During parasitological studies of 23 Eurasian coot Fulica atra (Linnaeus, 1758), 91 nematodes were isolated. Three of them, found in the proventriculus, were identified as Tetrameres globosa (Linstow, 1879). This paper presents the morphological characteristics of the discovered males of T. globosa.

Impacts of dietary calcium, phytate, and nonphytate phosphorus concentrations in the presence or absence of phytase on inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) degradation in different segments of broilers digestive tract

The “simulans-group” of Euops Schoenherr is described. It contains three previously described species, E. buergersi Voss, E. mysolensis Voss, and E. wallacei Sharp, plus 19 species described as new: E. angulithorax sp. n., E. asekianus sp. n., E. balkei sp. n., E. batantae sp. n., E. breyniae sp. n., E. cydopensis sp. n., E. deceptus sp. n., E. flyensis sp. n., E. japensis sp. n., E. kukukuku sp. n., E. kutubu sp. n., E. lani sp. n., E. lobipes sp. n., E. parangulithorax sp. n., E. reticulatus sp. n., E. simulans sp. n., E. vulgaris sp. n., E. wei sp. n., and E. zimmii sp. n. Lectotypes are designated for E. buergersi Voss, E. picipes Voss, E. mysolensis Voss, and E. wallacei Sharp. Euops picipes Voss is treated as a junior synonym of E. mysolensis Voss [New synonymy]. Euops wallacei Sharp is known from Irian Jaya, not from Papua New Guinea as stated in earlier literature where it is confused with a different species. The treated species are described and the characters relevant for their identification, especially the male genitalia, are illustrated. A key to the species is provided. Within the simulans-group six different types of proventriculus are recognized and they are illustrated. A cladistic analysis is performed. The group is restricted to New Guinea and some small neighboring islands. The distribution patterns suggest an ability for rapid dispersal over land. Some species occur both in coastal areas and in high elevations of the interior of New Guinea.

An adult and a juvenile male Australian king parrot ( Alisterus scapularis ) were found dead in their facilities in a private aviary in June 2010 without premonitory clinical signs before death. Gross examinations showed enlarged livers, enlarged spleens with petechiae, distended proventriculi, and distended and haemorrhagic intestinal tracts. Unilateral pneumonia and enlarged kidneys were also observed in the adult parrot. Tissue samples from the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, proventriculus and intestine were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, histopathological, and bacteriological studies. Citrobacter freundii was isolated from several organs in the two parrots. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a C. freundii infection causing lesions and sudden death in Psittaciformes.

A morphological study of the stomach of the falcon was carried out, grossly and under light microscopy. Anatomically, the stomach of the falcon is constituted by two externally distinguishable chambers: a cranial chamber, the proventriculus ( pars glandularis ), which is cranially connected to the esophagus and caudally, to the gizzard ( ventriculus or pars muscularis ). There is no papilla on the gastric epithelium surface of the proventricular. Both, the mucous tunic of the proventriculus and of the gizzard present folds lined by simple columnar epithelium. The tunica mucosa of the proventriculus is extensively folded due to the presence of well-developed longitudinal muscle bundles. There is no intermediate zone (isthmus) between the proventriculus and the gizzard. The luminal surface of the ventriculus have cuticle, which is sloughed and shed small fine area (around the pyloric opening) and very thin membrane and highly closely adherent to the lining surface of gizzard.

The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathology of avian tuberculosis in naturally infected domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) with Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.avium. Avian tuberculosis is one of the most important diseases that affect all species of birds, and is most often caused by mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium genavense. Eighty out of more than 600 pigeons were selected based on their clinical signs and poor healthconditions and under standard conditions were euthanized, necropsied, and followed by bacterial culture on specific media for Mycobacterium avium subsp.avium. Fifty Mycobacterium avium subsp. Avium was isolated from pigeons. All acid fast bacilli isolates were tested by the PCR assays targeting the 16S rRNA, IS1245 and IS901 genes. After definitive identification of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. avium by culturing and PCR assay, 45 fixed samples including liver, gizzard, proventriculus, intestines, kidneys and lungs from positive pigeons were subjected for histopathology studies. Tissues sections were prepared as usual and stained by hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen and Congo red. Based on gross findings, liver and intestines were the most affected organs. Histologically, caseative uncalcified granulomatous inflammation was noted in the affected organs. Also histopathology examinations showed that most of the granulomatous lesions in the lungs were in microscopic size and it seems that lungs were affected more than it was expected. In Ziehl-Neelsen’s staining, a large number of acid-fast bacilli were observed within multinucleated giant cells and in necrotic areas. Also in Congo red staining, deposition of amyloid in liver and kidneys sections were observed. In conclusion, histopathology findings were typical of avian tuberculosis, including acid fast bacilli and uncalcified caseous necrosis centers which were surrounded by multinucleated giant cells, macrophages and lymphocytes.

To study the comparative morphology and morphometry of the gastrointestinal tract of the Japanese quail and pigeon, a total number of twenty birds twenty birds (comprising of ten pigeons and ten Japanese quails) of both sexes were used obtained and used by the researhers. The birds were weighed, dissected and the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract located and eviscerated from which the comparative morphologic and morphometric studies were carried out. The numerical data generated were subjected to statistical analyses using the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and GraphPad Instat statistical package, with values of P 0.05), their corresponding lengths were 9.77±0.35cm and 12.46±0.99cm respectively, while the mean body weights of the quail and pigeon used in the study were 159.5±8.18g and 265±4.86g for the quail and pigeon, respectively (P>0.05). The mean weights of the proventriculus in the quail and pigeon were 0.69±0.07g and 0.54±0.09g respectively (P>0.05) and their mean lengths were 1.75±0.13cm and 1.44±0.28cm respectively; this was not considered significant relative terms. The weights and lengths of gizzard in the quail and pigeon showed different values with the ultimate conclusion that the gizzard’s weight and length were higher in the pigeon than in the quail (P 0.05). The ceca in the pigeon was rudimentary in contrast to the robust type found in the quail, the weights of both the right and left ceca in the quail and pigeon were considered very significant (P<0.05) and their corresponding lengths considered extremely ssignificant (P<0.05). The colon, being the terminal part of the large intestine is located caudal to the ceca, had their weights in both quail and pigeon not significantly different statistically, but in absolute and relative terms they differed from each other similarly the lengths of the colon in both bird types were considered significant (P<0.05). The vertebrate gastrointestinal tract is a dynamic and energetically expensive organ system whose various anatomical and physiological parameters were regularly being used in clinical evaluations and for assessing dynamics of growth and associated physiological functions for normal and anomalous developments in birds, the knowledge of which will not only add to literatures in these bird types but which will also aid in understanding their biology and mode of domestication as well as being useful for poultry pathologists and clinician, more especially when carrying out postmortem examination.

This study was carried out between the years 2005 and 2008 in the Invertebrate Culture and Research Laboratory at Ege University, Turkey. In this work, we aimed to investigate the proventriculus morphology of Melanogryllus desertus using light and scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology of the proventriculus resembles other Gryllidae species in that sclerotized appendices are arranged in six internal rows. Structurally, sclerotized appendices are composed of a middle tooth and two lateral teeth, both adorned with denticles rounded in shape. Although four middle denticles are found in general, their numbers vary to as many as five or six. In addition, there are sclerotized lobes and sclerotized partitions among sclerotized appendices, and they are densely setose.

We compared characteristic lesions occurring in chickens and domestic ducks naturally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus in April and May 2008. Infected chickens generally exhibited pale-green, watery diarrhoea, depression, neurological signs and cyanosis of wattles and combs, and infected ducks generally exhibited neurological signs and watery diarrhoea. Gross petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhage affected the heart, proventriculus, liver, muscle, fat, and pancreas in chickens, and muscle in ducks. Necrotic foci were primarily present in the pancreas of both species and in the heart of domestic ducks. Histopathologically, chickens exhibited multifocal encephalomalacia, multifocal lymphohistiocytic myocarditis, multifocal necrotic pancreatitis and haemorrhage of several organs and tissues; ducks exhibited lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis with multifocal haemorrhages, multifocal necrotic pancreatitis, and severe necrotic myocarditis with mineralisation. The characteristic histopathologic findings of 2008 HPAI were multifocal encephalomalacia and necrotic pancreatitis accompanied by lymphohistiocytic myocarditis, and haemorrhage in various organs and tissues in chickens, whereas in ducks, they were severe necrotic myocarditis with mineralisation and necrotic pancreatitis, accompanied with lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. The high mortality of domestic ducks may be intimately associated with heart failure resulting from increased H5N1 HPAI viral cardiotropism.

Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is an infectious disease evolving in broilers, was first reported in Holland, then in the U.S. and Australia. In intensive aviculture this disease is associated with runting or stunting syndrome, causing significant economic harm. Goodwin et. al, in 1996 in USA identify through electron microscopy a virus who was called by others researchers adenovirus-like. In this study was taken an outbreak of broiler chickens, 6120 in number, being made epidemiologic, clinic and anatomopathologic examination. The frequent of TVP was followed by necropsy examination, made biweekly, and the results are shown in Table I. The clinic examination highlighted the uneven appearance of the chickens has increased from week III. Diseased chickens presented a cyclic polymorphism similar with malabsorption syndrome. Macroscopic lesions were reported only in proventriculus. The organ and the isthmus are enlarged and friable, transition between the two organs are not well defined. The proventriculus mucosa had pronounced lobular aspect because the glands are enlarged and on the digital pressing is removed white-viscose content.

Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a poorly understood disease of broiler chickens. It is characterized by enlargement of the proventriculus, retention of ingesta in the lumen, and weakness of the gastric isthmus. Microscopically, degeneration and necrosis of the proventricular glandular epithelium is accompanied by marked lymphocytic infiltration. Samples from 13 chicken broiler farms from Romania, exhibiting clinical signs of TVP, poor feed conversion efficiency, and increased mortality have been examined by necropsy, histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa staining). The histopathological findings were dominated by the presence of enlarged, deformed glands, containing detritus with an inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes and surprisingly mast cells, as determined by special staining.

In fowl the calcium necessary is high, both in chicken, due to the rapid growth of their skeleton, and in laying hens, due to the eggshell formation. These needs are covered by supplementing the diets with calcium carbonate (Guinotte, 1995), which in order to be absorbed needs an acid medium, assured in the stomach and the intestine by the chlorhydric acid secreted by the oxynticopeptic cells of the proventriculus ( Burhol, 1971 cit. by Nys, 1990). The experiment was carried out on 10 ISA Brown hybrid hens, 53 weeks old, individually caged, and fed with combined granulated fodder. The hens were killed by administrating iv. a T61 solution. Afterwards the digestive tracts of the hens was divided into 9 segments - ingluvies (ING), stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) (ST), upper duodenum (DP), lower duodenum (DD), jejunum (JEJ), upper ileum (PI), lower ileum (ID), ceca (CEC) and rectum (R).- by double ligation with surgical thread, not allowing the post-mortem flow of the digesta into the segments. After the prelevation, the digestive segments were frozen and sectioned longitudinally, and the digestive content was collected, the biological samples being processed separately. After defreezing the pH of the digestive content was determined, using a portable pH- meter

10 ISA Brown hybrid hens, 53 weeks old, placed in individual cages, were killed by administering iv a T61 solution at 10 different times after being deprived of food. After that the digestive tracts were ligatured and segmented into 9 parts: ingluvies (ING), stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) (ST), upper duodenum (DP), lower duodenum (DD), jejunum (JEJ), upper ileum (PI), lower ileum (ID), ceca (CEC) and rectum (R). In order to determine the MRT of the dry matter in the segments of the digestive tract by the technique of continuous administration of the marker simultaneously with the total collecting of the digesta from one segment, the hens were fed with combined feed with a supplement of 0.1% Cr2O3 used as marker. The results showed that the average value of the MRT in the small intestine was of 185 minutes; the steady state of the marker is kept for 2 hours and 45 minutes after the limitation to the access to food, i.e. for the T1 – T7 killing time, but it is not valid for the hens killed during T8 (3 hours and 45 min.), T9 (5 hours and 45 min.) and T10 (7 hours and 45 min.).

Development of somatostatin and bombesin-secreting cells of proventriculus from Shao ducks

ふ化前後におけるブロイラーの腺胃および筋胃病変

In vitro hatching of the infective eggs of Ascaridia galli in tissue extracts

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of several variables on infection rates of Trypanosama brucei rhodesiense in Glossina morsitans, viz., postinfection temperature, clone/isolate of parasite, age and sex of tsetses, and the presence or absence of serum in the infective blood meal. Flies evaluated histologically had infection rates of 10.9% in the midgut (MG), 6.9% in the proventriculus (PV), and 1.9% in the salivary glands (SG); flies assessed by dissection methods yielded MG, PV and SG infection rates of 24.3, 19.0, and 4.8%, respectively. No consistent differences were found in infection rates using the different isolates/clone of T. b. rhodesiense, nor were there differences between flies held at different postinfection temperatures (range limits: 15–21 °C). Analysis of the influence of age and sex indicated an interaction effect where males <24 h old had the highest rates and all other groups, males 24–48 h old and females <24 and 24–48 h old, presented comparable rates. In addition, <6-h-old flies yielded higher infection rates than 6–26-h-old flies, while chilled 24–30-h-old flies yielded intermediate rates, indicating that the negative physiological effects of aging on infection potential can be retarded by cool temperatures. Replacement of serum in the infective meal with 1% glucose in saline significantly enhanced MG infection rates in all males held at a postinfection temperature of 25 °C, although only 24–48-h-old males showed enhanced infection rates at the 20 °C postinfection temperature.

The Influence of Fiber in the Diet on Dilation (Hypertrophy) of the Proventriculus in Chickens

This research explores the management problems in the Turkish National Police Organisation (TNP) by assessing the perceived leadership behaviours and job satisfaction of police officers working at the Eskisehir Police Department in Turkey. The perceived leadership styles of the officers is examined from the standpoint of the Transformational and Transactional Leadership Theory of Bass (1985) by using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X) of Bass & Avolio (2004). The job satisfaction level of the officers is examined by using Paul Spectoris Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) instrument. The data is collected from the police officers (n=298) working at various branches of the Eskisehir police department. Major findings of this research indicate that the majority of the police officers perceive moderate level transformational leadership behaviours from their police chiefs, and the overall job satisfaction of police officers is high. Another finding of this study indicates that there is a relationship between the perceived transformational leadership behaviours of police chiefs and the job satisfaction of police officers. These findings are discussed in context with numerous policy implications and recommendations for further research.

SynopsisThe structure of the proventriculus of lps cembrae is described, and the function of the proventricular teeth and bristles is discussed.