Giresun Province Research Articles

Determination of Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Tea Plants at Plantations in the Black Sea Region

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition and oil content of C. sinensis seeds collected from different locations at the Northern Black Sea region. Study Design: The study based on the collection of tea seed samples from different locations at the the Northern Black Sea Region in Türkiye and comparing their fatty acid composition and oil content of analyzed samples. Place and Duration of Study: Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Agronomy, Field Crops Department, Rize, Türkiye, between 2022 and July 2023. Methodology: A total of 54 samples were taken within the scope of determining oil content and fatty acid composition of Camellia sinensis seeds collected from different locations. The location were choosen from different cities concerning altitude. The number of samples taken from the province of Rize is 37, the number of samples taken from the province of Trabzon is 7, the number of samples taken from the province of Giresun is 5, and the number of samples taken from the province of Artvin is 5. Fatty Acid composition was analyzed using GC-MS and oil content with an automated oil extraction device. Results: Oil ratio and fatty acid composition were determined in these samples. As stated in the literature, oleic acid, which is the criterion of vegetable oil quality, was found to be high in all samples. With Principal Component Analysis, the oil content and fatty acid composition data of the samples were used to reveal the differences in the samples. The obtained data will shed light on future studies. Conclusion: Knowing the fatty acid composition of tea oils will enable production of oils according to their intended use. For this purpose, it will be possible to produce oils suitable for the purpose by growing the desired types in suitable regions. We have to consider, that seeds were obtained after leaf harvest of tea plants. We can assume that the seed yield will increase if the tea plants are grown only for seed production. With governmental support tea seed oil production will be an potential additional income for local farmers.

Average Wind Speed Prediction in Giresun-Kümbet Plateau Region with Artificial Neural Networks

In order to estimate the electricity generation capacity and schedule the supply for vendor needs, wind speed prediction is crucial for wind power plant frameworks. Prior to the installation of the wind power plants, a reliable wind behaviour model is neccesary. To have such a model, wind data is recorded periodically. In this study, hourly recorded meteorological data of actual pressure, relative humidity, temperature, wind direction and average wind speed for the year 2023 were obtained from the General Directorate of Meteorology for the Kümbet plateau region of Giresun province. The data is used to accurately predict the future wind speed for the region. Matlab Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is utilized. Actual pressure, relative humidity, temperature and wind direction parameters are defined as input in the prediction process. 85% of the data set is used as training data and remainin 15% data set is used for testing data. An optimization process is applied to determine the number of hidden layers to have the prediction value with the smallest error. Bayesian Regularization training process was performed by seeing that the hidden layer has the lowest error at 90 neurons. Performance evaluations are performed with Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R) metrics. The values of the metrics for the test data are 26.7137, 5.1685, 3.5055 and 0.7457 respectively. The results show that, ANN based model is useful for the wind speed prediction over the region.

Forecasting of Giresun Hazelnut Quantity in Giresun Province Using Pi-Sigma Artificial Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks are frequently used to solve many problems and give successful results. Artificial neural networks, which we frequently encounter in solving forecasting problems, attract the attention of researchers with the successful results they provide. Pi-sigma artificial neural network, which is a high-order artificial neural network, draws attention with its use of both additive and multiplicative combining functions in its architectural structure. This artificial neural network model offers successful forecasting results thanks to its high-order structures. In this study, the pi-sigma artificial neural network was preferred due to its superior performance properties, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm was used for training the pi-sigma artificial neural network. To evaluate the performance of this preferred artificial neural network, monthly ready-made manufacturer sale shelled hazelnut quantities in Giresun province was used and a comparison was made with many artificial neural network models available in the literature. It has been observed that this tested method has the best performance among other compared methods.

Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of four most consumed fish species in Giresun, the Southeastern Black Sea.

Microplastic studies investigating concentrations in water are numerous, but the majority of microplastics settle and are retained in sediment, and higher concentrations are regularly reported in sediments. Thus, MPs accumulation may be more threatening to benthic fish living in sediments than to pelagic fish. The presence, abundance and diversity of microplastics were investigated by collecting samples from two pelagic, European anchovy, and horse mackerel and two benthic fish species, red mullet, and whiting that are popularly consumed in Giresun province of Türkiye, located on the southern coast of the Black Sea. Visual classification and chemical compositions of microplastics was performed using a light microscope and ATR-FTIR spectrophotometry, consecutively. The overall incidence and mean microplastics abundance in sampled fishes were 17 and 1.7 ± 0.18 MP fish-1, respectively. MPs were within the range of 0.026-5mm in size. In most of the cases, the MP was black in color with 41%. With the rates of 56%, polypropylene was the predominant polymer type. The most dominant MP type was identified as fiber followed by fragments and pellets. The relationship between MP amounts in fish and Fulton condition factor was not strong enough to establish a cause-effect relationship.

Toxicological risk assessment using spring water quality indices in plateaus of Giresun Province/Türkiye: a holistic hydrogeochemical data analysis

Water scarcity is a growing concern due to rapid urbanization and population growth. This study assesses spring water quality at 20 stations in Giresun province, Türkiye, focusing on potentially toxic elements and physicochemical parameters. The Water Quality Index rated most samples as "excellent" during the rainy season and "good" during the dry season, except at stations 4 (40° 35′ 12″ North/38° 26′ 34″ East) and 19 (40° 44′ 28″ North/38° 06′ 53″ West), indicating "poor" quality. Mean macro-element concentrations (mg/L) were: Ca (34.27), Na (10.36), Mg (8.26), and K (1.48). Mean trace element values (μg/L) were: Al (1093), Zn (110.54), Fe (67.45), Mn (23.03), Cu (9.79), As (3.75), Ni (3.00), Cr (2.84), Pb (2.70), Co (1.93), and Cd (0.76). Health risk assessments showed minimal non-carcinogenic risks, while carcinogenic risk from arsenic slightly exceeded safe limits (CR = 1.75E−04). Higher arsenic concentrations during the rainy season were due to increased recharge, arsenic-laden surface runoff, and human activities. Statistical analyses (PCA, PCC, HCA) suggested that metals and physico-chemical parameters originated from lithogenic, anthropogenic, or mixed sources. Regular monitoring of spring water is recommended to mitigate potential public health risks from waterborne contaminants.

Microplastic pollution profile and potential ecological risk of in Aksu Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)

The microplastic (MP) profile in water and sediment samples collected from five stations along Aksu Stream, which serves as a drinking water source for Giresun province, was investigated. The presence and characterization of MPs in the samples were determined using both microscopic and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The study revealed 910 items kg-1 of MPs in sediment samples, while 0.65 items L-1 were found in water samples. The dominant color of MPs observed in the study was transparent. The most prevalent size range of MPs was between 0-50 µm, and the dominant shape in the polymer analysis of MPs collected from Aksu Stream was fiber. According to FT-IR analysis results, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most abundant MP polimer types detected. When assessing the potential ecological risk of MPs, it was determined that the stream falls into damage and risk categories III (High) and IV (Hazard). This research adds to the expanding body of evidence indicating that microplastic contamination is pervasive in freshwater environments. It is urgent to reduce MP waste generation in order to protect aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Assessing the problems encountered by companies using e-logistics via a Polytopic fuzzy methodology: A case of Giresun province

Manufacturing companies are always competing because of globalization, both in terms of sectoral level and meeting customer demands. Companies that want to gain competitive advantages want to offer the best quality products and services at the most affordable cost and aim to deliver them to the end consumer by creating added value. This requirement and flexibility level can only be achieved through logistics applications. Businesses that provide efficiency and speed in logistics applications take a few steps forward in market conditions and respond to customer needs on time. It has become a necessity to use electronic-based systems in logistics applications, especially to meet customer requirements. Information communication-based electronic business has also changed the methods and models of doing business for its users. Internet technology has caused businesses to change their business models and practices, along with their production and service structures. Developments in e-commerce and technology have brought e-logistics applications to the forefront and made it necessary to emphasize them. Because e-logistics applications are important for facilitating business operations and increasing performance and customer satisfaction, they also eliminate distances in world trade and offer access to markets that are difficult to access. There are various problems in e-logistics applications and it is important to identify them. In this context, the problems faced by businesses using e-logistics become critical and one of the components that need to be meticulously emphasized. According to the results of the study, it is understood that the most important e-logistics barriers in enterprises are "lack of skill to manage digital technologies to support the system" and "need for qualified personnel". It is obvious that the results will guide business managers.

Fruit Quality and Biochemical Characteristics of Different Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Genotypes Grown In Giresun

Fruit quality, chemical and biochemical properties of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) genotypes that naturally spread in Bulancak district of Giresun province were examined. In this context, as a result of examinations carried out on 20 genotypes subject to research were determined fruit weight 2.39-4.69 g, fruit width 16.85-20.62 mm, fruit length 14.52-17.29 mm, pH 3.36-3.88, SSC 11.60-19.60%. Glucose, sucrose, fructose and total sugars of water soluble sugars in arbutus genotypes were analyzed and respectively 2.32-8.34 g 100 g-1, 0.02-1.93 g 100 g-1, 3.08-17.93 g 100 g-1 and 7.47-27.51 g 100 g-1 values were obtained. The amount of vitamin C contained in the fruits of strawberry tree was determined as 13.53-126.60 mg 100 g-1, the amount of citric acid was 0.16-0.69% and the amount of malic acid was 0.27- 1.30%.

Giresun ilinde Covid-19 pandemisinin ekoturizmi nasıl etkilediğinin belirlenmesi

Ecotourism is a type of activity in which people spend time in natural environments having fun and admiring nature's wonders. One of the most important characteristics of natural beauty is its potential to foster social and cultural calm. The Covid 19 pandemic outbreak began in Turkey in March 2020. The purpose of this research was to find out how many individuals visited Giresun's ecotourism destinations between 2018 and 2021. The number of tourists to the area had decreased, particularly in 2020. Visitors to Giresun Province are registered at the city's entrance by the Provincial Directorate of Tourism. The existence of tourism agencies facilitates the identification of both domestic and foreign tourists. In 2018 there were 182313 tourists; in 2020 there would be only 105064. There were 77249 fewer tourists in just two years. Despite pandemic restrictions, local tourists prefer ecological places because they provide clean air and a nice way of life. Domestic visitors to the remote Giresun province stayed in ecotourism zones. Despite the fact that our region has several ecotourism destinations, it is obvious that many visitors are leaving for adjacent provinces owing to a lack of infrastructure, transit alternatives, and lodging options.

Geçiş İklimi Koşulları Altında Farklı Akarsu Yataklarında Yer Alan Toprakların Verimlilik Özellikleri

This study was conducted to identify and evaluate some of the fertility characteristics of soils in stream beds in Şebinkarahisar district of the Giresun province of Türkiye, which has a transitional climate between semi-arid and humid climate zones. To this end, a total of 48 soil samples, surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (30-60/61/62/65 cm), were collected from 24 different sampling points on various stream beds. The textures of the surface and subsurface soils taken were determined as CL, SL, SCL, L, C, and LS. pH values of surface soils ranged from 5.84 to 7.98, and the pH values of subsurface soils ranged from 6.06 to 8.05. Lime contents of the soils without salinity problem ranged from 0.00% to 38.30% for surface soils, and from 0.00% to 37.90% for subsurface soils. Organic matter contents varied between 0.32% and 4.16% for surface soils, and between 0.14% and 2.16% for subsurface soils. While the soils were poor in total nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and manganese, it was determined that the calcium and copper contents were at sufficient levels. Although deficiencies were detected in some soils for potassium, magnesium and iron, they were generally determined to be at sufficient levels. To deal with deficiencies of macro and micro plant nutrients, including deficiency of organic matter, a fertilization planning is recommended that includes barnyard manure, poultry manure, green manure, compost, vermicompost, and various organic fertilizers containing macro and micro elements. Within the scope of the research, climate classifications were also made according to Thornthwaite, De Martonne-Gottman and Erinç methods by had used 48 years (1965-2012) climate data of Şebinkarahisar district. Plant species and varieties to be grown in the study area should be selected from among those suitable to the transitional climate conditions prevailing in the region. It will also be useful to analyze the stream waters in the areas where soil sampling is done.

Content of Organic Acid and Essential Fatty Acid in Natural Sweet Chestnuts Growing in Giresun/Turkey

This study investigated organic acid and volatile fatty acid components of sweet chestnut fruits collected from naturally growing chestnut trees within the borders of Giresun province. For this purpose, chestnut samples were collected from 10 trees in different regions of Giresun province. The organic acid composition of chestnuts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Essential oil components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five different organic acids, including oxalic, quinic, maleic, citric and succinic acid, were investigated in chestnut samples, and the highest oxalic and citric acid concentrations were found in chestnut samples. In the GC-MS analysis of chestnut samples, 18 fatty acids were detected and terpilonene (TPO) was the most abundant among them. Another vital component found in chestnut samples is limonene.

Investigation of the change in seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in patients receiving hemodialysis treatment over the years: A Single-Center Study

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate HBV, HCV, and HIV seroprevalence and their 9-year changes in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) treatment in the Giresun province in Turkey. Material-Methods: A total of 607 patients over the age of 18 who received hemodialysis treatment in Giresun – Turkey, provincial and district hospitals in 2013 and 2022 were included in our study. The files of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic characteristics of the patients and serology results of HBV, HCV, HDV, and HIV were recorded. The data was evaluated using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 program. Results: A total of 607 patients, 385 of whom received HD treatment in 2013 and 222 who received HD treatment in 2022, were included in the study. 230 (59.7%) in 2013 and 135 (60.8%) in 2022 of male patients. While the mean age of the patients was 60.26±14 years in 2013, it was 63.08±13.18 years in 2022. In 2013, HBsAg positivity was detected in 9 (2.3%), HBV-DNA positivity in 4 (44.4%), anti-HCV positivity in 31 (8.1%), and HCV-RNA positivity in 8 (25.8%) patients. In 2022, HBsAg positivity was detected in 4 (1.8%), HBV DNA positivity in 2 (50%), and anti-HCV positivity in 31 (8.1%) patients. Compared with dialysis duration, the anti-HCV positivity rate was significantly increased in patients with long dialysis duration (p<0.001). Conclusion: In line with the health policies, the epidemiological data obtained support a decrease in the population’s seroprevalence of HBV and HCV. However, according to the results of our study, it was determined that there was no significant decrease in HBsAg seroprevalence in patients who received HD treatment over nine years. As a result, it was concluded that it would be beneficial to closely monitor the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in patients receiving HD treatment.

Knowledge levels, opinions and attitudes of individuals going to the gym about supplements

The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, opinions and attitudes of individuals who go to the gym about supplements. In the study, 155 people who do sports in different sports halls in Giresun province participated voluntarily. Before the application of the questionnaire, the participants were informed about the purpose and content of the study. In the study, as a data collection tool, a questionnaire consisting of a total of 35 questions prepared by the researcher, including 32 questions about supplements and 3 demographic questions, was applied to determine the knowledge levels, opinions and attitudes of the participants about supplements. The frequency and percentage distributions of the data obtained were evaluated in SPSS programme and tabulated. It was concluded that the participants did not have sufficient knowledge about supplements.

Investigation of Neonicotinoids Insecticides with LC-MS/MS in Honey Produced in Giresun

Neonicotinoids are a significant threat to the environment and the food chain given their wide commercial distribution, mode of action, systemic properties, persistence, toxicity profiles of insecticides and metabolites, and their effects on living organisms.These substances, developed as an alternative to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, pass to all parts of plants, including pollen and nectar, and can be transferred to products produced from these plants, especially bee products. With these systemic effects, neonicotinoids lead to negative effects on living things such as honey bees and wild bees, as well as other vertebrates. Currently, studies on neonicotinoid derivatives and their effects are increasing rapidly, and according to the results of the study, bans and restrictions are imposed on their use in different countries.The aim of the study was to determine the presence and amount of neonicotinoids in honey produced in Giresun province and to measure the level of pollution in the environment and possible public health risks it is revealed. Giresun province, known as the capital of hazelnuts in Turkey, where beekeeping is widespread and many agricultural activities are carried out, has the characteristics and importance to reveal the purpose of the study. For this purpose, 50 honey samples taken during the new harvest period from growers engaged in stationary beekeeping in areas close to Giresun's nut-growing regions were used as materials. Neonicotinoid in samples the presence of (acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, imidacloprid,nitenpyram, thiamethoxam and dinotephran) was detected by LC-MS/MS. According to the analysis results; imidacloprid was detected in 9 of 50 honey samples, thiomethoxam in 2, and both imidacloprid and thiomethoxam in 1 were above 10 ppb, which is the limit value, and neonicotinoids were determined in a total of 12 samples. As a result, the presence of possible neonicotinoids in honey, which is recommended for therapeutic consumption, a sine qua non of healthy diets with high nutritional value, is a potential danger to public health. Neonicotinoid contamination in honey and other bee products, which are often consumed, especially by children and decrepit people, is extremely important in terms of the health risks it may pose. Within the framework of good agricultural practice, the selection of beekeeping areas and the introduction of restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids in this direction in parallel with the EU are important for preventing possible risks.

The Factors Affecting the Level of Job Satisfaction of Family Physicians and their Relationship with Professional Self-Esteem

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and professional self-esteem levels of family medicine practitioners working in Family Health Center. 
 Materials and Methods: Between April 2021 and April 2022, 128 family physicians who volunteered from 155 family physicians working in family health centres in Giresun province were included in the study. The socio-demographic descriptive form, the Minnesota Job Satisfaction and Occupational Self-Esteem Scales were administered face-to-face and online (via WhatsApp groups and e-mail communities). 
 Results: There was no significant relationship between job satisfaction and its sub-dimensions with age, gender, marital status, specialisation status, physical conditions of the Family Health Center, total years of practice and years of training in family medicine (p>0.05). The mean level of occupational self-esteem was 112.48. It was found to be significantly positively correlated with age, total years of practice, years of family medicine practice and average number of patients seen (p=0.05, p=0.004, p=0.004, p=0.004, p=0.009, respectively). 
 Conclusion: Professional self-esteem levels increase as professional age, total years of profession, and total years of working in family medicine increase.

Newborn Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Screening Program: Example of Giresun Province Between 2015 and 2020

Newborn Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Screening Program: Example of Giresun Province Between 2015 and 2020

Detection of heavy metal contamination in Batlama Stream (Turkiye) and the potential toxicity profile

In this study, heavy metal pollution in Batlama stream flowing into the Black Sea from Giresun (Turkiye) province and the toxicity induced by this pollution were investigated by Allium test. Heavy metal concentrations in stream water were analyzed by using ICP-MS. Germination percentage, weight gain, root length, micronucleus (MN), mitotic index (MI), chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), proline, chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities were used as indicators of physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical toxicity. In addition, Comet assay was performed for detecting DNA fragmentation. Anatomical changes caused by heavy metals in the root meristem cells were observed under the microscope. A. cepa bulbs are divided into two groups as control and treatment. The bulbs in the control group were germinated with tap water and the bulbs in the treatment group were germinated with stream water. As a result, heavy metals such as Al, Ti and Co and radioactive heavy metals such as Rb, Sr, Sb and Ba were detected in the stream water above the acceptable parametric values. Heavy metals in the water caused a decrease in germination, root elongation, weight gain, MI and chlorophyll values, and an increase in MDA, proline, SOD, CAT, MN and CAs values. Comet assays indicated the presence of severe DNA damage. In addition, heavy metals in stream water caused different types of CAs and anatomical damage in root meristem cells. As a result, it was determined that there is intense heavy metal pollution in the stream water and this pollution promotes multi-dimensional toxicity in A. cepa, which is an indicator organism. For this reason, the first priority should be to prevent pollution of water resources in order to prevent heavy metal-induced toxicity in water.

Rating pressure factors affecting logistics systems during the pandemic and the ideal logistic decision selection under the Pythagorean fuzzy environment

PurposeDue to the current pandemic, the importance of logistics functions and decisions is well understood both at the level of companies and users. Logistics systems and related decisions are of vital importance in making supply chains effective, efficient and without disruption. Logistic pressure factors may emerge at different points along the logistics process, and given the role of logistics decisions as one of the important indicators of competitiveness, the determination of the logistics pressures that are likely to increase the costs of business, and their causative factors are a vital aspect of the logistics decision-making process. The study aims to provide assistance in the selection of the most ideal logistics decision by ranking the pressure factors affecting the logistics system, especially during the pandemic period for logistics enterprises operating in Ordu and Giresun provinces and which have a corporate identity.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, it is aimed to make the most ideal logistics decision selection by ranking the pressure factors affecting the logistics system, especially during the pandemic period for the logistics enterprises operating in Ordu and Giresun provinces and having a corporate identity. For that purpose interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy (IVPF)–analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) methodology was used. Additionally sensitivity and comparison analysis were discussed.FindingsCompetitive pressure was found as the most important pressure factor affecting the logistics system during the pandemic period. Change in regulatory rules was the pressure factor found to have the least effect on the logistics system. Using the weights of logistics pressure factors, “Operational Decisions” was found to be the most ideal logistics decision selection.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings provide support for the evaluation of logistical pressures and decision options by presenting a decision model capable of processing ambiguous information. During a pandemic or similar period, the study assists decision makers in determining a new route. The findings will also call business managers' attention to logistical pressure factors and lead them toward more realistic and feasible practices in the logistics decision-making process.Originality/valueThis study provided an effective and applicable solution to a decision-making problem in the logistics sector including logistics pressure factors and the selection of logistics decisions. In this context, a methodology was presented that will allow businesses to self-evaluate their own logistics pressure factors and the selection of optimal solutions.

One-year results of the national breast and cervical cancer screening program: Giresun province in the black sea region

Background/Aim: Increasing the survival rate of patients with breast and cervical cancers is possible by early diagnosis through screening individuals for cancer in the asymptomatic period. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the possibility of early diagnosis in breast and cervical cancers has decreased due to the decrease in cancer screening applications. The aim of cancer screening is to increase the survival of patients by detecting precancerous lesions early. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the application and results of breast and cervical cancer screening in the Black Sea region’s Giresun province. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The results of patients who were admitted to the Giresun Early Diagnosis Cancer Screening and Education Center between July 1, 2021, and June 28, 2022, were examined. The mammography report results of women aged 40–69 years who applied to the cancer screening center for breast cancer screening, and the HPV and Pap smear results of the patients aged 30–65 years who applied for cervical cancer screening, were evaluated retrospectively through the public health management system. Mammography results were evaluated with BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Dated System) scoring. The type of HPV and the cytology results from cervical swab samples were analyzed for cervical cancer screening. Results: A total of 3567 people underwent mammography. Per the mammography results, the percentage of those with BIRADS 0 was 7.7% (n=278), the percentage of those with BIRADS 1–2 was 91% (n=3256), the percentage of those with BIRADS 4 was 0.7% (n=25), and the percentage of those with BIRADS 5 was 0.14% (n=5). HPV-DNA and cervical cytology examinations were performed for cervical cancer screening in 2326 patients. As a result of cervical cancer screening, HPV positivity was found in 6.44% (n=150) patients, and 14 different HPV types were found in the positive samples. When HPV types were examined, the two most common types were HPV type 16 (13.6%) and type 56 (11.9%). When the HPV types were examined in the positive samples, the two most common types were HPV type 16 (13.6%) and type 56 (11.9%). HPV type 18 was the least detected HPV type in patients (3.7%). When the Pap smear screening results of the 150 cases with positive screening results were examined, 3.33% were ASC-US (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance), 22% were reported as infection, and 62.6% were normal. Conclusion: The role of primary care physicians directing patients registered in their coverage area to cancer screening programs is especially effective in raising society’s awareness and education on the issue. As a result, it is important that primary care physicians and related specialist physicians, together with cancer early detection and screening centers, adopt a supportive stance towards these programs in order for them to be implemented effectively.

Plant nutrient contents of some hazelnut orchard soils in Ordu and Giresun Province

Çalışmada, Ordu ve Giresun illerinde fındık yetiştiriciliği yapılan bahçelerden alınan toprakların makro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) ve mikro (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) besin elementi kapsamları belirlenmiştir. Toprakların değişebilir katyon içeriklerinin birbirleri ile ilişkilerinden hareketle Ca/Mg, Ca/K ve Mg/K oranları da hesaplanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma alanındaki, fındık bahçesi topraklarının toplam N ve değişebilir Ca ve Mg düzeylerinin yeterli, alınabilir fosfor, değişebilir potasyum içerikleri bakımından ise yetersiz olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanı topraklarının mikroelement düzeylerine göre, toprakların Fe içeriklerinin noksan, Cu, Zn ve Mn içeriklerinin ise, genel olarak yeterli olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, araştırma bölgesi toprakları genel olarak asidik reaksiyonlu, tuzsuz ve yeterli düzeyde organik madde içerdiği saptanmıştır. Topraklardaki değişebilir katyonların birbirleri arasındaki ilişkiler ile Ca/Mg, Ca/K ve Mg/K oranları beraberce değerlendirildiğinde, araştırma alanındaki toprakların büyük kısmının Ca ve K noksanlığı riski ile karşı karşıya kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Bölgedeki asit reaksiyonlu toprakların yönetiminde, topraktan kireçleme yapılarak hem asitliğin giderilmesinin sağlanması hem de bitkinin ihtiyaç duyduğu kalsiyumun topraklara verilmesi açısından önemli olacaktır. Bununla beraber, sürdürülebilir toprak yönetimi ile fındık üretimi açısından topraktan ve yapraktan yapılacak gübreleme programlarında, topraktan yapılan NPK gübrelemesine ilave olarak yapraktan gübreleme uygulamalarına eksikliği bulunan Ca, Mg, Fe gibi besin maddelerinin de ilave edilmesi gerekmektedir.