Provinces Of France Research Articles

Dominican Dignitaries and Private Preaching at Papal Avignon Part I: The Sermon by Pierre de Palme (12 March 1340)

ABSTRACTPrivate preaching at papal Avignon (or in general, for that matter) has yet to receive much scholarly attention, in part because the texts of private sermons are not always easy to come by. The survival of two private sermons, both by Dominican dignitaries and both delivered to the same audience (a cardinal and his familia) in the same venue during the same Lenten preaching cycle, provide an opportunity to explore the phenomenon of private preaching at the Avignonese curia. In the first article of a three-part series, I present the edited text of the sermon by Pierre de Palme, Prior of the Dominican Province of France; the second text will appear in part II, with analysis and observations in the third and final part.

What Does It Mean to be Central? A Botanical Geography of Paris 1830-1848.

This paper focuses on the geography of the botanical community in Paris, under the July Monarchy (1830-1848). At that time, the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (MHN) was at its institutional acme and, under the impulse of François Guizot, its budget was increasing dramatically. However, closer attention to manuscript sources (correspondence, travel diaries) reveals that the botanists of the time favoured other private institutions, located both on the Right and Left Banks of the Seine. The MHN was prestigious for its collections and professors but it was relatively remote from the centre of Paris, and its plant samples were sometimes difficult to access. Several other first-class private herbaria granted liberal access to botanists: those of Jacques Gay, Phillip Barker Webb, and Benjamin Delessert. Thanks to their wealth, these plant amateurs had ownership of historical herbaria consisting of species types alongside rich botanical libraries. Botanists visiting Paris from foreign countries or other provinces of France also spent some time studying less general plant collections, like those of Count Jaubert, or specialized collections, like Montagne's or Léveillé's on cryptogams. Other botanists also enjoyed renown at the time, although they published little, if anything (like Maire). Living in crammed apartments, literally in the middle of their plant samples, these botanists were key nodes in botanical networks, although they had no relation with the prestigious MHN.

Multiple colonialism in Western Sahara

The Sahrawi are a hybrid people found in parts of northwest Africa, mostly Western Sahara and they are victims of multiple colonialism. The decision by European powers to include parts of their land in various colonies subjected many Sahrawi to different French and Spanish colonial policies and experiences in Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania and Western Sahara. The Spaniards took control of Western Sahara and when they decided to leave, Morocco, with its irredentist dreams stepped in. Morocco became the new colonial power as it claimed Western Sahara territory as a province. It behaves in the same way as the French did when they claimed that Algeria was a province of France. Morocco exploited the prevailing international climate to advance its colonialistic proclivities at a time when territorial colonialism had become anathema internationally. That climate made the big powers, whether communistic or capitalistic, appear to support Morocco. This way their perceived interests seemed to dictate that they be in good books with Morocco and they thus condoned Morocco's annexationist designs. The fact that Morocco itself used to be colonized by the French and the Spaniards tends to hide the fact that it is a colonial power imposing itself on the Sahrawi. Key words: Western Sahara, colonialism, Morocco, Spain

Replanting Douai in the North of England, 1794–1808

Founded by William Allen in 1568 as a temporary haven for the English Catholic exiles, the English College at Douai, had given good service to the English Catholic community, but with the turmoil of Revolution, the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and the French declaration of war on England the following month, it became clear that the days of the College were numbered. Students, acting on advice from worried parents, made their way home to England as best they could. The story of these years is vividly preserved in a number of contemporary accounts. At first things went on generally as before: Douai was one of the last cities in the northern provinces of France to join the revolution but tension in the town was high. One of the first victims of the mob was the College printer, Charles Derbaix, a leading Douai bookseller who owned ‘The Golden Compasses’ (sub signo Circini aurei), in the Via Scholarum. Together with a local tradesman, accused of illicit dealings in corn, he was taken by the mob and hanged à la lanterne on suspicion of distributing loyalist propaganda.

Book Review

TORTRICIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA). WORLD CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, VOLUME 5. Compiled by John W. Brown. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 2005. 741 pages. DKK 960.00 excluding postage (subscription discount of 10% if ordered direct from publisher). The Tortricidae represent one of the largest groups of Microlepidoptera with just over 9000 described species. Their vernacular name, ‘leafroller moths’, is derived from the larval habit of many species of feeding concealed within a roll or a fold of a leaf of the host plant. However, the larvae of numerous species employ other diverse feeding habits, including boring in most plant parts, feeding in flowers or on leaf litter or even predating scale insects. Many species are important pests of agricultural, forest and ornamental plants, and such five-star pests as spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) have attracted considerable research attention. It is almost a century since the last attempt at a world catalogue of the Tortricidae – Edward Meyrick's Lepidopterorum Catalogus volume of 1912 and Genera Insectorum of 1913 – but these dealt only with the Tortricinae (and only a part of that) and covered only a little more than 10% of the species listed here. Therefore, a catalogue of this large and important group of moths is long overdue and this volume is to be welcomed for that reason alone. The introductory sections describe the layout of the catalogue. Names listed include infrasubspecific names and misspellings, flagged as such. Original orthography is retained for all names. Valid names are listed alphabetically within a genus, each with their synonyms; genera are arranged alphabetically with subfamilial and tribal assignment given, together with type species and any synonyms. Authorship, reference and date are given for each name. For species group names, the genus of original combination is given together with the type locality and the status, sex and depository of known type specimens. A list of repository and serial publication abbreviations is given, and the introductory material is completed with a summary of the suprageneric classification of the Tortricidae, including synonyms. Authorship of the systematic catalogue itself is not just by J. W. Brown but also seven of the world's leading experts on the group – Joaqin Baixeras, Richard Brown, Marianne Horak, Furumi Komai, Eric Metzler, Józef Razowski and Kevin Tuck. The layout is clear and the treatment is very user-friendly. The index at the end of the work gives author, date and current taxonomic placement (for species) and this makes the retrieval of names very simple. Extreme care seems to have been taken with the rendering of scientific names and a check of some 500 revealed only a single (one-letter) error. However, treatment of authors' names is somewhat more cavalier, and slightly complex European names occasionally lose letters – Fisher (for Fischer) v. Roeslerstamm, Hoffman (for Hoffmann), Peyerimoff (for Peyerimhoff), Zerney (for Zerny), etc. It is in the type localities where thorough cross-editing by contributors could have worked wonders. As it is, attempts to bring geographical names up to date or to apply a country to a town or a province are sporadic and sometimes wildly erroneous. Misspellings are rife. Tristram is a collector, not a locality, and I quickly noted Baberton for Barberton, Beruit for Beirut, Glogan for Glogau and Granada for Grenada. Oran is not a province of France but, as given correctly on the facing page, of Algeria. Other reviewers have given more extensive lists of examples. Extrapolation is unsafe; although most of the type specimens of Tortricidae described by Meyrick in 1926 from Sarawak were uniques that were sent to Kuching and lost, any duplicates went to London and there is, for example, a perfectly good syntype of Neocalyptis felina in the Natural History Museum, London. Although type locality information in this work should be double-checked before quotation, this hardly detracts from a monumental corpus of well-presented information and the authors are to be congratulated on their successful inventory of a very large slice of Lepidopteran diversity.

William of Melitona on Divine Beatitude

William of Melitona was regent master in theology at the University of Paris, taking over in that capacity in 1248 from Odo Rigaldus who had been named Archbishop of Rouen in March of the same year, before being replaced himself by Bonaventure in 1255.1 Little is known of William's life. Most notable is the fact that he was part, along with ten other masters of theology, of the commission that condemned the Talmud in 1248, 2 and also that he was put in charge by pope Alexander IV in 1256 of supervising, though he actually also took part in, the completion of the Summa theologica of Alexander of Hales along with other friars from the Franciscan Province of France.3 On a more anecdotal note, it also appears, according to the Vitae fratrum ordinis praedicatorum , that William considered the Dominican Guerric of Saint-Quentin a very dear friend of his.4 This information is interesting in view of the persistent belief of both Mendicant orders as developing in isolation from one another. Also, if true, it would show that William's friendship for Guerric did not prevent him from disagreeing with some of his theological views, which, as we will later see, was indeed the case. Of William's theological works, only his questions on the Sacraments have been edited.5 But, as V. Doucet has established in his magisterial Prolegomena to Alexander of Hales' Summa , William is also the author of 24 disputed questions, heavily influenced by Alexander's own quaestiones , as well as by Odo Rigaldus,6 and from which he will himself borrow heavily in

L’évolution des vitae fratrum. Résumé des conclusions provisoires

Evolution of the Vitae Fratrum -Summary of the Temporary Conclusions. The building of the Vitae Fratrum was particularly complex. Géraud of Frachet wrote a text requested by the Order in 1258 based on a first version, to which he added an earlier Cronica Ordinis. A Variety of accounts from the Province of France were then added to that version. Afterwards, Humbert of Romans set up his own two successive versions of the Vitae Fratrum, increased by some extra additions for the 1260 Chapter.

Jean‐Baptiste Moheau on the Moral Causes of Diminished Fertility

This article introduces and gives an excerpt of et considerations sur la population de la France a treatise by Jean-Baptiste Moheau on the moral causes of diminished fertility. When Moheau published Recherches in 1778 he was the personal secretary of the provincial governor of La Rochelle on Frances Atlantic coast. He lived in obscurity and made no further contributions to science but his treatise retains an important place in the history of demography. Moral failings Moheau argued lead to diminished fertility and damage the overall physical quality of the population. Moheau noted the high economic costs of children and implied that economic calculus alone would result in failure to reproduce. Populousness of the State presupposes motivations that transcend material interest which motivations rest on the foundation of moral virtues. Moheaus principle that there is no well-organized Empire without morality is tied to the proposition that without morality there can be no prospect of a numerous population.

The priestly right to be married

After decrees had been issued by the Synods of Poitiers (1078) and Clermont (1095) against the marriage of priests and the ordination of their sons to clerical office, many French clerici reacted against the contents of these decrees as well as against the imperialism of Rome. In this article seven texts from the northern ecclesiastical provinces of France, Rouen, Reims and Sens, are analysed. The right of a priest to be married and to remain so are defended on the grounds of Biblical, patristic and ancient synodal decisions, and arguments for the individual right of their sons to be saved by Christ and to be cleansed by the sacraments, are put forward. The texts are typical male, European texts written in a period before scholastic argumentation took over the theological scene. Furthermore, because the arguments are formed within canonical law, very few questions about the social implications of priests forced to abandon their wives, can be ascertained from these texts.

An Artist in a Province of France

An Artist in a Province of France

Vaccination par le B. C. G.

This book contains the answers to many questions that have arisen about tuberculosis immunization by vaccination with BCG. The method of selection of subjects for vaccination by means of the tests for tuberculosis is thoroughly explained, as well as the various methods of testing. The different techniques of vaccination are illustrated, with the study of postvaccinal allergy and the complications that may arise. These are all illustrated by excellent photographs. The principal complications seem to be cicatrix of the scar and various forms of adenitis occasionally resulting in suppuration. The second part of the book deals with factors that may influence the vitality or activity of BCG and the results of its use in the different provinces of France. This is a very well written and well organized book. Although it is in French, it is very easily read, and the illustrations are self explanatory. The subject matter is such

II: The Origin of “De Roussillon”

Though since the beginning of the twelfth century scholars have been wondering why Girard de Roussillon was so called, few and unsatisfactory answers have been found to that question. The redoubtable Girard, called in legend de Roussillon, has nothing to do, in history or in legend, with the province of France called Roussillon. The action of the chanson de geste which bears his name never takes place in that province, nor is he ever called its lord. Why, then, is he called de Roussillon?

XVII. Remarks on some early Churches in France and Switzerland, partly of the time of Charlemagne. Communicated by J. H. Parker, Esq., F.S.A.; in a Letter addressed to the Right Honourable the Earl Stanhope, President

In the series of letters I have hitherto had the honour of addressing to your Lordship, and of reading before this Society, I have confined myself to the topographical arrangement, merely following the order of my own actual tours in the English provinces of France, which were originally undertaken with a view of ascertaining whether there was any English character in the architecture of these provinces, or any marked connection between them and the architecture of England of the same period. I purposely omitted Normandy, as having been previously well described by Mr. Gally Knight and others, although that province is more familiar to me than any other part of France, and I have notes of many buildings there of which, to the best of my knowledge, no accounts have been published; but, as I fear that mere topographical descriptions of buildings are always rather dry and uninteresting, I propose on the present occasion to give some account of certain very early churches in different parts of France and Switzerland, which I have selected on account of their peculiarity, without reference to their topographical situation.

I. Medieval Architecture in Aquitaine; in continuation of previous Papers. A Letter addressed to the Viscount Mahon, President

In my last letter I carried the account of my architectural Tour in the English provinces of France as far as Bordeaux; the following year I made this my starting point, and traversed the length of the ancient province of Guienne, which it is hardly necessary to ohserve is a long and rather narrow strip across the south of France, extending from Bordeaux in the west, nearly to Lyons in the east, leaving Gascony and Languedoc in the south, and other smaller provinces to the north. I have paid no attention to the modern division of the country into departments, it not being material to my purpose; and my rapid passage from one department to another would have caused great confusion in describing my route.

XXIV.—Notes made during a Tour in the West of France. By John Henry Parker, Esq., F.S.A. Communicated in two Letters to Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N., F.R.S., Director

According to your kind suggestion, I venture to address to you some notes made during a tour in the west of France last summer. You will probably remember that some years ago the late Mr. Rickman commenced a series of papers on the “Architecture of a part of France compared with that of England,” which were printed in the Archseologia. He concluded them by expressing a hope that others who may have time and opportunity would follow up what he had so well begun. His observations are confined to the northern part of France—Normandy and Picardy. The object which I had in view in undertaking my tour, was to pursue these observations in the other provinces of France which belonged to England in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries. As I believe that their architectural character is very little known, you may perhaps think these notices worthy of being submitted to the Society of Antiquaries, more especially as I was accompanied by an artist who has made me some very careful drawings to illustrate my observations.

XXI. An account of some observations relating to the production of the Terra Tripolitana, or Tripoli. Humbly addressed to the Royal Society of London, by Martin Hubner, Fellow of the Royal Society Professor of History in the University of Copenhagen, and Member of the Royal Academy of inscriptions and belles lettres of Paris. translated from the French, by Emanuel Mendes

During a journey I made, in the autumn of the year 1755, through several provinces of France, principally in Britany, I made the natural history of that province, which has plenty of productions worthy the attention of a naturalist, one of the objects of my researches.