Iraqi Provinces Research Articles

Relative performance of surveys for the Old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, in Iraq based on fly trapping and myiasis monitoring

Fly traps are being used to monitor populations of Old World screwworm (OWS) flies in Iraq. We evaluated trapping systems for seasonality and trap type and compared the results with monitoring of OWS flies using myiases on animals. Fly catches increased during spring and autumn with low catches during the hot, dry summer and the cold winter. The effectiveness of the sticky trap/Swormlure and LuciTrap/Bezzilure for OWS flies could not be determined because no OWS were caught during the comparison period in 2009. The LuciTrap caught more flies of all other species than the sticky trap during this comparison. The numbers of myiases detected on animals in Iraqi provinces from 1996 to 2013 are provided. The high numbers of myiases in most provinces in the late 1990s were followed by lower numbers and subsequent apparent elimination in about half of the provinces. Myiases were detected mainly in sheep (77.0%) and goats (16.7%). A temporal comparison of OWS fly detection with traps and animal myiases in Babil province demonstrated a similar sensitivity and a weak correlation between the two methods. We recommend that both fly trapping and inspection of animals for myiases are used for the detection or monitoring OWS fly populations and that Iraq and the international organisations initiate an area-wide integrated OWS fly program, including the sterile insect technique, with the aim of eradicating the OWS fly from Iraq.

The role of bacterial infections on male infertility in Al-Anbar province of Iraq

Background: Bacterial infections on male infertility has always been in the field of debate due to scarce analysis tools to examine seminal fluid specimens as a result of which these infectious processes leads to deterioration of spermatogenesis, impairment of sperm function and/or obstruction of the seminal tract. Aims & Objective: In the current study we investigated the role of bacterial infections in male factor infertility in Al-Anbar Province, West of Iraq through detection of abnormal sperms and other factor pertains to male infertility. Material and Methods: Seminal fluid from six hundred volunteer males was investigated for infertility by the detection of abnormal sperms using the WLJY-9000 TYPE WEILI Color Sperm Analysis System and the Neubauer counting chamber. Results: From the six hundreds patients investigated for infertility, it was found that 408 (68%) patients had a positive culture for pathogenic bacteria, of different species. The results indicate that 32.0% had sperm density less than twenty million per millilitre. The oligospermic were 23.0%, severe oligospermic 0.17% and Azoospermia 8.83%. Asthenospermia was reported to be 76.33% and Teratospermia 86.16% respectively. Conclusion: Seminal fluid infection increases with decreasing sperm density, motility and morphology. The prevalence of abnormal sperm indices and bacterial infection is high with Klebsiella spp. infection. Hence, treatment measures should be taken properly in the management of male factor infertility.

Using Factor Analysis to compare the causes of unemployment for both sexes in Iraq

Unemployment is one of the most serious problems facing the Iraqi economy, because of its economical, social and political effects, as well as it represents a waste of the human been. And unemployment threatens the existence of the defect in the social and political system and considered as a clear index of the inability of the government to perform its duties towards its citizens under its fragile construction and endangered sovereignty. For this reason, the idea of this paper comes to present the individuals distribution that are economically inactive (unemployed) according to the main reason for not working in the provinces of Iraq, for both genders, and analyzing these indexes by using one of the statistical methods to reach the most important one and comparing between them.

Sand fly surveillance and control on Camp Ramadi, Iraq, as part of a leishmaniasis control program

Abstract : Vector-borne diseases are a serious health threat to U.S. troops stationed around the world. U.S. forces deployed to Iraq following the 2003 invasion experienced serious risk of infection by several vector-borne pathogens, specifically cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (Aliaga and Aronson 2007). Camp Ramadi, a U.S. military Forward Operating Base, was established in 2003 at the Al Anbar provincial capital of Ramadi, approximately 110 km west of Baghdad. In Iraq the total number of cases of CL reported per year from 2004 to 2008 was 1,655 and for VL was 1,711 (Alvar et al. 2012). In Al Anbar province in 2008, the estimated incidence of CL and VL was 1 per 10,000 (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the war, the number of cases of both CL and VL was most likely underreported in Al Anbar and all provinces of Iraq (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the risk of vector-borne diseases, each large U.S. military facility, such as Camp Ramadi, had a vector control program operating throughout the year. As part of a base-wide vector control program, unbaited Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps were placed at three locations on Camp Ramadi between April and August, 2009 to gather baseline population estimates of adult sand flies and monitor the success of subsequent control measures. This paper reports sand fly collections over the five-month period, whether they were positive for Leishmania, and describes efforts to control sand fly populations using ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications. Three sites on Camp Ramadi were established for trap placement in areas where U.S. troops worked and lived. Site one was in a grove of palm trees near troop living quarters and the base medical clinic. Site two was in a plot of scrub vegetation near the helicopter landing pad, and site three in tall vegetation near buildings occupied by the base Commander. All three sites had active rodent burrows.

Description of a New Species of Uvitellina Witenberg, 1923 (Cyclocoelidae: Haematotrephinae), from the White-Tailed Lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein) (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) from Iraq

Forty-eight specimens of cyclocoelids (47 specimens representing Uvitellina iraquensis n. sp. [Haematotrephinae] and 1 specimen representing a second unidentified species of Cyclocoelum [Cyclocoelinae]) collected from the air sacs of 6 of 12 white-tailed lapwings, Vanellus leucurus (Charadriidae), collected from Huwazah marsh in northeastern Basrah Province of Iraq were described. Of the 11 species in the genus, only Uvitellina teesae, Uvitellina indica, and Uvitellina kaniharensis are like U. iraquensis n. sp. by having a rudimentary oral sucker. Uvitellina iraquensis n. sp. differs from these 3 species by having the oral sucker wider than the pharynx (1∶1.0–1∶1.3 compared to 1∶0.9, 1∶1.08–1∶0.9, 1∶0.9, respectively). The new species differs from U. teesae by having a longer oral sucker (210–310 compared to 160) and from U. indica by having longer eggs (193–219 compared to 136–153). The new species further differs from U. teesae and U. indica by having wider eggs (63–88 compared to 49, 50–59), respectively. and a shorter pharynx (310–350 long compared to 410 and 417). It further differs from U. kaniharensis by having a smaller body (7,750–10,450 compared to 13,440–16,128).

A Comparative Study on Using Modern Agricultural Technology of Polly Plastic in Southern Iraqi Provinces

The present work gives an account of the development of the modern technology of Polly plastic usage in the southern provinces of Iraq to enhance the ability of the farmers in using the advanced global techniques aiming at improving the local crop productions. The study was carried out on 200 trainee farmers using Polly plastic technology in the southern provinces of Iraq, namely, (i) Thi-Qar, (ii) Basra, (iii)Muthanna and (iv) Masan. A schedule was developed to collect data during the year 2012. The study revealed that the Basrah province had the highest percentage (43.75%) of low-category users of the modern agricultural technologies, which included Polly plastic technology, while the Misan province had 36.84% of the same categories. The farmers of Thi-Qar and Masan provinces participated in the training course most frequently, whereas the Muthanna province farmers took part in the training course more frequently compared with the Basrah province farmers. The relationship between the independent variables and the participation in the training of modern agricultural technologies in Polly plastic was seen to be positive and significant. The results of the socio-personal characteristics of the respondents show the distinct biographical sketch.

Seroepidemiological study for the prevalence of Neospora caninum in Dairy & Beef cattle in some Iraqi provinces

A Seroepidemiological study of Neospora caninum was conducted in Al-Muthana and Al-Nasseria provinces, Iraq on 800 cows serum sample by using commercial Elisa kit. the overall seroprevalence ratio of Neospora caninum was 17.5%, on provincial basis Neospora caninum infection was present in these provinces that was 16 %, 18.4% in Al-Muthana, and Al-Nasseria provinces respectively,which non significant differences between provinces (P<0.05), Comparisons of N.caninum serological status with age groups (5-8 y) showed seropositive rate 21.32% that higher thanother groups with significant differences (P<0.05). antibodies of N.caninum showed in aborted cows 32.29% higher than non aborted cows 7.53% with significant differences (P<0.05). Also the infection rate in dairy cows 19.17% higher than beef cows 12.5% with significant differences (P<0.05).

A gentle occupation: unravelling the Dutch approach in Iraq, 2003–2005

This article examines the so-called ‘Dutch approach’ to conducting stabilisation operations. The term is mostly used in relation to the mission carried out by the Netherlands armed forces in Afghanistan's Uruzgan province from 2006 to 2010, but actually originates in the Iraqi province of Al Muthanna. Here, a 1350-strong battle group operated from July 2003 until March 2005 as part of the US-led coalition, after which the Dutch forces left Iraq relatively unscathed and self-confident of their ability in dealing with this type of conflict. On the basis of archival research and interviews, the authors unravel the ‘Dutch approach’ in southern Iraq by tracing its roots and by examining the Dutch operation in the context of the American and British experiences. They argue that despite predominantly effective tactical reflexes and an overall adequately broad interpretation by battle group commanders of a too narrowly defined political mandate, stability in Al Muthanna was conditions-driven rather than the result of a unique and effective approach. The term ‘Dutch approach’ turned out to be a convenient fabrication which, after the relatively successful mission in Al Muthanna, became increasingly politicised in the run-up to a dangerous new operation in southern Afghanistan.

The role of the mother in developing the personality of the young person from the point of view of some Iraqi mothers

The research aims to highlight the role of the mother in building and developing the personality of the Iraqi youth through the analytical study of the importance of the role played by the mother in the childhood stage and revealing the opinions and perceptions of mothers in how to develop the personality of the youth through the field study of 530 married women with children. The sample was deliberately chosen from among three provinces in Iraq, which are ... Baghdad, Sulaymaniyah, and Basra. The economic aspects received the first attention, as they included providing the necessary supplies, improving the quality of food, and satisfying the basic needs of the child. Followed by the social and psychological aspects and accustoming the young to obedience and respect

The Effect Of Sulfur Waste And ABS On Asphalt Cement Properties

Nineveh is one of the Iraqi provinces 400 km north Baghdad capital and having an industrial company for sulfur production. This company produces nearly 20-25% of the total production as waste materials. This research investigates the ways of recycling the sulfur waste (SW) in solving the higher cost problem coming from import of waterproofing materials and presents information on the program and laboratory test data. Materials used in test program included 40/50 asphalt cement, Alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) and sulfur waste (SW). Five SW contents 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7%, and 1% of ABS in terms of asphalt cement by weight were used. Tests including physical properties, compatibility, storage stability, aging properties, temperature susceptibility and water permeability were carried out in accordance with the ASTM procedure. The test results revealed that SW is a reliable material for paving asphalt cement and being readily available can be widely used in water proofing construction materials, and this offers profound engineering and economic advantages. Keywords: Sulfur waste, Alkylbenzene sulfonate, Asphalt, Modifier, Water proofing material.

Estimating the Gap of the Electrical Energy Demand of Nineveh Governorate Residential Sector Until Year 2010

Electric energy is of vital importance for daily life activity of the modern societies, and its average individual consumption is one of the most important indicators of economic development. Residential sector of Nineveh Province has suffered since 1991 like all Iraqi Provinces from the lack of electricity supply. This was a setback in the way of growth and development. Therefore data collected of the monthly electrical energy sells of Nineveh residential sector for the period from 2004-2007. They were examined and discussed by Macklarn method: which disregards unusual values and be replaced with the average value of similar months in the data sample. As a hypothesis in this research, there are many variable factors shared by different ratios in the growth of the gap of electrical energy demand that are GDP and temperature. To achieve and test this hypothesis, the descriptive and quantitative approaches have been used in forecasting the gap of electrical energy demand. The goal of this study is to explore the nature of available monthly demanded electricity consumption in residential sector for the period 2004-2007 and forecasting Demand, Supply and its gap from 2008 to 2010. 2008-2010.

Unaccusative transitives and the Person-Case Constraint effects in Kurdish

The purpose of this paper is to unravel the intricacies brought about by the eccentric pattern of agreement in Kurdish unaccusative transitive constructions. 1 1 The Kurdish dialect under discussion is called ‘ Sorani’ which is spoken in the Kurdish areas across the border of Iran and Iraq limited to Kurdistan and Azarbaijan-e Gharbi provinces in Iran and Suleymania and Erbil provinces in Iraq. We will propose that there is a strict correlation between Agree in syntax ( Chomsky, 2000, 2001) and Agreement in morphology ( Bobaljik, 2008) to the effect that the φ-features shared by the controller and the target of Agreement in PF must match the corresponding φ-features shared via Agree in narrow syntax. We will specifically argue that the φ-feature mismatch at the syntax–morphology interface is responsible for the emergence of the Person-Case Constraint (PCC) effects. Viewing the PCC from this perspective provides adequate grounds to account for the default agreement and focus movement as ways of circumventing the PCC in Kurdish. At an explanatory level this work presents corroborative evidence to conceive of the PCC as an epiphenomenon ensuing from the interplay of the more general principles at the syntax–morphology interface.

Review: The Prince of the Marshes

THE PRINCE OF THE MARSHES And Other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq Rory Stewart Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2006. 464pp, $24.00 paper (ISBN 0151012350).In another era, Rory Stewart would have made the perfect colonial officer: a Scot, born and raised in Asia, who served in both the British army and the Foreign Office before taking 20 months off to walk across Asia. (One suspects, too, that part of him would have enjoyed it. In The Places in Between, which describes his walk across Afghanistan, he observes, Colonial administrations may have been racist and exploitative, but they did at least work seriously at the business of understanding the people they were [247].) It is the sort of education that makes one suspicious of theories ; produced in seminars in western capitals and of foreigners in a hurry and ingrains a belief in the value of understanding the specifics of a culture. Stewart's second book, The Prince of the Marshes: And Other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq, is an account of his experience working for the coalition provisional authority in the Iraqi provinces of Maysan and Dhi Qar.Its approach is, unsurprisingly, rooted in the concrete: How much corruption and violence and incompetence should we tolerate before intervening? When to appease and when kill? In what circumstances were our governments prepared to kill Iraqis and in what circumstances were they prepared to have their own soldiers killed (115)? The lessons the book has to offer are too rich to do justice to in a review, but three are worth exploring: the gap between the Iraqis and those who sought to bring democracy to them, a coalition that could not quite coalesce, and finally, the failure of the Iraqis themselves to work towards a better future.The failure of the coalition to understand those they were in the business of governing shines through in one of the book's funniest moments.Welcome to your new democracy, said the democracy expert. have met you before. I have met you in Cambodia. I have met you in Russia. I have met you in Nigeria. At the mention of Nigeria, two of the sheikhs walked out (265).It is a telling moment: the expert seeing himself as a generous mentor patient enough to enlighten the undemocratic, and the sheikhs-slightly racist (one bridles at being treated like Congo cannibals)-incensed at the presumption. Stewart shows similar differences, unresolved, throughout his narrative (265). believe, he writes in the foreword, was not grand policy, but rather the meetings between individual Iraqis and foreigners that ultimately determined the result of the occupation (xii). By the end of his narrative, that belief has been vindicated.Nor did the coalition members do a better job managing communication amongst themselves. Political appointees in Baghdad betrayed no knowledge of the needs of the provinces. Stewart portrays bureaucrats in Baghdad in all their ineffectuality. But his most damning illustration of the failure to coordinate is set in Nasiriyah, where insurgent attacks on the coalition compound caused him to decide that it was time to evacuate. …

Detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus in chickens in ninevah province iraq

Detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus in chickens in ninevah province iraq

Kurdish Ezafe construction: Implications for DP structure

In this paper, we will try to shed new light on the ‘ Ezafe’ construction in Kurdish. 1 1 The Kurdish dialect under discussion is called ‘ Sorani’ which is spoken in the Kurdish areas across the border of Iran and Iraq limited to Kurdistan and Azarbaijan-e Gharbi provinces in Iran and Suleymania and Arbil provinces in Iraq. The following abbreviations are used in this paper: 1 = first person, 2 = second person, 3 = third person, ACC = accusative, CMPR = comparative, CONJ = conjunction, DEF = definite(ness), EZ = Ezafe, GEN = genitive, INDEF = indefinite(ness), INFX = interfix, MS = masculine, NOM = nominative, PASS = passive, PL = plural, PrC = predicate construction, PsC = possessive construction, RC = relative clause, RP = relative pronoun, SG = singular. Drawing on historical facts and tracing the Ezafe back to its origins on the one hand, and the unified relation of adjectives and possessors to the head nouns, namely modification, on the other hand, we will argue for the existence of the predicate phrase which Ezafe realizes its head above the NP. The occurrence of the Ezafe will be attributed to the presence of such a functional head which serves to turn a property expression, assigned to the modifier constituent XP, into a propositional function which in turn needs to be saturated by an argument, that is the head noun. Extending the syntactic realization of predication from clausal domain to nominal domain is part of a broader project, which aims at further assimilation of the structure of DPs to clauses.

Iraq – Quo Vadis?

Shi'a revolutionary activism, on the other hand, is essentially a spent force.1 Nearly four years after the US-led invasion of Iraq and the toppling of the regime of Saddam Hussein, extreme violence continues to define the immediate political landscape of what was once referred to as Mesopotamia. The military and political battles being fought out in Iraq today, battles which often in their complexity defy an easy nomenclature such as ‘insurgency’ remain, nonetheless grounded in decades of conflict and domestic strife.2 While it is true that 14 of Iraq's 18 provinces in Iraq remain relatively quiescent, the same cannot be said of the violence that afflicts the four remaining and indeed most populous provinces where the levels of bloodshed have gone from bad to worse. This includes not only attacks against coalition forces, but a growing spiral of sectarian violence among and between religiously-based militias, almost nihilistic in its savagery. With central government either unable or indeed unwilling to intervene to counter such bloodshed, many regard Civil War as now defining the political reality as, in the absence of security structure loyal to the state, militias – Sunni, Shi'a and Kurdish – struggle over land, people and resources. This may appear a somewhat alarmist observation. After all, on the political front, Iraq has managed to hold several elections and to create a federal government despite the extreme partisan nature of political and religious affiliation throughout the county. This is no small achievement, but it is clearly not enough to make the transition to a system of political institutionalisation whereby adversarial politics are played out in a peaceful way. The essays in this special issue therefore represent a modest attempt not only to explain the multiple dynamics that have come to inform the violence in Iraq, but equally, to shed light on how the role of both external and internal actors, both state and non-state have come to impact on the very idea of Iraq as a sustainable, viable entity at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

The Caliph and Mujtahids: Ottoman Policy towards the Shiite Community of Iraq in the Late Nineteenth Century

A significant number of Arabic-speaking Shiite Muslims lived in the Iraqi provinces of Baghdad and Basra. The exact numbers of these Shiite Muslims is unclear since the Ottoman government kept no s...

Mineralogical Composition of the Urinary Stones from Different Provinces in Iraq

For this study, 25 samples of urinary stones were chosen from different provinces in Iraq as representative sampling localities. These samples of urinary stones were collected to represent kidney, urate, and bladder stones. The main objectives of this study are to try to shed some light on the possibilities of tracking down the effective environmental factors that determine the mineralogical and chemical composition of these stones. The stones were examined using several techniques, the most important of which was the use of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique to determine the mineralogical composition of these stones. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test was conducted to determine the crystallographic forms and structures for the minerals forming these stones. Optical properties of these minerals were studied using a polarizing microscope. All these techniques revealed that the calcium oxalate, represented in Whewellite mineral, is the most dominant type of these stones, in addition to other minerals such as Hydroxy apatite, Struvite, and Uricite. Dittmarite was pointed out for the first time ever in some samples. This mineral has not been determined in any previous study worldwide.Considering the results of mineralogical and chemical examinations of the urinary stones in question, and the statistical information gathered from the Iraqi Health Ministry, statistical analyses were applied. The ratio of male-female cases in this study happened to be 4:1, which was higher than the ratio in the years 1988—1989 and 1993—1994, 2:1; 3:1 respectively. The highest percentage of the cases was in the 15—50 age group, which is considered as the most productive years of human lifetime. This study showed that one of the most significant factors was that the mineralogical variation of urinary stones in some Iraqi provinces was due to geographical differences, which reflect the variation in lithogenic factors and also climatological factors. Other factors may be socioeconomic, genetic, physiological, and pathological, which remain the important factors in forming urinary stones.

Winter breeding of the Indian Gerbil, Tatera indica (Rodentia: Gerbillinae), with reference to its first recorded outbreak in Iraq

In the course of a study carried out in the Wassit, Dyala and Taamim provinces of Iraq between November 1993 and February 1994, it was found that Tatera indica continued its breeding even during winter. The pregnancy rates ranged between 42.9 and 66.7% and the mean numbers of embryos ranges between 7.2 and 8.0 litters/female. An outbreak of this gerbil was recorded in Iraq and the possible factors leading to it are discussed in this study.

Parasites of fishes of Basrah province marshy area, Iraq

Abstract Literature review concerning the parasitic fauna of marsh fishes of Basrah province of Iraq indicated that there are six species of protozoans (three flagellates, two ciliates and one sporozoan), eleven trematodes, five cestodes, two nematodes, one acantho‐cephalan and four crustaceans. These parasites were recorded from five fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae and from one fish species of families Siluridae, Heteropneustidae and Mugilidae.