Protective Inoculation Research Articles

Dick‐investigations and Immunization Attempts against Scarlet Fever in the Army of Finland.

SummaryThe author gives an account of Dick‐investigations of 23150 conscripts in the army of Finland. Protective inoculation was carried out it 1756 cases. The result was satisfactory, the morbidity fell from 14.4 % in the control group to 4 % among the immunized. The possibility of increasing the effectiveness is discussed.

Experiments on the Value of Protective Inoculation Against Theileria Annulata of Cattle

Experiments on the Value of Protective Inoculation Against Theileria Annulata of Cattle

Protective inoculation against tuberculosis in infants by the use of heat-killed human tubercle bacilli

Summary 1. Seventy-three infants were inoculated intramuscularly with heat-killed virulent human tubercle bacilli. 2. The method of injection, the development of allergy and the possible production of immunity have been discussed.

Importance of Medical and Veterinary Research

MAJOR-GEN. SIR LEONARD ROGERS delivered the seventh Stephen Paget Memorial lecture, entitled “The Saving in Life and Suffering due to Medical and Veterinary Research, with Special Reference to the Tropics”, at the annual general meeting of the Research Defence Society held on June 22 at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Sir Leonard dealt with a very wide field of endeavour and conquest in the fight against the diseases of man and animals in the tropics. He outlined the advances made in the treatment of snake-bite, cholera, the dysenteries, Malta fever, relapsing fever and sleeping sickness, giving figures for the incidence and mortality rates before and after the results of research had been applied. In particular, he directed attention to the problem of typhoid fever which faced the Army medical authorities in the South African War and in the War of 1914–18 and exhibited figures proving the enormous value of protective inoculation. He forcefully reminded the audience of the services rendered by Mr. Stephen Paget, whose untiring activity both by lecturing and propaganda among our newly-recruited forces effectively countered the endeavours of anti-vivisectionists to prejudice the soldiers against anti-typhoid inoculation. Dealing with animals' diseases, Sir Leonard showed that on a conservative estimate, half a million cattle are saved annually in India as a result of preventive inoculation against rinderpest or cattle plague. He dealt briefly with distemper and many other diseases of animals and showed conclusively that the saving in life and suffering in animals as a direct result of research far outweighs any discomfort or pain occasioned by the necessary experiments.

Protective Inoculation against a Plant Virus

THE X virus of the potato, first described by Kenneth Smith1, is capable of considerable variation in virulence, as shown by its clinical expression on several of the Solanaceae. If tobacco plants be inoculated from the potato and the virus maintained by passage over a long period, the clinical expression may pass from a more or less mild mottling of pale and dark green, to a stage in which the pale areas are bright yellow, ending in one in which the lesions become extensively necrotic. Inoculation with the virus in this latter stage causes young tobacco plants to remain in a dwarfed and crippled condition.

Value of H and O Agglutination in Diagnosis of Typhoid

Since the advent of prophylactic vaccination against typhoid fever, the interpretation of agglutination reactions has been confusing. This is due to the fact that the serum of inoculated persons will agglutinate the organism in question. In view of this fact Dreyer introduced his method of repeated estimation of the agglutinin content of the patient's serum. However, in the case of Salmonella paratyphi (B. paratyphosus A), the agglutinin response may be so slight as to render the repeated estimations uncertain. Recently, Felix published evidence to show that protective inoculations lead to the formation of large flaking agglutinins, while the agglutination in typhoid fever and in a non-inoculated person is, without exception, of the small flake type. The explanation of the small and large flaking forms is found in the work of Weil and Felix who showed that Proteus X exists in two forms (0 and H forms), which differ from each other morphologically, biologically and serologically. They represent two forms of variation mutually transferable into each other. The anti-O-serum contains one agglutinin which reacts specifically with the homologous organisms agglutinating them in small flakes (O-agglutination); antiserum against the H type contains two agglutinins, the specific small flaking O and a nonspecific large flaking H which reacts with heterologous as well as with homologous organisms. The 0 receptors are thermostabile while the H receptors are thermolabile (Sachs). Burnet believed that the O types are due to the somatic proteins, and the H type to the flagellar proteins. Accordingly,

Ergebnisse der gesamten Tuberkuloseforschung. Band I.

This is a collection of individual articles by different authors, dealing with the various fields of the study of tuberculosis. Its aim is to present to the scientific worker the most important articles in the literature of the present day in a form that will save him time and waste of effort. The authors state that their desire is to publish only such papers as appear to be fundamentally correct and incontrovertible. The subjects treated comprise articles that have already appeared in the scientific press on early diagnosis, early infiltration, tuberculosis as a social factor, protective inoculation against tuberculosis, present status of allergy problems, localization of primary foci in tuberculosis with roentgen study, and others. The papers are accompanied with extensive bibliographies. The book is of good appearance and the articles are well written.

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA, SECTION ON OTOLOGY AND LARYNGOLOGY

<h3>REPORT OF A CASE OF SINUS THROMBOSIS PRESENTING SOME INTERESTING FEATURES. DR. BENJAMIN D. PARISH.</h3> Seven weeks after exposure to scarlet fever and a protective inoculation of antiscarlatinal serum, a boy, aged 10 years, developed earache with a temperature of 104 F. An incision of the bulging left drumhead liberated bloody serum, but his condition was no better on the following day and operation revealed a hemorrhagic mastoid, the general appearance of the bone being that of an acute osteomyelitis. A pure culture of<i>Streptococcus hemolyticus</i>was obtained from the antrum. After operation, the temperature dropped to 100 F., but within the next two days rose to 105 and 106 F. Blood cultures were negative. The internal jugular was ligated, and through the original incision the inner table of mastoid over the sigmoid sinus was removed; the sinus was found bathed in pus. The wall of the sinus was very

BERLIN

<h3>The Value of Protective Inoculation Against Diphtheria</h3> During recent decades, Germany has not suffered to an inordinate extent from diphtheria. The extent to which spontaneous retrogression of morbidity and timely administration of diphtheria antitoxin each may be responsible is an open question. An inquiry was instituted by Prof. J. Schwalbe on the incidence of diphtheria and was published in the<i>Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift</i>, of which he is the editor. This brought forth the information that diphtheria in many sections has retrogressed to such an extent that it is sometimes difficult to secure sufficient instruction material for students. Only in a few places does the opposite condition prevail; more particularly, in Berlin. Still, the local increase of diphtheria in a few places has directed attention to active immunization against the disease, and the Prussian Landesgesundheitsrat (council on health), at a meeting held in November, recommended widespread prophylactic inoculation. It confers, in

THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC OF 1918: III

Following the analogies suggested by the successful use of prophylactic inoculation against typhoid and some other infections, a similar method was employed to some extent against influenza. The swift onrush of the pandemic, however, left little time for the preparation and development of methods. In some instances the height of the outbreak had passed before prophylactic inoculation was completed or even initiated. In certain localities pure culture vaccines were used; in others, mixed cultures of several bacterial species. For these and other reasons comparable data, indeed valid data, are not abundant. The primary uncertainty as to the nature of the true causal agent was and is a decisive factor. It seems desirable to discuss some of the conditions that determine the reasonableness of conclusions drawn from attempts at protective inoculation (cf., also, McCoy 1919). Other parts of this summary contain many examples of factors that affect the attack rate

On specific stimulation therapy and protective inoculation in tuberculosis

On specific stimulation therapy and protective inoculation in tuberculosis

Tetanus Anatoxin and the Protective Inoculation of the Horse and Other Domesticated Animals

Tetanus Anatoxin and the Protective Inoculation of the Horse and Other Domesticated Animals

The Principles of Immunity applied to Protective Inoculation against Diphtheria

When diphtheria toxin is injected in a suitable form and in sufficient quantity into an animal, antitoxin will presently appear in the blood. If the injection be made into an animal that has not previously received a stimulus there is a latent period of about three weeks before any antitoxin can be detected. The amount present in the blood gradually increases, reaching a maximum about eight weeks after the injection, and then a gradual fall in level of antitoxic content is seen. If, however, the same amount of the same antigen be injected into a previously treated animal, antitoxin appears in the circulation at a far greater rate. The latent period is only three days, and the maximum antitoxin level is reached in about eight days. The maximum level reached is from 10 to 100 times that reached after an injection into a normal animal. The two types of response are illustrated in Charts 1 and 2 and also in Chart 3, which shows the antitoxic content of a horse after two separate injections of a toxin antitoxin mixture. There is a great contrast between the extent and rapidity of the antitoxic response on the two occasions.

"PROGRESS IN THE STUDY OF MEASLES"

To Editor: —In your editorial of April 23 on progress in study of measles, you state that the best prospect of prevention seems at present to lie in possibility of protective inoculation, as is true in smallpox. All those who have studied subject are agreed that this is only way in which morbidity and mortality from measles can be reduced. As in smallpox it is not necessary that virus should be identified and isolated; infectious material is definitely known to be present in secretion from nasal mucous membrane. This mucus suffices for inoculation and immunization. With this in mind, I began in 1913 to immunize infants between 4 and 5 months of age, and described method, together with a report on forty infants who were immunized, in Archives of Pediatrics ( 32 :503, 1915). I have also discussed

Shiga’s Vaccine for Early Treatment and Protective Inoculation in Tuberculosis

Shiga’s Vaccine for Early Treatment and Protective Inoculation in Tuberculosis

The Result of Protective Inoculation Against Infulance

The Result of Protective Inoculation Against Infulance

Protective inoculation against mumps

Protective inoculation against mumps

Protective Inoculation by Leukocyte Extract

Protective Inoculation by Leukocyte Extract

The effect of specific vaccines in the typhoid of rats and mice

Owing to the impossibility of infecting small laboratory animals by feeding with typhoid bacilli, the immunity produced by specific vaccines has always been tested by subcutaneous or intra-peritoneal inoculations of the living culture. These methods do not produce a disease comparable to human typhoid, but when rats and mice are fed with certain of the paratyphoid group they contract a disease whose pathology does closely resemble it; therefore these were used for the comparative study of the vaccines. The Danysz virus (one of the Gaertner group) was the test organism. White mice were used in the first series and the vaccines tested were killed cultures, Vaughan's residue, sensitized bacilli (Besredka's vaccine) and protective inoculations of serum, all the injections being given subcutaneously to make them more comparable with those in man. When later, these vaccinated mice were fed with living cultures, no protection was shown, sickness usually fatal occurred exactly as in the untreated cases. After an interval, all of the mice that recovered were re-fed with the living culture and all contracted the disease again, showing that no immunity had been established. Rats being less susceptible than mice, the experiments were repeated upon them. The vaccinated animals when fed with living cultures were not protected but those which had been previously fed with small doses of the living virus, were completely immune to subsequent feeding with large doses. Experiments are now being carried out to see if these rats are also immune against intra-peritoneal and sub-cutaneous inoculations and if it is a strictly specific immunity. Experiments on treatment, specific and otherwise, gave negative result in mice; in rats the investigations are still being carried on.

Protective Inoculation Against Redwater in Cattle

Protective Inoculation Against Redwater in Cattle