According to the 2001 census, 2,19,06,769 people are disabled in India in one way or the other. Out of them, 1,26,05,635 are men and 93,01,134 are women. From among the total disabled population, the majority i.e., 1,63,88,382 i.e., 74 per cent are from rural backgrounds and the remaining 55,18,387 i.e., 25.19 per cent are from urbanites. Whereas in the case of Andhra Pradesh, 13,64,981 are disabled. Among these 7,73,971 are men and 5,91,010 are women. Again the majority of them are from ruralites. Even though they are disabled, due to the technological innovations and adaptation of technology, they began to lead normal life. Recognizing the potential and positive contribution of the disabled to the development and growth of society, the United Nations framed the standard Rules for the equalization of opportunities for the disabled. As a result, India has taken the first initiation in the direction by enacting the law of Persons With Disabilities (Equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation) Act 1995 (PWD Act 1995) which came into force from 1st January, 1996. But for the successful implementation of any scheme or Act, it is necessary to access the people for whom it was meant. Even in the case of the PWD Act, 1995 also it is necessary to find out the impact of the Act in terms of the implementation of the measures such as education, employment and other welfare measures and to provide feedback to the administration to take necessary steps to change the policy to improve the quality of the life of the disabled. The present study is an attempt to find out the impact created by the PWD Act 1995 in the upbringing of the socio-economic conditions and mainstreaming of persons with special needs.

The food estate program in Indonesia, introduced as part of the National Strategic Projects, aims to bolster national food security through the development of large-scale agricultural zones outside Java. Central Kalimantan has become a key pilot area, selected for its perceived land availability and strategic potential. However, this top-down initiative has raised critical concerns related to ecological degradation, legal centralization, and the marginalization of indigenous communities. This study adopts a qualitative methodology that integrates doctrinal legal analysis with empirical research to assess the implementation and impacts of the food estate program in Central Kalimantan. Legal sources, environmental reports, field interviews, and NGO documentation provide the evidentiary basis for this inquiry. The findings reveal significant legal-ecological dissonance: the program undermines constitutional principles of environmental protection, regional autonomy, and indigenous land rights. Ecologically, the conversion of peatlands has accelerated deforestation and carbon emissions. Socially, it has disrupted traditional livelihoods, excluded local participation, and triggered land conflicts. Legally, the policy bypasses decentralization mandates and weakens the role of local governments. This article argues that the food estate program constitutes agrarian misgovernance, where national food ambitions compromise justice, sustainability, and legality. Its novelty lies in adopting a legal-empirical framework that bridges constitutional analysis with socio-environmental realities. By situating Indonesia’s case within global debates on ecological justice and participatory governance, this study contributes to rethinking agrarian policy toward more democratic and sustainable models of food security.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of protection of the rights of the pledgee in pledge legal relations, the definition and analysis of the forms of protection of these rights. It is noted that the concept of “protection” in science is debatable. Based on the analysis of scientific opinion, the position is formulated that when using the concept of “protection,” it should be understood as an activity aimed at restoring the violated rights of the pledgee as a subject of legal relations. It is determined that the forms of protection of the rights of the pledgee are judicial, arbitration, notarial, administrative, and self-defense. Each of these forms is analyzed. The judicial form is defined as the primary form of protection of the rights of the pledgee. The judicial form of protection of rights should be understood as the activities of courts specially created in accordance with the law as state bodies that constitute the judiciary in Ukraine. Special legislation on pledges contains a significant number of references to the use of this form by the pledgee to protect their rights. The activities of an arbitration court in the appropriate procedural form have much in common with the process of considering cases by state courts. It is noted that, unlike the judicial form of protection, the notarial form is not as common in procedures for protecting the rights of pledgees. Attention is drawn to certain procedural features of protecting the rights of the pledgee when making an executive inscription, as well as to the efficiency of protecting the rights of the pledgee in notarial form. It is concluded that the notarial form of protecting the rights of the pledgee is extremely favorable for him in terms of time. Special legislation on pledges does not directly provide for the possibility for a pledgee to protect their violated rights through administrative protection. The pledgee’s right to use this form of protection exists on the basis of general provisions of legislation and is of a general nature. Self-defense is widely used by pledgees to protect their rights in pledge legal relations. The independent exercise of self-defense measures by pledgees has its limits, which are determined either by law or by contract. Based on the results of the study, the concept of protection of the rights of the pledgee has been formulated, which is understood as activities aimed at restoring the violated, unrecognized, or disputed rights of the pledgee, carried out in special forms by specially created bodies or officials (courts, arbitration courts, notaries, administrative bodies), or by the pledgee itself, with the aim of restoring these rights.

Transgender people across the world continue to experience structural discrimination, restricted citizenship rights and limited social inclusion despite growing legal recognition. Recent scholarship highlights persistent disparities in health, education, employment, and psychological well-being alongside under-representation in mainstream research frameworks. This review synthesizes global and Indian literature to examine how legal reforms particularly the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 and international rights indicators shape identity affirmation, access to citizenship and everyday inclusion. Using a secondary data based methodology, the study systematically analyzes peer-reviewed articles, government reports, international rights databases and recent systematic reviews. The findings show that legal reforms have improved visibility, formal recognition and access to welfare, yet gaps remain in healthcare standards, mental health outcomes, workplace inclusion and educational spaces. Evidence also shows high exposure to stigma, neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and continued socioeconomic marginalization. While identity documents and welfare entitlements have expanded, bureaucratic barriers and social prejudice limit their practical impact, particularly in India. The review concludes that legal recognition alone is insufficient without parallel reforms in healthcare, education, employment, and community-centered research ethics. Strengthening rights-based policies, ensuring gender-affirmative services, and fostering peer-support networks are essential for realizing meaningful citizenship and social inclusion.

The use of lie detectors (polygraphs) in Indonesia’s criminal procedure raises juridical issues, as such devices are not explicitly recognized as valid evidence under Article 184 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). Although theoretically, the polygraph can be classified as electronic information pursuant to Article 5 of Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law), its application encounters normative obstacles, particularly the vagueness of Article 13 paragraph (2) letter d of the National Police Regulation No. 10 of 2009, which requires that the subject be “not under pressure” without providing objective indicators. This normative ambiguity potentially violates constitutional rights of suspects, including the principles of non self-incrimination and due process of law. This research employs a normative juridical method with statute, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis is conducted qualitatively in an analytical-prescriptive manner by examining the Denpasar District Court Decision No. 708/Pid.B/2015 and the East Jakarta District Court Decision No. 229/Pid.Sus/2014. The findings indicate that the lie detector cannot yet serve as an independent means of evidence due to the absence of a clear legal basis and its potential to infringe human rights. Therefore, legal reform is necessary through revising the Police Regulation, improving Supreme Court Regulations (PERMA), and introducing new provisions in the revised KUHAP and ITE Law to establish a comprehensive legal framework that ensures the protection of rights within the criminal justice process.

This article analyzes the lack of explicit regulation in Ecuadorian law that incorporates the reversal of the burden of proof in labor proceedings related to the enhanced stability of people with disabilities, which generates legal uncertainty and unequal judicial decisions. Using a qualitative and legal-documentary approach, it reviews national regulations, relevant jurisprudence such as Resolution 01-2025 of the National Court of Justice, specialized doctrine, and comparative experiences from countries such as Peru, Mexico, and Venezuela. The results show that, although the Constitution and the General Organic Code of Procedure allow for flexible evidentiary procedures, and the aforementioned resolution constitutes progress by relieving workers of formal evidentiary requirements, its application depends on judicial criteria rather than a binding general rule. This leads to procedural inequalities and limits judicial protection for workers in vulnerable situations. The discussion argues that, without clear regulation, judicial discretion prevails, and principles such as substantive equality and the effective protection of rights are weakened. The study concludes that legislative reform is necessary to expressly establish a reversal of the burden of proof to ensure regulatory coherence, legal certainty, and real protection.

The article is devoted to the study of the development of the domestic criminal procedural form at the present historical stage by means of its differentiation. In the criminal procedural science, there is an increase in the number of critical assessments of the growing number of variable procedures, formalities and many conditions in differentiated forms. The absence of a single conceptual model and basic criteria for differentiation of the criminal procedural form, unjustified fragmentation of the general form can negatively affect the effectiveness of legal protection. The study is based on general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition, which made it possible to analyze sources on the selected topic and synthesize knowledge about the current state of the domestic criminal procedural form. The analysis of opinions presented in the criminal procedural science regarding the grounds (criteria) for differentiation of the criminal procedural form made it possible to formulate significant theoretical conclusions of the author of the manuscript on the issue under study. The author comes to the conclusion that it is important to maintain a balance between the general form and the features associated with differentiation. The main criterion for differentiating the criminal procedural form, according to the author, should be the subject’s feature, clearly formulated and excluding ambiguity, forming the need to increase the level of protection of rights. The content of the differentiating criterion should predetermine the content of the variable form. The findings are scientifically novel and of practical significance, since they contribute to the improvement of criminal procedural legislation and the development of the science of criminal procedural law.

The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines was referred to as the “parallel pandemic of human rights” of some sort, running neck to neck with the pandemic itself. The production, distribution, and profiteering that followed the announcement of vaccines were so unequal, between the rich countries of the global north and their poor counterparts in the global south, that the exercise was satirically termed ‘vaccine nationalism’ or ‘vaccine apartheid’. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this article examines the extent to which existing International Human Rights Law (IHRL) provides for a framework of equity in vaccine distribution across the globe, particularly in the context of pushing back ‘vaccine nationalism’. Given that the questions relating to access to vaccines sit at the intersection of intellectual property (IP) protection and human rights, the article examines the delicate balance between IP protection and the broader rights of users/society to vaccine access. The article then proceeds to discuss how far human rights jurisprudence can go in engendering access to vaccines for all.

Contract law serves as a fundamental pillar of the modern legal system, regulating relationships and interactions between parties involved in various economic and business transactions. A contract functions as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and the protection of rights and obligations among the parties. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the essential principles of contract law, such as the principles of freedom of contract, consensualism, good faith, and pacta sunt servanda, as well as their practical implementation within the Indonesian business context. Furthermore, this study discusses common challenges in the application of contract law, including unequal bargaining positions, contract breaches, and difficulties in law enforcement. The discussion also explores mechanisms for resolving contractual disputes, both through litigation and alternative dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how contract law functions not only as a binding legal framework but also as an instrument to promote equitable, transparent, and sustainable business relationships.

The enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia’s environmental and plantation sectors often fails to uphold the principle of substantive justice. Despite existing legal frameworks that regulate environmental protection and community rights, implementation faces significant challenges, such as weak sanctions for corporate offenders, conflicts of interest, and injustices toward indigenous communities. This paper analyzes the application of substantive justice in environmental criminal law enforcement through a normative and sociological legal approach, supported by case studies such as forest fires and indigenous land encroachment. The findings emphasize the need for regulatory reform, institutional strengthening, recognition of indigenous rights, and active participation of civil society in legal oversight. Policy recommendations include legal harmonization, restorative-based sanctions, and preventive approaches to achieve sustainable ecological justice.

Child molestation is a serious problem that demands special attention from various parties. This study examines profiling techniques as an investigative method in identifying the patterns and characteristics of child molesters in Kota Bangun Sub-district. Whether profiling techniques have the potential to assist law enforcement officials in identifying perpetrators more quickly and accurately. However, limited data, lack of experts, and lack of inter-agency coordination are obstacles in its application. In addition, the victim's fear of reporting and the community's low understanding of child protection rights are also obstacles in preventing and handling cases of sexual abuse. the research uses a descriptive Socio Legal approach and uses a qualitative approach. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques in this research use interview techniques and document studies. The data analysis technique uses qualitative data analysis. Based on the results of the research that has been conducted, recommends increasing the capacity of the apparatus in applying profiling techniques, strengthening the crime database system, and educating the public to increase awareness and courage to report. In addition, psychological rehabilitation services for victims need to be optimized to minimize long-term impacts. With a multidisciplinary approach and better coordination, it is hoped that efforts to prevent and handle child abuse can be carried out more effectively.

his study examines the validity of Augmented Reality (AR) Evidence as a new form of evidence in the Islamic judicial system. The development of digital technology, particularly AR and Virtual Reality (VR), has presented new challenges and opportunities in the practice of evidence in court. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether AR-based virtual reconstructions can be recognized as valid evidence under Islamic law, and how their application is in line with the principles of fiqh al qadha and maqashid al syariah. The method used is normative-legal research (doctrinal legal research) with three main approaches: (1) the fiqh al qadha approach to examine the procedural norms of Islamic courts; (2) the maqashid al syariah approach with a focus on justice, protection of rights, and prevention of harm; and (3) a comparative approach, namely comparing modern regulations on e-litigation and electronic evidence with the perspective of classical Islamic law. Primary sources include the Qur'an, Hadith, and the works of classical scholars such as al Mawardi, Ibn al Qayyim, and al Sarakhsi, in addition to contemporary religious court decisions. Secondary sources include Islamic law journals, AR/VR literature, and regulations related to electronic evidence. The results of the study show that AR Evidence cannot be positioned as bayyinah (primary evidence), but rather as qarinah (supporting evidence) that strengthens other evidence. The acceptance of AR Evidence requires strict regulations and authentication mechanisms to prevent technological manipulation, including the potential for deepfakes. Furthermore, placing AR Evidence within the framework of maqashid al syariah will ensure that its use supports justice and protects the rights of the parties. The contribution of this research lies in the novelty of the idea of positioning AR technology in the discourse of Islamic judicial evidence, thus opening up space for the development of fiqh al qadha that is responsive to digital disruption.

This article explores human development as a holistic process grounded in the Qur’an’s maqāṣid (higher objectives), moving beyond modern approaches that often center narrowly on material and economic indicators. While development thinking shifted in the late twentieth century to focus more directly on human welfare—emphasizing education, fair distribution, and protection of rights—such frameworks emerged late and have struggled to prevent rising poverty, unemployment, and inequality. By contrast, this study describes the Islamic perspective as reflected in the Qur’an, which integrates spiritual, ethical, and social dimensions of development, and then deduces how these maqāṣid lay the foundation for a balanced model of human flourishing. Drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship, including the contributions of Ibn ʿĀshūr, Riḍā, al-Qaraḍāwī, and al-ʿAlwānī, the article outlines core objectives such as refining character, protecting human dignity and life, promoting knowledge and freedom, ensuring justice, and affirming humanity’s role as khulafāʾ (vicegerents) on earth. The study further highlights practical examples from the life of the Prophet in Madinah—such as the establishment of brotherhood, organizing economic and social life, prohibiting ribā (usury), and safeguarding public welfare—that demonstrate how these objectives were translated into practice. Ultimately, the article concludes that the Qur’anic maqāṣid offer a comprehensive, ethically anchored framework for human development that remains profoundly relevant today, emphasizing that genuine progress must harmonize spiritual purpose, moral integrity, and collective responsibility to achieve sustainable human well-being

ABSTRACT The present work seeks to analyze the legal norms that guarantee, or at least it is what is expected, for the rights of autistic people. Society’s lack of understanding and acceptance of ASD has led to a series of challenges for autistic people, especially with regard to access to their fundamental rights. Existing legislation seeks to ensure the inclusion and protection of these people, but often faces obstacles in its effective implementation. For this reason, the laws that should guarantee rights to bearers will be analyzed, as well as explain how the practical realization of the protected rights should be. At the end of the work, a reflection of the related norms will be brought, mainly the Law n. It predicts that, with the need proven through a medical report, people with autism have several luding that of the auxiliary teacher, given these facts, it is remarkable that these people need greater attention from society and their rights assisted. Keywords: Judicialization. Rights. Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

This research aims to examine the application of pre-trial to the problem of determining suspects who do not meet the requirements of at least two valid evidences in accordance with the provisions of Article 183 and Article 184 of the Criminal Code. This problem often occurs in criminal law practice in Indonesia, where the suspect is determined without going through valid procedures and without sufficient evidence, thus potentially violating the principles of human rights and substantive justice. This research uses normative juridical methods with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches, which focuses on the analysis of written legal norms and their application in practice through the study of laws and regulations, legal theories, and court decisions. The scope of the research includes the study of the evidence system in criminal procedure law as well as the protection of the rights of suspects, with the research object in the form of positive legal provisions, the theory of the validity of evidence, and the application of progressive law in judge's decisions. The types of legal materials used include primary legal materials (laws and decisions), secondary (legal literature and scientific journals), and tertiary (legal dictionaries and encyclopedias). Data collection is carried out through literature and documentation studies, while the analysis technique of legal materials is carried out descriptively-analytically by interpreting legal norms and examining their application systematically and critically. Research results show that pre-trial has an important function as a judicial control mechanism for investigators' actions that are beyond their authority. The Constitutional Court's decision number 21/PUU-XII/2014 has expanded the pre-trial object including the validity of determining the suspect. Through case studies such as the Pegi Setiawan case, it is proven that pre-trial is effective in ensuring the protection of individual rights and preventing abuse of authority by law enforcement officers. Therefore, the determination of suspects must be carried out carefully and based on valid legal procedures so as not to harm justice and public trust in the legal system.

The phenomenon of white men faculty filing lawsuits alleging that diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice violate their free speech and academic freedom rights is instructive for how legal strategies are employed. We engaged white legal logic to examine how three white men faculty members narrated their experiences and what legal precedent was used to support their requested legal redress. The two most salient themes are as follows: (1) plaintiffs constructed a dual legal narrative, positioning themselves as both victims and champions of DEI and social justice initiatives by simultaneously mischaracterizing DEI and social justice to align with their ideological perspectives; (2) plaintiffs weaponized academic freedom and free speech legal precedents to frame their purported ideological dissent about DEI initiatives as a constitutionally protected right. In addition to identifying two major themes, we observed a pattern in legal strategies to add to white legal logic: a victimhood legal formula. Ultimately, we illuminate calculated efforts to maintain systemic inequities under the guise of law and demonstrate the enduring struggle over education’s role in a racially diverse society.

Worldwide urbanization is a phenomenon and trend of urban development worldwide. In the context of accelerated global urbanization, China’s urbanization rate has risen from 19.39% in 1980 to 67% in 2024. Informal employment promotes urbanization and absorption. The labor force plays a key role, but it is faced with issues such as the protection of rights and interests. This paper aims to explore its prospects and dilemmas. Data statistics, model analysis, and case studies were used. The innovation point is related to sociopolitical issues from the perspective of social reproduction, combined with the analysis of informal urbanization and the crowding out effect. The discussion shows that through improving the law, optimizing policies, balancing macroscopic influences, and considering the flexibility and protection of rights and interests, informal employment needs to achieve benign interactions between the individual and society and the economy.

The protection of law and human rights (HAM) for children and persons with disabilities is a fundamental issue in inclusive social development. Although Indonesia already has a strong legal basis through Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities, its implementation still faces various challenges, including limited access to education, health services, and discrimination in public services. This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection and human rights for children and persons with disabilities in Indonesia, identify the structural barriers faced, and formulate strategies to strengthen legal protection that are more effective and inclusive. This research uses a qualitative approach with literature studies, normative analysis of applicable regulations, and secondary data processing from official institutions such as BPS, the Ministry of Social Affairs, UNICEF, and Komnas HAM. The analysis was carried out through data triangulation to identify gaps between legal regulations and factual implementation in the field. The findings of the study show that there is a significant gap in legal protection, where children without disabilities are more protected (85%) than children with disabilities (52%) and adults with disabilities (48%). The main obstacles lie in the lack of derivative regulations, budget limitations, weak coordination between agencies, and discriminatory practices in public services. This study recommends strategies to strengthen legal protection through regulatory reform, budget increases, and multi-stakeholder synergy between governments, communities, NGOs, and organizations of persons with disabilities.

Transgender students around the world face marginalization in higher education, and Pakistan is no different. Despite the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2018), their lived experiences still involve gender discrimination and stigma. This study focuses on the climate for transgender students in Pakistan. It uses a quantitative survey with 25 participants from public and private universities. The survey measured how often discrimination happened in PHQ-9 mental health scores, and academic satisfaction ratings. The findings show that transgender students in Pakistani campus climates experience more discrimination and mental health problems than cisgender students. Regression analysis reveals that campus climate in Pakistani universities strongly affects psychological wellbeing. In contrast, discrimination is linked to lower academic satisfaction. These results point to the need for policy changes to make campuses more inclusive. Suggestions include faculty training, gender-neutral facilities, and better student support services. This study adds to both national and international research with its evidence-based recommendations for equity reforms.

This community service activity aims to improve students’ knowledge, understanding, and social skills in preventing and handling bullying behavior in the school environment. The program was implemented at Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah Gombara Makassar Middle School, involving 30 female students as participants. The implementation method included interactive lectures, group discussions, role-play simulations, and evaluations using pre-test and post-test. The results of the activity showed significant improvements in aspects of knowledge about bullying, understanding of child protection rights, social skills, and proactive attitudes in preventing and reporting bullying cases. The average increase reached 18.25%, reflecting the success of the participatory training in building student awareness and positive attitudes. This activity is a first step toward realizing a school culture that is safe, inclusive, and supportive of the holistic development of students. The sustainability of the program through mentoring and cross-sector collaboration is recommended to ensure long-term impact in efforts to prevent bullying in the educational environment.