Prototypical Patterns Research Articles

An indexing-based approach to pattern and video clip recognition

A column-based classifier as a method for pattern recognition and clustering built on the notion of inverse patterns is considered. This approach replaces the matching of unknown patterns to prototype patterns with the intersection operations for inverse images. These operations are much less computationally intensive than comparison operations. A possible analogy with hashing is that the features of the pattern being recognized are used as addresses that play the role of hash function arguments that define the name of the pattern class without search operations like in hashing. As an example of a practical implementation of the proposed approach the recognition problem for dynamically changing patterns represented by video clips is solved.

A conserved peptide pattern from a widespread microbial virulence factor triggers pattern-induced immunity in Arabidopsis.

Microbe- or host damage-derived patterns mediate activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. Microbial virulence factor (effector)-triggered immunity (ETI) constitutes a second layer of plant protection against microbial attack. Various necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) produced by bacterial, oomycete and fungal microbes are phytotoxic virulence factors that exert immunogenic activities through phytotoxin-induced host cell damage. We here show that multiple cytotoxic NLPs also carry a pattern of 20 amino acid residues (nlp20) that triggers immunity-associated plant defenses and immunity to microbial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana and related plant species with similar characteristics as the prototype pattern, bacterial flagellin. Characteristic differences in flagellin and nlp20 plant responses exist however, as nlp20s fail to trigger extracellular alkalinization in Arabidopsis cell suspensions and seedling growth inhibition. Immunogenic nlp20 peptide motifs are frequently found in bacterial, oomycete and fungal NLPs. Such an unusually broad taxonomic distribution within three phylogenetic kingdoms is unprecedented among microbe-derived triggers of immune responses in either metazoans or plants. Our findings suggest that cytotoxic NLPs carrying immunogenic nlp20 motifs trigger PTI in two ways as typical patterns and by inflicting host cell damage. We further propose that conserved structures within a microbial virulence factor might have driven the emergence of a plant pattern recognition system mediating PTI. As this is reminiscent of the evolution of immune receptors mediating ETI, our findings support the idea that there is a continuum between PTI and ETI.

Development of One Piece Prototype Pattern for Women in the 20s - Focused on women who wear A and C cups -

Development of One Piece Prototype Pattern for Women in the 20s - Focused on women who wear A and C cups -

Time-series panel analysis (TSPA): Multivariate modeling of temporal associations in psychotherapy process.

Processes occurring in the course of psychotherapy are characterized by the simple fact that they unfold in time and that the multiple factors engaged in change processes vary highly between individuals (idiographic phenomena). Previous research, however, has neglected the temporal perspective by its traditional focus on static phenomena, which were mainly assessed at the group level (nomothetic phenomena). To support a temporal approach, the authors introduce time-series panel analysis (TSPA), a statistical methodology explicitly focusing on the quantification of temporal, session-to-session aspects of change in psychotherapy. TSPA-models are initially built at the level of individuals and are subsequently aggregated at the group level, thus allowing the exploration of prototypical models. TSPA is based on vector auto-regression (VAR), an extension of univariate auto-regression models to multivariate time-series data. The application of TSPA is demonstrated in a sample of 87 outpatient psychotherapy patients who were monitored by postsession questionnaires. Prototypical mechanisms of change were derived from the aggregation of individual multivariate models of psychotherapy process. In a 2nd step, the associations between mechanisms of change (TSPA) and pre- to postsymptom change were explored. TSPA allowed a prototypical process pattern to be identified, where patient's alliance and self-efficacy were linked by a temporal feedback-loop. Furthermore, therapist's stability over time in both mastery and clarification interventions was positively associated with better outcomes. TSPA is a statistical tool that sheds new light on temporal mechanisms of change. Through this approach, clinicians may gain insight into prototypical patterns of change in psychotherapy.

Trainable COSFIRE filters for vessel delineation with application to retinal images.

Retinal imaging provides a non-invasive opportunity for the diagnosis of several medical pathologies. The automatic segmentation of the vessel tree is an important pre-processing step which facilitates subsequent automatic processes that contribute to such diagnosis. We introduce a novel method for the automatic segmentation of vessel trees in retinal fundus images. We propose a filter that selectively responds to vessels and that we call B-COSFIRE with B standing for bar which is an abstraction for a vessel. It is based on the existing COSFIRE (Combination Of Shifted Filter Responses) approach. A B-COSFIRE filter achieves orientation selectivity by computing the weighted geometric mean of the output of a pool of Difference-of-Gaussians filters, whose supports are aligned in a collinear manner. It achieves rotation invariance efficiently by simple shifting operations. The proposed filter is versatile as its selectivity is determined from any given vessel-like prototype pattern in an automatic configuration process. We configure two B-COSFIRE filters, namely symmetric and asymmetric, that are selective for bars and bar-endings, respectively. We achieve vessel segmentation by summing up the responses of the two rotation-invariant B-COSFIRE filters followed by thresholding. The results that we achieve on three publicly available data sets (DRIVE: Se=0.7655, Sp=0.9704; STARE: Se=0.7716, Sp=0.9701; CHASE_DB1: Se=0.7585, Sp=0.9587) are higher than many of the state-of-the-art methods. The proposed segmentation approach is also very efficient with a time complexity that is significantly lower than existing methods.

A Novel Garment Prototyping Algorithm

New production techniques need to be developed in the clothing industry to satisfy the demands of customers. In this paper, a new algorithm, which can transform 3D surface of the prototype garment to 2D cutting pattern, was developed. The corresponding feature points with 2D prototype pattern were defined manually using 3D cursor on the body in advance. Further 3D wireframe of garment prototype was created by connecting feature points. The final pattern of the prototype was obtained by flattening geometrically 3D wireframe of each zone. The visual assessment was also made and proved the algorithm validity. This approach improved the flattened pattern practicality.

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from periodontal pathogenic bacteria facilitate oncogenic herpesvirus infection within primary oral cells.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) remains the most common tumor arising in patients with HIV/AIDS, and involvement of the oral cavity represents one of the most common clinical manifestations of this tumor. HIV infection incurs an increased risk for periodontal diseases and oral carriage of a variety of bacteria. Whether interactions involving pathogenic bacteria and oncogenic viruses in the local environment facilitate replication or maintenance of these viruses in the oral cavity remains unknown. In the current study, our data indicate that pretreatment of primary human oral fibroblasts with two prototypical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by oral pathogenic bacteria–lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), increase KSHV entry and subsequent viral latent gene expression during de novo infection. Further experiments demonstrate that the underlying mechanisms induced by LTA and/or LPS include upregulation of cellular receptor, increasing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activating intracellular signaling pathways such as MAPK and NF-κB, and all of which are closely associated with KSHV entry or gene expression within oral cells. Based on these findings, we hope to provide the framework of developing novel targeted approaches for treatment and prevention of oral KSHV infection and KS development in high-risk HIV-positive patients.

Simple vector considerations to assess the polarity of partially fluorinated alkyl and alkoxy groups.

While H/F exchange at aryl groups or introduction of CF3 units have dominated medicinal chemistry for decades, the use of partially fluorinated alkyl and alkoxy groups has come into focus more recently. A simple bond vector analysis scheme, based on the assumption of context-independent bond polarities as well as idealized configurational and conformational geometries, is applied to small alkyl and alkoxy groups with prototypic fluorination patterns for qualitative assessments of relative polarities as well as polarity modulation by conformational change. Combined with a constant volume increase for each hydrogen/fluorine exchange these polarity estimates can be translated into expected lipophilicity shifts (ΔlogP), using a simple parameterization scheme derived from experimental logP values. While terminal monofluoro- and gem-difluoromethyl groups in small aliphatic units are correctly predicted to show lower lipophilicity compared to their tri- or non-fluorinated congeners, vicinal difluoro and bis-vicinal trifluoro patterns are identified to exhibit significantly lower lipophilicities than their respective geminal di- and trifluoro substituted counterparts. The trifluoromethoxy group is diagnosed as an intrinsically lipophilic unit compared to the parent methoxy group. The difluoromethoxy group is of particular interest as it can easily interconvert between a highly lipophilic and a polar conformation, thus enabling this unit to adjust to polarity changes of the molecular environment. For di- and trifluoroalkoxy groups, again the vic-difluoro and bis-vic-trifluoro substitution patterns stand out as most promising to keep lipophilicity low. The 1,3-difluoro pattern next to an ether moiety shows an interesting conformational dependence of polarity, similar to the difluoromethoxy group. While very qualitative in nature, the simple bond vector analysis promises to be a useful tool for the identification of lipophilicity-lowering fluorinated alkyl or alkoxy groups and particularly those groups that display marked conformation-dependent lipophilicity and thus potentially serve as 'environmental adaptors'.

A discrete-time Multiple Event Process Survival Mixture (MEPSUM) model.

Traditional survival analysis was developed to investigate the occurrence and timing of a single event, but researchers have recently begun to ask questions about the order and timing of multiple events. A multiple event process survival mixture model is developed here to analyze nonrepeatable events measured in discrete-time that may occur at the same point in time. Building on both traditional univariate survival analysis and univariate survival mixture analysis, the model approximates the underlying multivariate distribution of hazard functions via a discrete-point finite mixture in which the mixing components represent prototypical patterns of event occurrence. The model is applied in an empirical analysis concerning transitions to adulthood, where the events under study include parenthood, marriage, beginning full-time work, and obtaining a college degree. Promising opportunities, as well as possible limitations of the model and future directions for research, are discussed.

Heme on innate immunity and inflammation.

Heme is an essential molecule expressed ubiquitously all through our tissues. Heme plays major functions in cellular physiology and metabolism as the prosthetic group of diverse proteins. Once released from cells and from hemeproteins free heme causes oxidative damage and inflammation, thus acting as a prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern. In this context, free heme is a critical component of the pathological process of sterile and infectious hemolytic conditions including malaria, hemolytic anemias, ischemia-reperfusion, and hemorrhage. The plasma scavenger proteins hemopexin and albumin reduce heme toxicity and are responsible for transporting free heme to intracellular compartments where it is catabolized by heme-oxygenase enzymes. Upon hemolysis or severe cellular damage the serum capacity to scavenge heme may saturate and increase free heme to sufficient amounts to cause tissue damage in various organs. The mechanism by which heme causes reactive oxygen generation, activation of cells of the innate immune system and cell death are not fully understood. Although heme can directly promote lipid peroxidation by its iron atom, heme can also induce reactive oxygen species generation and production of inflammatory mediators through the activation of selective signaling pathways. Heme activates innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils through activation of innate immune receptors. The importance of these events has been demonstrated in infectious and non-infectious diseases models. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms behind heme-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation and the consequences of these events on different tissues and diseases.

차분 진화 알고리즘을 이용한 Fuzzy Prototype Classifier 최적화

본 논문에서는 입력 공간의 부분 영역의 특성을 기술하기 위하여 각 부분 영역을 대표하는 prototype을 정의하고 정의된 Prototype 에 가중치를 적용하여 각 부분 영역이 각 클래스의 경계면에 미치는 영향을 차등화 하는 Fuzzy Prototype 분류기를 제안 한다. 제안된 패턴 분류기의 Prototype은 퍼지 클러스터링 알고리즘인 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering 알고리즘을 사용하여 결정한다. 또한, 각 부분 영역의 가중치를 결정하기 위하여 유전자 알고리즘에서 파생된 차분 진화 알고리즘을 적용하여 각각의 퍼지 규칙의 가중치를 최적화 한다. 또한 퍼지 규칙 기반 시스템 기반 패턴 분류기의 경우 각각의 퍼지 규칙의 후반부 구조인 다항식의 계수를 추정하기 위하여 Linear Discriminant Analysis를 사용한다. 마지막으로, 본 논문에서 제안한 패턴 분류기의 패턴 분류 특성 및 성능을 평가하기위하여 기계 학습 데이터를 사용한다. In this paper, we proposed the fuzzy prototype pattern classifier. In the proposed classifier, each prototype is defined to describe the related sub-space and the weight value is assigned to the prototype. The weight value assigned to the prototype leads to the change of the boundary surface. In order to define the prototypes, we use Fuzzy C-Means Clustering which is the one of fuzzy clustering methods. In order to optimize the weight values assigned to the prototypes, we use the Differential Evolutionary Algorithm. We use Linear Discriminant Analysis to estimate the coefficients of the polynomial which is the structure of the consequent part of a fuzzy rule. Finally, in order to evaluate the classification ability of the proposed pattern classifier, the machine learning data sets are used.

Noncompositional scopal morphology in Yi

This paper distinguishes between scopal affix paradigms and compositional affix paradigms, two notions confused in the literature. The Yi languages (Tibeto-Burman: China) exhibit maximally scopal paradigms which reflect the cognitive layers of the sentence in the mind of the speaker. In spite of this prototypical pattern, the paradigm is full of noncompostional pairs of morphemes.

Oxidative Stress Elicits Platelet/Leukocyte Inflammatory InteractionsviaHMGB1: A Candidate for Microvessel Injury in Sytemic Sclerosis

An abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is thought to contribute to systemic sclerosis (SSc), fostering autoimmunity, fibrosis, and vascular inflammation. The function of the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), depends on its redox status. Here we investigate whether oxidative stress regulates the cross-talk between leukocytes and platelets via HMGB1, thus contributing to vessel inflammation in SSc. The oxidation of HMGB1 amplified its ability to activate neutrophils, as detected assessing the redistribution of primary granule molecules and the transactivation of the β2 integrin chain CD18. Activated platelets are a source of bioactive HMGB1 and via P-selectin stimulated neutrophils to generate ROS. Oxidized extracellular HMGB1, soluble or associated to platelet membrane or to platelet-derived microparticles (PDμPs), further increased leukocyte activation. Leukocyte activation abated in the presence of inhibitors of HMGB1 or of catalase, which catalyzes the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen. The redistribution of the content of primary granules and the transactivation of β2 integrins characterized blood leukocytes of SSc patients and membrane HMGB1 was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension or with diffuse SSc. HMGB1(+) microparticles (μPs) purified from SSc patients, but not HMGB1(-) μPs purified from control subjects, activated in vitro healthy neutrophils, and HMGB1 inhibitors reversed the effects of μPs. ROS dramatically increase the ability of extracellular HMGB1 to activate blood leukocytes. This event might contribute to maintain the microvascular injury of patients with SSc.

Perceptual Category Judgment Deficits are Related to Prefrontal Decision Making Abnormalities in Schizophrenia.

Previous studies of perceptual category learning in patients with schizophrenia generally demonstrate impaired perceptual category learning; however, traditional cognitive studies have often failed to address the relationship of different cortical regions to perceptually based category learning and judgments in healthy participants and patients with schizophrenia. In the present study, perceptual category learning was examined in 26 patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy participants using a dot-pattern category learning task. In the training phase, distortions of a prototypical dot pattern were presented. In the test phase, participants were shown the prototype, low and high distortions of the prototype, and random dot patterns. Participants were required to indicate whether the presented dot pattern was a member of the category of dot-patterns previously presented during the study phase. Patients with schizophrenia displayed an impaired ability to make judgments regarding marginal members of novel, perceptually based categories relative to healthy participants. Category judgment also showed opposite patterns of strong, significant correlations with behavioral measures of prefrontal cortex function in patients relative to healthy participants. These results suggest that impaired judgments regarding novel, perceptually based category membership may be due to abnormal prefrontal cortex function in patients with schizophrenia.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-sirtuin 1 functional interplay regulates LPS-mediated high mobility group box 1 secretion.

Pathophysiological conditions that lead to the release of the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) also result in activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1; now known as ADP-ribosyl transferase 1 [ARTD1]). Persistent activation of PARP1 promotes energy failure and cell death. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in HMGB1 release has been explored previously; however, PARP1 is a versatile enzyme and performs several other functions including cross-talk with another nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD(+)) dependent member of the Class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Previously, it has been shown that the hyperacetylation of HMGB1 is a seminal event prior to its secretion, a process that also is dependent on HDACs. Therefore, in this study, we seek to determine if PARP1 inhibition alters LPS-mediated HMGB1 hyperacetylation and subsequent secretion due to its effect on SIRT1. We demonstrate in an in vitro model that LPS treatment leads to hyperacetylated HMGB1 with concomitant reduction in nuclear HDAC activity. Treatment with PARP1 inhibitors mitigates the LPS-mediated reduction in nuclear HDAC activity and decreases HMGB1 acetylation. By utilizing an NAD(+)-based mechanism, PARP1 inhibition increases the activity of SIRT1. Consequently, there is an increased nuclear retention and decreased extracellular secretion of HMGB1. We also demonstrate that PARP1 physically interacts with SIRT1. Further confirmation of this data was obtained in a murine model of sepsis, that is, administration of PJ-34, a specific PARP1 inhibitor, led to decreased serum HMGB1 concentrations in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, our study provides new insights in understanding the molecular mechanisms of HMGB1 secretion in sepsis.

"Observing Workplace Mistreatment: A Study of Appraisals, Emotions, and Behaviors"

This study explored observer reactions to workplace mistreatment using a qualitative approach. 32 interviews were conducted with employees in various industries to explore how observers reacted to workplace mistreatment incidents. Specifically, the goal of this study was to identify general cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns of observers who intervene and who don’t intervene during each stage of the incident. Results reveal that prototypical patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are different for observers who intervene and for observers who don’t intervene. These findings have implications for current theories on observer intervention to mistreatment in the workplace.

β-Glucan-supplemented diets increase poly(I:C)-induced gene expression of Mx, possibly via Tlr3-mediated recognition mechanism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

We have previously observed that in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), administration of β-glucan (MacroGard®) as feed additive leads to a lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting that this immunostimulant may be preventing an acute and potentially dangerous response to infection, particularly in the gut. However, in general, mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogens must also be induced in order to achieve an efficient clearance of the infection. Protection against viral diseases acquired through β-glucan-supplemented feed has been extensively reported for several experimental models in fish but the underlining mechanisms are still unknown. Thus, in order to better characterize the antiviral action induced by β-glucans in fish, MacroGard® was administered daily to common carp in the form of supplemented commercial food pellets. Carp were fed for a period of 25 days prior to intra-peritoneal injection with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a well-known double-stranded RNA mimic that triggers a type-I interferon (IFN) response. Subsequently, a set of immune related genes, including mx, were analysed by real-time PCR on liver, spleen, head kidney and mid gut tissues. Results obtained confirmed that treatment with β-glucan alone generally down-regulated the mRNA expression of selected cytokines when compared to untreated fish, while mx gene expression remained stable or was slightly up-regulated. Injection with poly(I:C) induced a similar down-regulated gene expression pattern for cytokines in samples from β-glucan fed fish. In contrast, poly(I:C) injection markedly increased mx gene expression in samples from β-glucan fed fish but hardly in samples from fish fed control feed. In an attempt to explain the high induction of mx, we studied Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene expression in these carp. TLR3 is a prototypical pattern recognition receptor considered important for the binding of viral double-stranded RNA and triggering of a type-I IFN response. Through genome data mining, two sequences for carp tlr3 were retrieved (tlr3.1 and tlr3.2) and characterized. Constitutive gene expression of both tlr3.1 and tlr3.2 was detected by real-time PCR in cDNA of all analysed carp organs. Strikingly, 25 days after β-glucan feeding, very high levels of tlr3.1 gene expression were observed in all analysed organs, with the exception of the liver. Our data suggest that β-glucan-mediated protection against viral diseases could be due to an increased Tlr3-mediated recognition of ligands, resulting in an increased antiviral activity of Mx.

Laser-structured grinding tools – Generation of prototype patterns and performance evaluation

Laser ablation with ultrashort pulsed lasers enables high geometrical flexibility and allows for fabrication of micro scale structures in e.g. ultrahard materials that are hardly possible with any other process. In this work a novel laser structuring method employing picosecond lasers is proposed and applied to produce various micro patterns on the surface of hybrid bonded (metal-vitrified) CBN grinding tools. Grinding performance and wear behaviour of the structured tools are tested and compared to the results of a non-structured tool.It is found that the type of surface pattern has a strong influence on the grinding results. The laser structured tools generally allow for a reduction of grinding forces by up to 54%. However, depending on the pattern geometry, a significant increase in workpiece surface roughness and elevated wear rates (in terms of surface roughness) have to be taken into consideration. Despite this fact, the study does not reveal a significant increase in radial profile wear of the structured tools.

기모노 슬리브 원형의 가동성 향상을 위한 슬리브 각도와 거싯 연구 - 30대 표준체형을 중심으로 -

This study aims to conduct a investigation on the gusset of a Kimono sleeve to achieve excellent movability through an evaluation of its fit wearing by conducting comparative research in terms of the length of the gusset pattern according to sleeve angle, which having a great effect on the wearing and activity of the top of a Kimono sleeve. A prototype was manufactured by developing the basic Kimono sleeve based on the method of Ernestine Kopp's basic bodice pattern. The sleeve angles which was applied to the prototype pattern of the Kimono sleeve ware approximately <TEX>$50^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>$70^{\circ}$</TEX> and the gusset was diamond-shaped which has a width of 10cm and lengths of 9cm, 10cm and 11cm. As a result, in the case of <TEX>$55^{\circ}$</TEX> of the sleeve angle, the angle was gradually increased as the length of gusset was extended, although, in the case of <TEX>$68^{\circ}$</TEX> of the sleeve angle, there was not remarkable effects between increased gusset length and the value of the angle. This result could be analyzed that the gusset did not affect remarkably since the sufficient movability was gained with only the angle in the case of <TEX>$68^{\circ}$</TEX>. Also, in the results of experiment on <TEX>$55^{\circ}$</TEX> angle, as 9cm, 10cm and 11cm of length of gusset commonly indicated over <TEX>$70^{\circ}$</TEX> in average, it was found that the movability was obtained sufficiently in every part.

An Intelligent Recognition Algorithm on Traffic Safety States

Traffic safety states can be divided into safe and dangerous according to the attributes of video images of traffic safety states. We propose a synergic neural network recognition model based on prototype pattern by analyzing various methods on intelligent video processing. Our proposed method realizes real time classification of traffic safety states with high accuracy of traffic safety states recognition. The experimental results validate that the accuracy of classification of proposed method arrives at 87.5%, increased by 16.2% compared to traditional neural network methods.