to anaerobic processes could reduce emissions by 2.9 %, while also lowering other environmental indicators by 12.8 % to 20.1 %. The utilization of anaerobic technology, coupled with enhanced utilization rates, can prove more efficacious in mitigating carbon emissions and pollutants.

The evolution patterns and driving factors of urban domestic water pollution utilizing China’s two national pollution source surveys

Characteristics of domestic water pollution are of significant practical importance for implementing targeted urban wastewater treatment strategies. The pollutant source census in China serves as a fundamental undertaking in the study of pollution sources, providing crucial data for the analysis of pollution from domestic sources. This study employs pollution coefficients derived from China's two national pollution source surveys, integrating spatial autocorrelation and center-of-gravity shift analysis methods to investigate the national-scale spatial evolution characteristics of major urban domestic water pollutants, including BOD, TN, TP, and Oils. Furthermore, the impact of urbanization processes in population, economic, social, and spatial dimensions on urban domestic water pollution sources is explored using the multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) method. The results show that: (1) Urban domestic water pollution exhibits an east-high and west-low distribution pattern, with EHL being the primary region of pollution generation. Compared to 2007, the western region experienced a faster increase in BOD (30% increase), while the eastern region showed a sharper decline in TN (45% decrease) by 2017. (2) The results of spatial autocorrelation show that high-value clusters of urban domestic water pollution are located in the eastern China and around Chongqing, while low-value clusters are extensively distributed in the western region, indicating significant spatial heterogeneity in water pollution. (2) Based on center-of-gravity analysis, pollution displays a discernible migration trend from the northeast to the southwest, with the center located near the border of Henan and Hubei provinces, within the latitudinal and longitudinal range of 32°N–32.79°N and 113.09°E–113.85°E. The migration distances, ranked in descending order, are as follows: Oils (72.23 km) > BOD (65.59 km) > TN (63.9 km) > TP (22.73 km). (3) Significant differences are observed in the effects and spatial regions influenced by urbanization factors across different dimensions. Population and social urbanization exhibit pollution-increasing effects, whereas economic and spatial urbanization demonstrate pollution-reducing effects. These results will deepen our understanding of the spatial differentiation patterns of urban domestic source pollution, providing theoretical guidance for alleviating the pressure of urban pollution management. In addition, this article is an in-depth study of the first two pollution source surveys, which can lay a research foundation for future investigation work.

EVALUACIÓN EN LA NUBE DE LA CAPACIDAD DE GESTIÓN DE EMERGENCIAS DEL GOBIERNO ANTE CATÁSTROFES POR INUNDACIONES URBANAS: DATOS DE CHINA

A relevant evaluation index system was established in this study for the objective measurement of emergency management capability for urban flood disasters based on the four stages of emergency response, namely, “prevention, early warning, response, and recovery.” The weight distribution of different evaluation indices was calculated by using the CRITIC method, which generated an evaluation cloud and a result cloud based on the cloud model. A case study on the emergency management of Zhengzhou City in Henan Province of the “7.20 Flood Disaster” was conducted, and the evaluation results were displayed intuitively as the digital features of the cloud model and in the computational cloud diagrams. The evaluation results of the emergency management capability of Zhengzhou City for the “7.20 Flood Disaster” were obtained, and a new direction for emergency management capability improvement was proposed based on a capability enhancement priority matrix. Results showed that Zhengzhou City exhibited only the “simple level - system management mode” in coping with the “7.20 Flood Disaster.” Zhengzhou City can improve its emergency management capability against flood disasters by improving the reliability of its monitoring and communication systems, the effectiveness of its publicity and education measures, and the timeliness of its provision of postdisaster information statistics and reports. The conclusions disclose a new direction for the scientific judgment of emergency management capability for flood disasters and the formulation of capability enhancement strategies. Key Words: Flood disasters; emergency management capability; cloud model; CRITIC method; capability enhancement matrix

Exercise Habits and Mental Health Outcomes among Students in a Technology University in China

This study employed a descriptive-comparative-correlational research approach to examine the relationship between students' exercise habits and their mental health outcomes at a multi-disciplinary university in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The college of physical education, which provides training across 22 colleges and 73 undergraduate majors, served as the study’s setting, involving a large sample of 32,760 undergraduate students. Using stratified random sampling, the researchers selected a representative sample of 380 students, with a 5% margin of error, to identify patterns and explore relationships between exercise habits and mental health. A structured questionnaire, developed to assess exercise habits and mental health, underwent content and face validation, with reliability measured using Cronbach’s Alpha (0.980 and 0.974). Data collection took place in person, with the results processed using SPSS and analyzed through means, standard deviation, and Pearson’s r correlation. Findings indicated significant positive correlations between various dimensions of exercise habits—including routine stability, goal persistence, adaptability to change, and social influences—and mental health outcomes such as stress levels, coping mechanisms, social support, sleep quality, and access to mental health resources. Notably, adaptability to change exhibited the highest correlation with coping mechanisms and overall mental health (r = 0.804), underscoring the importance of flexible exercise routines in managing mental health. The study’s insights emphasize that consistent, varied, and socially supported exercise habits are associated with reduced stress, enhanced coping strategies, and improved overall mental health. Promoting regular physical activity and addressing barriers to exercise can foster better mental health among students, suggesting the need for integrated physical and mental health programs within academic institutions.

Comprehensive Evaluation Research on the Sustainable Development Level of Rural Energy Based on CRITIC-MABAC in Henan Province

Energy shortages are a key issue at present, and climate problems caused by the extraction and use of traditional fossil energy sources are also creating new challenges for rural development, with sustainable rural energy development being a priority at present. This paper takes the sustainable development of rural energy as the research object, and evaluates the development of rural energy in each prefecture-level city in Henan Province. On the one hand, rural development is viewed from the perspective of energy, on the other hand, the evaluation results provide a reference for each prefecture-level city, and most of the energy data can be obtained directly and with a high degree of accuracy, based on the CRITIC – MABAC methodology to determine the weights from an objective point of view and to rank the evaluation results, which is capable of obtaining the most accurate evaluation results. Finally, we used energy-related data from Henan Province in 2022 to conduct empirical analyses, and verified that Shangqiu City has a high level of sustainable rural energy development, which verifies the feasibility of the methodology proposed in this paper, and gives relevant recommendations.

Enhancing training transfer among stroke specialist nurses: Insights from latent profile analysis

AimUsing Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to identify distinct categories within stroke specialist nurses training transfer and to explore the factors influencing these categories. BackgroundStroke represents a significant worldwide health challenge. During the treatment and rehabilitation of stroke, stroke specialist nurses play an essential role. However, despite significant resources devoted in the training of stroke specialist nurses, the effectiveness of training transfer is still at a moderate or low level. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the factors affecting the training transfer of stroke specialist nurses and to formulate effective strategies for improvement based on these findings. DesignThis is a cross-sectional study. MethodFrom August to September 2023, demographic questionnaires, stroke specialist nurses training transfer scales, nursing work environment scales, and job crafting questionnaire were used to survey 413 stroke specialist nurses in 5 tertiary hospitals in Henan Province, China. LPA was used to analyze the latent characteristics of nurse training transfer and to explore the predictive factors of different categories using univariate analysis and logistic regression. ResultsA total of 397 stroke specialist nurses were included, identifying three categories of training transfer: "low training transfer group" (20.40 %), "medium training transfer group" (31.74 %), and "high training transfer group" (47.86 %). Work experience, employment type, training duration, nursing work environment, and job crafting significantly influence the training transfer categories. ConclusionThe majority of stroke specialist nurses fall into medium and low training transfer group. Contract employment and less work experience are the main reasons for medium and low levels of training transfer. Enhancing work experience, designing effective training courses, ensuring equal pay, improving the nursing environment, and implementing job crafting strategies could effectively improve training transfer for various types of stroke specialist nurses.

Naohidea akebiae fa. sp. nov., an anamorphic basidiomycete yeast species.

A novel basidiomycete yeast species represented by strain NYNU 2211328 was isolated from a leaf of Akebia trifoliata collected from the Baotianman Nature Reserve in Henan Province, central China. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region suggested that this strain is closely related to Naohidea sebacea CBS 8477, exhibiting the similarity values of 96.5% and 91.3% in the D1/D2 domain and the ITS region, respectively. Physiologically, the novel strain differs from N. sebacea in its ability to assimilate inulin, trehalose and d-arabinose, its inability to assimilate dl-lactate and its incapability of growth at 30 °C. Both phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the isolated strain represents a novel species in the genus Naohidea, and the name Naohidea akebiae fa. sp. nov. (holotype: CICC 33584; MycoBank number: MB 855585) is proposed.

A multi-index comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the water use balance between economic society and ecology considering efficiency-development-health-harmony.

Quantitative assessment of the water use balance between economic society and ecology (EEWB) is the basis for coordinating the competitive relationship of water use between human activity and ecological requirements and. It is of great significance for optimizing the water resources carrying capacity and achieving a healthy regional water balance. Based on the concept of harmonious balance, this paper puts forward the definition and connotation of EEWB regarding the competition in water use between economic society and ecology. And, a novel framework for assessing the EEWB is proposed. It has four aspects relating to water resources, economic society, ecology, and human-water relationship. Linked to these aspects the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, Water Ecological Footprint (WEF) model, InVEST model and indicators system of human-water relationship are used to establish a water resources efficiency index (IEEWB-W), economic society high-quality development index (IEEWB-ES), ecology health index (IEEWB-E), harmony index of human-water relationship (IEEWB-H). The four indices were then integrated into the water use balance between economic society and ecology index (IEEWB) with Euclidean distance, thus forming the EEWB quantification method system. Finally, the temporal and spatial characteristics of EEWB during 2010-2022 was diagnosed in Henan Province and cities of China. Results reveal that: (1) The water resources utilization efficiency exhibit a changing trend of initial decrease followed by subsequent increase; (2) Southern cities in Henan Province have a higher economic society development level compared to northern cities; (3) IEEWB-E in Henan Province is below 0.60, indicating that the regional ecology health remains consistently vulnerable; (4) IEEWB-H in Henan Province shows an increasing trend, indicating that a gradual improvement and overall upward development in the human-water relationship; (5) IEEWB multi-year average was within [0.53, 0.65] in Henan Province, indicating a state of Proximity imbalance. The low level of ecological health is the primary influencing factor. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the water use balance between economic society and ecology and provide scientific reference for achieving a healthy regional water balance.

Regional agricultural drought vulnerability prediction based on interpretable Random Forest.

Drought is one of the leading natural disasters in the world. It severely restricts the normal functioning of societies and economies. The purpose of this paper is to predict the drought vulnerability index in Henan Province so that timely measures can be taken to mitigate the impact of drought and to ensure the continued stability of people's lives and social development. First, the drought vulnerability index of Henan Province for 2010-2022 was calculated based on relevant literature and the regional situation of Henan Province. In addition, the main factors of sensibility and resilience are selected, the prediction indicator system is established, and the grey correlation analysis model is applied to select the top 10 main factors of drought vulnerability. Second, the Random Forest model was trained and simulated, and the drought vulnerability index of Henan Province was predicted for 2023-2025. Finally, the SHapley Additive exPlanations model was used to explain the specific effects of the influences of the Random Forest model. The interpretable Random Forest model not only accurately predicts the drought vulnerability index in Henan Province but also alleviates concerns about the "black box" problem of indirect interpretation of the Random Forest model. The results of the study show that the Average Percentage Error of the drought vulnerability index in Henan Province from 2010 to 2022 simulated by the Random Forest model is as low as 3.0457%, and the simulation accuracy is as high as 96.9643%. Drought vulnerability prediction for Henan Province was also made for the period 2023-2025, showing an increasing trend. Relevant sectors should enhance awareness and early warning of drought, improve resilience, and take effective measures to reduce the socio-economic impact of drought.

An Industrial Economics Perspective on the Economic Valuation of Cornus officinalis: A Case Study from Xixia County, Henan Province

The dual nature of Cornus officinalis as both a medicinal and edible resource endows it with expansive market potential. This research develops an analytical framework to evaluate the economic value of Cornus officinalis through the lens of industrial economics. Utilizing theoretical exploration and a case study centered on Xixia County, Henan Province, the study draws several key conclusions: First, within the primary industry, Cornus officinalis contributes to the enhancement of farmers’ incomes and fosters the growth of local agriculture-related sectors through the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Second, from the perspective of the secondary industry, Cornus officinalis generates substantial economic worth via food processing and pharmaceutical commerce. Finally, in the realm of the tertiary industry, the economic value of Cornus officinalis is predominantly realized through leisure and wellness services, as well as the tourism sector.

The Influence of Parenting Styles on Mental Health Among Children in Henan Province, China

This study aims to examine the correlation between parenting styles of children and their mental health. A cross-sectional study with 384 children with parents was carried out in Henan Province with children aged 10-13 years old. The findings showed a significant negative correlation between emotional warmth and mental health (β = -0.253, p&lt; 0.001), indicating that the higher the level of emotional warmth perceived during the parenting process, the lower the mental health symptom scores, reflecting better mental health in children. There is a significant positive correlation between rejection and mental health (β = 0.381, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that higher levels of perceived rejection during the parenting process are associated with higher mental health symptom scores, reflecting poorer mental health in children. There is a significant difference in parenting styles by grade level (F = 3.491, p = 0.016). In conclusion, only some of the research hypotheses are supported in this study. The mental health of children is greatly impacted by the parenting methods of their parents. Parenting philosophies that prioritised rejection and emotional warmth had a stronger effect on children's mental health.

Association of triglyceride-glucose index, low and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in generally Chinese elderly: a retrospective cohort study.

The impact of baseline triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and abnormal low or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C or HDL-C) levels on all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between TyG index and LDL-C or HDL-C and all-cause and CVD mortality. This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from health examinations of 69,068 older adults aged ≥60 in Xinzheng City, Henan Province, China, between January 2013 and January 2023. Cox proportional risk regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the TyG index and LDL-C or HDL-C about all-cause and CVD mortality. Restricted cubic spline was used to assess the dose-response relationship. During 400,094 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up 5.8 years [interquartile range 3.0-9.12]), 13,664 deaths were recorded, of which 7,045 were due to CVD. Compared with participants in the second quartile of the TyG index, participants in the fourth quartile had a 16% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12,1.22), and an 8% increased risk of CVD mortality (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01,1.16). Similar results were observed in LDL-C and HDL-C, with all-cause and CVD mortality risks for participants in the fourth quartile compared with participants in the third quartile for LDL-C of (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02,1.12) and (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01,1.17), respectively. The risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in participants in the fourth quartile group compared with those in the second HDL-C quartile group was (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05,1.16) and (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04,1.18), respectively. We found that the TyG index was nonlinearly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality (P non-linear <0.05), and LDL-C was nonlinearly associated with all-cause mortality (P non-linear <0.05) but linearly associated with CVD mortality (P non-linear >0.05). HDL-C, on the other hand, was in contrast to LDL-C, which showed a non-linear association with CVD mortality. We did not observe a significant interaction between TyG index and LDL-C or HDL-C (P >0.05). TyG index and LDL-C or HDL-C increased the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, especially a high TyG index combined with abnormal LDL-C.

Study on the Level Measurement and Spatial Distribution of Comprehensive Competitiveness of Logistics Industry in Henan Province

This paper takes the 18 cities in Henan Province as the research object, combining their relevant data in 2022, and conducts a comparative study on the comprehensive competitiveness indicators of logistics industry in Henan Province through factor analysis method. Starting from the three dimensions of infrastructure level, economic benefits, and development scale, this paper explores the level of comprehensive competitiveness of logistics industry in Henan Province and explores the spatial distribution characteristics of comprehensive competitiveness through spatial trend analysis and natural breakpoint method. And it puts forward corresponding improvement strategies.

Analysis on the Impact of English Teachers' Continuing Professional Development (CPD) on Teaching Ability: A Case Study of Applied Undergraduate Colleges in Henan Province

Background and purpose: With the rapid development of higher education in China and the rise of applied undergraduate colleges, the continuing professional development (CPD) of English teachers is becoming increasingly important. This study aims to explore in depth the impact of CPD on the teaching ability of English teachers in applied undergraduate colleges in Henan Province, analyse teachers' attitudes towards and participation in CPD and its effectiveness, and examine the role of demographic characteristics and teacher creativity in this process. Method: A mixed research method was used, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 294 English teachers (with a 85.5% response rate) from 10 applied undergraduate colleges in Henan Province. The questionnaire included aspects such as teachers' background information, frequency of CPD participation, attitudes towards CPD, and perceived teaching ability. In addition, 20 semi-structured interviews and four focus group discussions (24 participants in total) were conducted to obtain more in-depth qualitative data. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS software, and Hayes' PROCESS macro was used to analyse moderated effects. Main results: Teachers had a generally positive attitude towards CPD (mean score 4.587/5), but institutional support was lower (mean score 3.326/5). There were significant differences in the frequency of participation in CPD activities: professional reading had the highest participation rate (65.9% participated frequently or very frequently), while industry-university cooperation had the lowest (only 22.8%). CPD had a positive impact on all aspects of teaching ability, especially technology integration (72.5% reported a significant or transformative impact). Multiple regression analysis showed that the frequency of CPD participation was the strongest predictor of perceived teaching ability (β = 0.458, p &lt; 0.001), followed by attitude towards CPD (β = 0.265, p &lt; 0.001). Teacher creativity significantly moderated the relationship between CPD participation and teaching competence (B = 0.087, p = 0.026), indicating that teachers with higher creativity are better able to translate their CPD experiences into teaching practice. Heavy workload (65.6%) and insufficient time (59.5%) were the main barriers to CPD participation. Technical training (64.9%) and reflective practice groups (59.2%) were the most popular types of CPD activities. Conclusions and recommendations: The findings of this study highlight the important role of CPD in improving the teaching capacity of English teachers in applied undergraduate institutions, while also revealing the challenges in the current implementation of CPD. Recommendations for educational institutions are as follows: Increase institutional support for CPD to create more time and resources for teachers to participate in CPD. Design a diversified CPD programme with a balanced mix of activities, with a particular focus on industry-university collaboration and action research. Focus on technical training and reflective practice to improve teachers' digital literacy and innovation capabilities. Develop personalised CPD pathways that take into account teachers' career stages, educational backgrounds and career aspirations. Explore more flexible CPD formats, such as microlearning modules or blended learning approaches, to overcome time and workload barriers. This study provides an empirical basis and practical guidance for the CPD of English teachers in applied undergraduate colleges in Henan Province and even in China, which is of great significance for improving teaching quality and student learning outcomes.