Protective Inoculation Research Articles

Biocontrol potential of endophytic Pseudomonas strain IALR1619 against two Pythium species in cucumber and hydroponic lettuce.

The use of fungicides to manage disease has led to multiple environmental externalities, including resistance development, pollution, and non-target mortality. Growers have limited options as legacy chemistry is withdrawn from the market. Moreover, fungicides are generally labeled for traditional soil-based production, and not for liquid culture systems. Biocontrol agents for disease management are a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agroprotectants. Pythium ultimum is a soil borne oomycete plant pathogen with a broad taxonomic host range exceeding 300 plants. Cucumber seedlings exposed to P. ultimum 1 day after a protective inoculation with bacterial endophyte accession IALR1619 (Pseudomonas sp.) recorded 59% survival; with the control assessed at 18%. When the pathogen was added 5 days post endophyte inoculation, 74% of the seedlings treated survived, compared to 36% of the control, indicating a longer-term effect of IALR1619. Under hydroponic conditions, IALR1619 treated leaf type lettuce cv. 'Cristabel' and Romaine cv. 'Red Rosie' showed 29% and 42% higher shoot fresh weight compared to their controls, respectively. Similar results with less growth decline were observed for a repeat experiment with IALR1619. Additionally, an experiment on hydroponic lettuce in pots with perlite was carried out with a mixture of P. ultimum and P. dissotocum after IALR1619 inoculation. The endophyte treated 'Cristabel' showed fresh weight gain, but the second cultivar 'Pensacola' yielded no increase. In summary, the endophyte IALR1619 provided short term as well as medium-term protection against Pythium blight in cucumber seedlings and may be used as an alternative to conventional fungicides in a greenhouse setting. This study also demonstrated the potential of ALR1619 as a biocontrol agent against Pythium blight in hydroponic lettuce.

Evaluation of Potato virus X mild mutants for cross protection against severe infection in China

BackgroundCross protection is a promising alternative to control plant viral diseases. One critical factor limiting the application of cross protection is the availability of attenuated mutants or mild strains. Potato virus X (PVX) infects many crops and induces huge economic losses to agricultural production. However, researches on the variability and mechanism of PVX virulence are scarce.MethodsThe mutants were obtained by introducing mutations into the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of PVX via site-directed mutagenesis. Attenuated mutants were screen according to their symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The protection efficacy against severe infection were evaluated with interval of 5, 10 and 15 days.ResultsAmong the 40 mutants obtained, four mutants carrying substitutions of either Glu46, Asn863, Asn968 or Glu1001 to Ala in PVX RdRp showed drastically attenuated symptom, accompanying with reduced accumulation levels of coat protein, plus- and minus-sense RNAs. When the interval between protective and challenging inoculations was 15 days, mutant E1001A (with substitution of Glu1001 to Ala in RdRp) provided complete protection against severe infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato, while E46A (Glu46 mutated to Ala) provided incomplete protection. To reduce the risk of reverse mutation, we constructed mutant dM which carries double mutations of both Glu46 and Glu1001 to Ala in RdRp. The mutant dM could provide effective protection against severe PVX infection.ConclusionMutations of Glu46, Asn863, Asn968 or Glu1001 to Ala in PVX RdRp significantly reduced the viral symptoms. Mutants E1001A and E46A could provide effective protection against wild type PVX in both Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato. These results provide theoretical and practical bases for the control of PVX via cross protection.

Strategies to improve BCG vaccine efficacy.

Strategies to improve BCG vaccine efficacy.

Changes in Biomodels in Response to Recombinant Protective Anthrax Antigen Inoculation

one. The data obtained has substantiated the lack of an expressed damaging effect of the recombinant protective antigen on the cells and tissues of the macro­organism, as well as possibility of its application as one of the core components of the chemical anthrax vaccine.

Protection between strains of Papaya ringspot virus: type w in zucchini squash involves competition for viral replication sites

A mild strain of Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W), named PRSV-W-1, has proved to be very effective in the control of the disease in zucchini squash plants under greenhouse and field conditions. The aim of this work was to obtain additional information on the protection mechanism between PRSV-W-1 and a severe homologous strain (PRSV-W-C) in Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Caserta. Protective inoculation with the mild strain was made on the cotyledons and the challenge inoculation with the severe strain was applied on the first true expanded leaf, and vice-versa. Plants were challenged at three, six or nine days later, respectively. Plants infected with either the mild or the severe strain alone served as controls. Evaluations were based on the recovery test and specific RT-PCR to detect the challenge strain from challenge inoculated and newly developed leaves of the test-plants. Symptoms evaluation was made 30 days after the challenge inoculation. Regardless of the site of the protective inoculation it seems there are some infectable sites available for superinfection with the severe strain. When the challenge inoculation was performed three days after the protective inoculation, a systemic superinfection occurred in some plants. All plants became protected against the expression of symptoms induced by the severe strain when the challenge inoculation was made six and nine days after protective inoculation. However, the severe strain was still detected in the inoculated and upper leaves of a few test-plants, eight days after the challenge inoculation. These data showed that competition for viral replication sites plays a role in the protection between strains of PRSV-W.

顔面麻痺を伴った破傷風例

Tetanus is a well acknowledged infectious disease designated in the law on infectious disease. Due to a progress of protective inoculation and public health, the incidence of this disease has been decreasing recently. In Japan, we seldom encounter patients with tetanus at present; however, it is important to consider this disease, because of its extremely poor prognosis. If early diagnosis and suitable treatment are not perfomed, prognoses of tetanus is frequently miserable. A sixty-four-year old woman consulted our hospital complaining of trismus and severe dysphagia, with facial nerve palsy 10 days after a head injury. Physical examination showed trismus, and a 5cm wound was seen on her left forehead. Blood examinations showed an increased level of C-reactive protein. The patient was suspected of having tetanus based on the clinical symptoms and was admitted to our hospital immediately. She received 3000 units of antitetanus human immunogloblin on the first day, and daily intravenous infusion of Benzylpenicillin was administered for 10 days. After the treatment was initiated, trismus showed daily improvement, and she recovered without developing any complications such as airway obstruction or circulatory disturbance. Despite progress in protective inoculation and public health, tetanus has not been eradicated, since bacillus tetani widely exists in the soil and intestines.Altough tetanus is rare in Japan, it is important to consider this disease as part of the the differential diagnosis when we encounter patients with Stage 1 or Stage 2 symptoms of tetanus such as dysphonia, dysphagia, and trismus after an injury.

Le charbon bactéridien. Épidémiologie de la maladie en France

Objective — This study had for an aim to determine whether the epidemiologic characteristics of the animal and human anthrax noted in France between 1980 and 2000 and explains the re-emergence of the disease since 1980. Material and methods — A retrospective study of the animals outbreaks and human cases and contamination. Results — A total of 114 animals outbreaks were recorded between 1980 and 2000 and 44 between 1997 and 2000. Thus indicate an increase in animal cases. The human cases or contaminations are associated with animals disease, except three cases more difficult to explain. Several factors are changed : the protective inoculation is not used, the contaminated soils are forgotten, and the disease also. Anthrax is more described in bovine breeding. The cutaneous forms are the most found in the human cases. Comments — Since 1980 several factors in the epidemiology of animals diseases had changed. It's necessary to increase one's vigilance, for animals cases and human contamination. It's necessary to develop again the animals vaccinations and veterinary supervision.

Louis Willems (1822-1907). Founder of the protective inoculation against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, an evaluative summary

Louis Willems (1822-1907). Founder of the protective inoculation against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, an evaluative summary

Control of Papaya Ringspot Virus-Type W in Zucchini Squash by Cross-Protection in Brazil.

Two mild strains of papaya ringspot virus-type W (PRSV-W) were tested under greenhouse and field conditions to study the potential of cross-protection for control of zucchini squash mosaic. Protected plants of zucchini squash cultivars Caserta and Clarinda were challenged with three severe strains from different geographic regions of the country in tests carried out in the greenhouse. Challenge inoculations were done mechanically 10 and 20 days after the protective inoculation. The mild strains did not have a visible negative effect on the development of the plants and offered effective protection against the severe strains. Field tests of protected Caserta plants were carried out in Piracicaba County, São Paulo. Comparative evaluation based on the symptoms and development of protected and unprotected plants of zucchini squash showed that both mild strains effectively protected the plants against the effects of the severe strain present in the field. Yield of marketable fruits harvested from protected plants was only 10% less than that of the healthy plants in one field trial. Compared with the yield from plants infected with the severe strains, protected plants showed an increase of 511 and 633% in the number and weight of marketable fruits, respectively, in a test in 1994. In a second experiment in 1995, an increase of 327% in the number and 344% in the weight of marketable fruits was recorded. These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of cross-protection for the control of the mosaic disease caused by PRSV-W in zucchini squash and offer growers a method for large-scale application of this technology.

Multiple Inoculation with Three Attenuated Viruses for the Control of Cucumber Virus Disease.

Multiple inoculation of cucumber seedlings with attenuated isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), and watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) somewhat reduced yield loss due to mixed infection by virulent strains of these viruses in field experiments under severe epidemic conditions in 1994 and 1995. In addition, this protective inoculation largely protected grafted cucumber plants from viral wilt syndrome. In greenhouse experiments, no significant differences were observed between single and multiple inoculations in the cross-protection effects of the attenuated viruses against their respective virulent strains. Triply inoculated plants developed synergistic yellow leaf mosaic symptoms and 15% fewer marketable fruits compared with healthy plants. Thus, multiple inoculation is appropriate for the summer-early autumn production, when economic losses due to the concurrent incidence of CMV, WMV-2, and ZYMV are significantly greater than the loss in yield due to the inoculation.

Application of Cross-Protection to the Control of Black Soybean Mosaic Disease

In 1990 and 1991, approximately 20,000 and 78,000 seedlings, respectively, of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Shin Tambaguro) were transplanted 1-3 days after protective inoculation with an attenuated isolate of soybean mosaic virus (SMV), Aa15-M2, in seed farms in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. In the plants that received the protective inoculation, virulent strains of SMV were effectively suppressed. Seeds virtually free of SMV were produced in 1990 (971 kg/ha), and free of SMV in 1991 (4,740 kg/1.9 ha). Black soybean seedlings grown from these seeds were widely transplanted in growers' fields in 1991 (45 ha) and 1992 (50 ha) in Wachi, Kyoto

Practices and Precautions in the Use of Cross Protection for Plant Virus Disease Control

Early reports of (53, 69, 75) all described the phenomenon in different terms. What the investigators observed was the resistance of a plant infected by a virus to infection by other strains of the same virus. Suggestions were soon made (39, 70) that prior infection with a mild virus might be used to reduce or eliminate damage due to subsequent infection by a severe strain of the same virus. There were reservations about applying this on a practical scale and for good reason. Thus, research centered on the use of for virus identification and on the mechanisms involved in this reaction. Researchers noticed that could be demonstrated with almost all viruses for which distinct strains could be found. They applied a variety of terms: acquired immunity, antagonism, immunization, dominance, in­ duced immunity, interference, premunity, prophylactic inoculation, protective inoculation, and others. Some of these terms have been used for slightly different phenomena and some, immunity for example, imply more than the data warrant. The term cross protection seems appropriate in the present . . context because it is in common use and describes the aspect of this phenom­ enon of most concern in disease control: prevention of the deleterious effects of other, more severe strains. This term implies nothing about whether superinfec­ tion is prevented or whether mUltiplication of a severe strain is merely de­ pressed (as has, indeed, been shown for a number of viruses) (8, 25). These aspects, however, may have a bearing on the practical application of protection. The term challenge inoculation commonly refers to deliberate

Neuropathogenicity of herpes simplex virus in mice: protection against lethal encephalitis by co-infection with a non-encephalitogenic strain.

Intraperitoneal infection of susceptible mice with an apathogenic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain prevented the lethal outcome of a challenge infection with a pathogenic strain, even if the challenge preceded the protective infection. It was found that the protective inoculation blocks the initial replication of the challenge virus. In addition, intraperitoneal infection with the protective HSV-1 strain led to the induction of a refractory state in the central nervous system, resulting in resistance to direct intracranial infection with HSV-1. This state is also inducible locally by intracerebral inoculation of a non-replicating mutant virus. The results indicate that HSV-1 strains differing in neurovirulence may differ in the induction or the sensitivity to this protective effect. Experiments with non-replicating HSV-1 temperature-sensitive strains demonstrated that protection against lethal infection does not depend on replication or expression of late genes of the protective strain. Inoculation of animals with detergent-soluble extracts of infected cells or infected and u.v.-irradiated syngeneic cells protected the animals against co-infection with encephalitogenic challenge virus. The experiments define this protective effect as an antigen-induced-immediate host defence mechanism active within 24 h post-infection.

Transmission and protective inoculation studies with viruses of the citrus tristeza complex

An investigation since 1949 of viruses of the citrus tristeza complex indicated that the association of virulent, yellows, and tristeza-inducing viruses with orange and mandarin and that of avirulent types with grapefruit, lemon, and sour orange is a general but not absolute rule, as some exceptions were noted. Attempts to separate yellows and non-yellows components from a virulent isolate, by applying short and long feed techniques to the vector aphid, Toxoptera citricidus Kirk., were unsuccessful. A comparison of the vector efficiency of 12 clonal lines of T. citricidus aphids revealed different transfer characteristics between clones. However, transmission results from two experiments were inconclusive. Cross-protection experiments were conducted over an 11 year period with seedling trees of grapefruit and sweet and sour orange seedling combinations. In these, mild isolates from grapefruit and lemon differed considerably in initial protective ability. Over a long period, however, even a strain of low initial protective ability exerted a considerable influence, as determined by tree growth. The virulent challenge virus used in these experiments retained its yellows- and tristeza-inducing ability when it was the sole inoculant, but not in trees previously inoculated with a mild isolate. The results of transmission and cross-protection tests are interpreted as evidence that viruses of the tristeza complex are related entities, varying in virulence but rarely if ever existing as pure strains. An explanation of host-reaction phenomena in terms of the combined effect of host selectivity of strains and mutual interference between tristeza variants is discussed.

Interaction between isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus

Abstract 1. Some isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) differing in vector transmission characteristics and in host plant reactions were studied in single and mixed inoculations in glass-house trials. 2. The symptoms obtained depended on the isolate of BYDV, and the interval between the protective and test inoculation and the variety of host plant. 3. Two of the isolates showed complete protection in Macrosiphum avenae (F.) aphids and in Clintland 60 oats plants. These 2 isolates differed in pathogenicity and in vector specificity. 4. Although interference (protection and synergism) was found in these tests, it appears to be of little value in determining relations between isolates of BYDV. 5. It is thought best at present to assume that there is only one barley yellow dwarf virus with a wide host range in grasses and cereals and differing in adaptation for transmission by several aphid species. 6. Several glass-house trials confirmed that oat plants with an early, mild infection of BYDV were then ...

On the causal viruses of tomato streak diseases in Japan

1. In a survey to determine the causal viruses of tomato streak, 37 collections of streak diseased tomato plants have been examined by inoculating with carborundum to a series of differential hosts. Of these collections, 25 samples (67 per cent) yielded tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), while 9 samples (24 per cent) yielded TMV combined with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Potato X virus (PXV) combined with either TMV or CMV, and CMV singly were isolated from 1 sample each.2. Of the 25 samples which yielded TMV, 14 samples produced streak disease on tomato plants, and 11 samples produced only mosaic disease without necrosis, under the experimental conditions. The viruses contained in the former 14 samples caused local lesions on tobacco, while the viruses contained in the latter 11 samples were found to consist of 2 strains: one causes local lesions on tobacco, while the other is considered to be identical with ordinary TMV, not causing local lesions on tobacco. Streak diseases were produced on tomatoes by inoculation with TMV combined with CMV, PXV combined with TMV, or PXV combined with CMV, but inoculation to tomatoes with CMV alone, even in the particular CMV isolate obtained singly from a streak diseased tomato plant, resulted in the development of mosaic symptoms only.3. The virus causing local lesions on tobacco was identical with the tomato streak strain of TMV (Ainsworth (1933), Smith (1957)), Marmor tabaci var. canadense (Holmes (1948)), judged from the results of experiments on host range, the mode of transmissions, physical properties, protective inoculation tests with ordinary TMV, and aggulutination reaction on slides with antiserum of ordinary TMV.4. The symptoms caused singly by the virus of the streak strain of TMV were more severe than the symptoms caused by combined TMV and CMV. The symptoms caused by the streak strain consisted of necrotic streaks on stems, leaves and fruit, while the symptoms caused by the combined TMV and CMV consisted of small necrotic lesions on leaves without necrotic streaks on stems and fruit, in many cases being accompanied with severe mosaic, malformation, fern-leaf appearance of upper leaves, and bushy habit of the plant.

BCG Vaccination in the Fight Against Tuberculosis

When Wallgren, in 1927, introduced the intracutaneous method, he was establishing a solid basis for the more extensive use of BCG vaccination. He has since presented about forty papers setting forth his views on and experience with that mode of vaccination, and formulating the principles upon which its use today is founded. Thus Wallgren has contributed, perhaps more actively than any other living investigator, to the advancement of protective inoculation against tuberculosis.

Reação da laranjeira azêda à tristeza

Mudinhas novas de laranjeira azêda podem ser infetadas com o vírus da tristeza por meio do afídio vetor da moléstia ou mais fàcilmente por enxertia. Plantas adultas são muitos resistentes, quase imunes. A recuperação do vírus da tristeza de plantas de laranja azeda infetadas é efetuada com facilidade por meio de enxertia e com muita dificuldade por meio do vetor. Os sintomas comumente apresentados por mudinhas de laranja azêda afetadas, consistem em amarelecimento das fôlhas novas, paralisação no crescimento e eventual queda das fôlhas amareladas. Em caso de infecção com estirpes fracas do vírus, os sintomas são menos evidentes e comumente há recuperação. As fôlhas formadas após recuperação, muitas vêzes apresentam palidez de pequenas extensões das nervuras. Os tecidos do floema da laranjeira azêda, abaixo do enxêrto de laranjeira doce infetada, mostram degeneração. Êstes sintomas têm sido utilizados para distinguir a tristeza de outras moléstias que causam declínio da planta. Sintomas de depressões no lenho ("pitting") raramente se manifestam em laranjeira azêda. Não se conhece presentemente nenhuma variedade de laranja azêda tolerante à tristeza, não se podendo, portanto, utilizar êsse cavalo para copas nas quais o vírus da tristeza se multiplica e atinge concentrações elevadas. Entretanto, a laranjeira azeda ainda pode ser usada como cavalo para alguns limões dos tipos Eureka e Siciliano e para a própria laranjeira azêda, em áreas invadidas pela moléstia. Há possibilidade de que o cavalo de azêda possa vir a ser novamente empregado para variedades que usualmente perecem quando nela enxertadas, lançando-se mão de medidas auxiliares como a inoculação prévia da copa com uma estirpe fraca do vírus, pela utilização do tipo de copa com união múltipla, etc. Borbulhas de plantas de laranja azêda afetadas pela tristeza nem sempre encerram o vírus. Borbulhas de plantas afetadas ou de plantas sadias se desenvolvem mais ou menos satisfatòriamente quando sôbre-enxertadas em galhos de laranjeira doce sobre laranjeira azêda, já em avançado estado de declínio. Uma copa mista de laranjeiras azêda e doce sôbre cavalo de azêda pode causar alguns benefícios à planta afetada pela tristeza sob determinadas condições, mas êsse benefício não é duradouro e o método não oferece possibilidades práticas. A laranjeira azêda em viveiro tem sido utilizada com vantagem na determinação da presença do vírus da tristeza em borbulhas de vários tipos de Citrus, pela observação do crescimento feito a partir dessas borbulhas em comparação com aquêle de borbulhas da mesma variedade garantidamente sadias. Para a determinação da presença de estirpes fracas do vírus o método é mais demorado. Interenxertos de laranjeira azêda entre copas e raízes de laranjeira doce são suficientes para que haja manifestação de sintomas da moléstia. Há aparentemente alguma translocação através do interenxêrto, pois o desenvolvimento do cavalo abaixo e acima dele é aproximadamente igual.

The effect of latent mosaic (virus x) on yield of potatoes in maine

Latent mosaic caused by virus X is harbored more generally than any other virus disease by most of the old and some of the new potato varieties. This disease is harbored by some varieties without producing symptoms, whereas in other varieties it appears as a typical mosaic. Latent mosaic is caused by several strains of virus X, which are distinguished by the severity of the host reaction. In addition to causing more severe foliage symptoms, the stronger virus X strains depress the yield more than the weak strain. It is shown that latent mosaic reduces the yield by 9 to 22 per cent, that the yield is depressed more in some varieties than in others, and that annual losses amounting to millions of bushels result from this disease. Control measures are indicated involving propagation of seed potatoes on isolated fields, protective inoculation with a weak strain of the virus and the development of varieties immune from latent mosaic.

TUBERCULOSIS IN MEDICAL AND NURSING HOSPITAL PERSONNEL

Article1 June 1938TUBERCULOSIS IN MEDICAL AND NURSING HOSPITAL PERSONNELJ. ARTHUR MYERS, F.A.C.P., BENEDICT TRACH, HAROLD S. DIEHL, RUTH E. BOYNTONJ. ARTHUR MYERS, F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, BENEDICT TRACHSearch for more papers by this author, HAROLD S. DIEHLSearch for more papers by this author, RUTH E. BOYNTONSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-11-12-2181 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn a previous paper1reports were presented on three private hospital schools of nursing in which the students were observed with reference to tuberculosis. The hospital of School I operated a tuberculosis division where every student nurse at some time before graduation was compelled to spend three months. In the hospitals of Schools II and III there was no special division but occasional tuberculous patients were admitted for both diagnosis and treatment. These observations have been continued and have brought about so much enlightenment among the personnel that some of our hospitals are now taking steps to control the disease...Bibliography1. MYERSDIEHLLEESLEVINE JAHSHDI: The evolution of tuberculosis in students of nursing and medicine, Trans. Nat. Tuberc. Assoc., 1934. Google Scholar2. WALLGREN A: Primary pulmonary tuberculosis in childhood, Am. Jr. Dis. Child., 1935, xlix, 1105. Google Scholar3. SMITH CH: The tuberculosis of childhood, ANN. INT. MED., 1935, viii, 1090. Google Scholar4. DIEHLMYERS HSJA: Tuberculosis in college students, Trans. Nat. Tuberc. Assoc., 1936. Google Scholar5. HARRINGTON FE: Personal communication. Google Scholar6. MYERSDIEHLBOYNTONTRACH JAHSREB: Development of tuberculosis in adult life, Arch. Int. Med., 1937, lix, 1. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. 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Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Minneapolis, Minnesota*Presented in part before the joint meeting of the Philadelphia Medical Society and the Pennsylvania Tuberculosis Association, January 20; the Colorado Tuberculosis Association and the Denver Sanatorium Association, Denver, February 22; the Academy of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, May 21; the 32nd annual meeting of the American Sanatorium Association, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 31; and the joint meeting of the Medical Society of the County of Queens and the Queensboro Tuberculosis and Health Association, Jamaica, New York, September 22, 1937.Prepared with the aid of a grant from the Medical Research Fund, University of Minnesota.From the Departments of Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, and the Lymanhurst Health Center, Minneapolis, Minn. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byRisco de infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre alunos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroDiagnostic Problems of Tuberculosis 1 June 1938Volume 11, Issue 12Page: 2181-2205KeywordsHospital medicineNursesPreventive medicineResearch funding Issue Published: 1 June 1938 PDF downloadLoading ...