IP Protection Research Articles

Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of digital industry in China

In the era of the global knowledge economy, the rapid advancement of new-generation information technologies has positioned digital industry at the forefront of socio-economic development. Digital industrial clusters, comprising key enterprises and related institutions, have emerged as global hubs for technological innovation, drawing recognition from governments and international organizations. However, China’s digital industry faces challenges characterized by being “large but not strong” and experiencing “industrial structure softening.” This paper explores the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of China’s digital industry, shedding light on its unique patterns. This study reveals that China’s digital industry has progressed through four distinct phases, evolving from manufacturing-oriented to service-oriented, and experiencing dynamic stability. In terms of spatial distribution, it exhibits a pattern known as the “One Core, Three Poles, and Multiple Strongholds,” with Beijing as the core and Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, among others, serving as growth poles. The study identifies factors influencing spatial distribution, including software development, patent authorizations, mobile phone penetration, industrial parks, digital finance, and foreign investment. Manufacturing-based digital industries prioritize innovation and IP protection, while service-based sectors rely on software development, innovation, and international collaboration. The GWR model demonstrates spatial variation, emphasizing the importance of tailored development strategies. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of China’s digital industry and provides valuable insights for policymakers aiming to create an internationally competitive digital industry cluster.

Intellectual Property Rights in Saudi Arabia and Their Compatibility with the World Trade Organization

This paper aims to review Saudi Arabia’s IPR system and analyze to what extent it complies with the WTO/TRIPS. The research looks into the history and the present legal system of IPR in Saudi Arabia. It also identifies the enforcement systems, and issues concerning compliance with international standards. With a comparative analysis method, the research assesses Saudi Arabia in comparison with the WTO guidelines and its neighboring countries regarding improving IPR protection. This research identifies progress in legislative and institutional development and gaps in enforcement efficiency and digital IP protection. The paper discusses measures to improve Saudi Arabia’s IPR system to support innovation-based development and increase WTO compliance.

The Role of Financial Technology in Enhancing the Efficiency of Legal Services

With the rapid development of financial technology (FinTech), its application in the legal service sector is gradually becoming a key force in driving industry innovation. This paper uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore the interaction and synergistic effects of financial technology, regulatory technology (RegTech), and intellectual property protection (IP Protection) in the legal service industry. The study analyzes the current status of financial technology in contract law, compliance checks, and dispute resolution, and evaluates its actual effect on improving the efficiency of legal services. The study found that financial technology has optimized the contract execution process through technologies such as smart contracts and blockchain, improved the level of automation in compliance work, and provided new ways for dispute resolution. Although facing challenges such as technology integration, data security, and legal regulation, these challenges can be effectively controlled through effective risk management and strategic response. The study proposes a series of strategic recommendations, including technological innovation, policy support, education, and training, to promote the collaborative development of financial technology, regulatory technology, and intellectual property protection in the legal service industry. (Beck, R., Bugnion, F., & Pohl, M., 2018) The conclusion of this paper emphasizes the positive role of financial technology in enhancing the efficiency of legal services and points out strategies to cope with challenges, providing valuable insights and suggestions for legal service providers, technology developers, and policy makers to promote the modernization and digital transformation of the legal service industry.

Intellectual property rights in regional trade agreements: balancing economic and political interests in the EU and RCEP

Abstract Subject and purpose of work In the contemporary global economy, regional trade agreements (RTAs) and economic multilateral frameworks are crucial for establishing comprehensive norms and standards that enhance international trade, including the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). This paper examines the role of IPR coherence in fostering trade and innovation, focusing on the European Union (EU) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Materials and methods Through a comparative analysis, the paper provides insights into the complex dynamics between developed and developing regions, emphasizing the importance of harmonized IPR standards for a more inclusive and integrated global market. Results The EU, with its stringent regulatory standards, contrasts with the more flexible IPR approaches of the diverse Asia-Pacific nations in RCEP. The study explores the necessity and benefits of harmonizing these IPR frameworks to improve trade relations and stimulate innovation. It highlights China’s pragmatic strategy in aligning its evolving IP regulations with international standards while accommodating the needs of ASEAN countries. Conclusions The findings suggest pathways for enhancing IP protection standards and fostering mutual economic growth and innovation.

Lack of Academia- Industry Linkages in Pakistan

Background: Pakistan faces a significant challenge of unemployment despite the large number of graduates entering the workforce annually.Objective: To explore the gap between academia and industry in Pakistan and its impact on employment and research innovation.Methods: Analysis of current industry-academia linkage practices and identification of gaps hindering collaboration.Results: The disconnection between academic knowledge and industrial needs results in limited research applications and fewer employment opportunities for graduates.Conclusion: Strengthening academia-industry linkages through collaborative research, knowledge transfer, and IP protection is vital for economic growth and innovation.

The Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age

Purpose: This study sought to explore the evolution of intellectual property rights in the digital age. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the evolution of intellectual property rights in the digital age. Preliminary empirical review revealed that the digital age has significantly transformed the landscape of intellectual property rights, necessitating adaptations to traditional IP frameworks to address new challenges such as digital content piracy and unauthorized distribution. It was found that while digital technologies, like blockchain and NFTs, offer potential solutions for enhanced IP protection, existing laws often fell short of addressing the complexities introduced by these advancements. The study highlighted the need for harmonized international standards and ongoing adaptation to effectively manage and protect intellectual property in the rapidly evolving digital environment. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Theory of Technological Determinism, Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) Theory and the Theory of Legal Realism may be used to anchor future studies on the evolution of intellectual property. The study recommended several strategies to address the evolving challenges in intellectual property rights due to digital advancements. It suggested the adoption of technologies like blockchain for better IP management and the need for improved international cooperation to address cross-border enforcement issues. Additionally, it advised policymakers to harmonize IP standards globally and support innovations in IP protection technologies. The study also emphasized the importance of education to enhance awareness of digital IP rights and recommended legal reforms to update existing laws to better suit the digital age.

The Intersection of Intellectual Property and Public Health

Purpose: The general objective of this study was to investigate the intersection of intellectual property and public health. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the intersection of intellectual property and public health. Preliminary empirical review revealed that intellectual property laws, while designed to promote innovation, often created barriers to accessing essential medicines and technologies, particularly in low-income regions. It highlighted how patent protections, while incentivizing pharmaceutical development, led to high drug prices that limited access and exacerbated health disparities. The study emphasized the need for a balanced approach to IP regulations that would encourage innovation while ensuring that new treatments are affordable and accessible. It called for a re-evaluation of IP frameworks to align better with public health objectives and promote global health equity. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Theory of Intellectual Property as a Public Good, Theory of Technological Determinism and the Theory of Access to Medicines and Health Equity may be used to anchor future studies on the intersection of intellectual property and public health. The study recommended several key actions to address the issues identified. It suggested revising IP policies to include more flexibility, such as compulsory licensing and support for generic drug production, to improve access to essential medicines. The study advocated for international collaboration to balance IP protections with health needs and proposed that policymakers craft regulations that support both innovation and accessibility. It also emphasized the importance of ongoing research and evidence-based decision-making to guide IP reforms and promote global health equity. Additionally, it recommended fostering partnerships between governments, international organizations, and pharmaceutical companies to enhance healthcare access and address disparities.

The Impact of Online Platform IP Protection on New Product Sales: Evidence from the Alibaba

The Impact of Online Platform IP Protection on New Product Sales: Evidence from the Alibaba

Promoting Regional Cooperation and International Harmonization of Trademark Law with Frontier Technological Innovation

In the era of globalization, international harmonization of trademark law is essential. At the same time, the emergence of cutting-edge technologies such as AI and blockchain has completely provided a new solution to trademark protection and management, while also challenging the existing legal framework. These technologies require cross-border cooperation to effectively harmonize trademark law. This article examines the role of innovative technologies in enhancing international harmonization of trademark law, with a focus on improving trademark protection and administration. This paper combines legal analysis, technology assessments and case studies to explore the impact of these technologies on international harmonisation. The study aims to answer the following key questions: How do current challenges in international trademark harmonization affect global cooperation? What is the potential of technology to solve these problems? The expected conclusion is that innovative technologies can significantly simplify international harmonization of trademark law, facilitate cross-border cooperation and strengthen legal frameworks. This paper may help to advance global IP protection and provide new insights into international trademark law harmonization, contributing to a more cohesive and efficient global IP landscape.

Artificial Intelligence Systems and Medical Negligence: An Overview and Perspective of a Case Study in Ghana Civil Procedure Rules, 2004 (C.I. 47)

Objective: This article discusses the evidentiary requirements for demonstrating scientific negligence under Ghana’s Civil Procedure Rules 2004 (C.I. 47) in the context of emerging artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic and treatment structures.Method: Legal analysis examines gaps in satisfying burden of proof and standards of evidence, obstacles that restrict evidence collection on AI device deficiencies, and suggestions for adapting legal responsibility policies to AI’s technical opacity.Findings: The present inability to interrogate algorithms, limited access to proprietary training data and methods, lack of diagnosed standards of care for software-based decision-makers, and shortage of qualified professional witnesses pose massive evidentiary challenges for plaintiffs seeking to confirm AI negligence.Conclusions/Recommendations: Standards strengthening algorithmic transparency, auditability, and explainability could ease evidentiary burdens for affected patients. Strict liability schemes and IP protections balancing public safety and innovation aims need to be considered moving forward.Scientific Contributions: This work adapts traditional medical liability systems to today’s realities of increasing reliance on AI in health care and proposes several improvements.

Assessment on the status, challenges and prospects of agricultural technologies intellectual property protection in Ethiopia

Intellectual property right (IPR) is a broad term which describes the protections granted to the creators of IP, and includes; trademarks, copy right, patents, industrial designs, plant breeder’s traderight and in some jurisdictions secrets. The objective of this review is to show the status, challenges, and opportunities for agricultural technologies intellectual protection in the Ethiopian intellectual property regime. There are many agricultural technologies that have the potential to be protected by intellectual property. The results of this review article shows that there are several challenges for the protection of agricultural technologies IPR, including lack of awareness on the concept of IP, lack of clear policy direction for the protection of plant varieties, absence of IP assets creation mechanism, low level of institutional linkage among stakeholders, agricultural IPRs are complex in nature, poor organizational structure to register, and lack of experienced and well-qualified IP officials. But there are also prospects for agricultural technologies IPR protection. Some legal frameworks are in the process of revision, an independent authority for the agriculture sector has established, the Ministry of Agriculture has prepared the draft regulation for PBRs proclamation, amendment of the agricultural and rural development policy has in the process, and the country’s WTO accession process shows some improvement. In conclusion, the status of IP protection for agricultural technologies has not been well-developed and the registration of agricultural technologies is still null.

Evaluating the Impact of 3D Printing Technology Innovations on Industrial Production Efficiency and Economic Growth in the Automotive Sector in China

This paper evaluates the impact of 3D printing technology innovations on industrial production efficiency and economic growth in the automotive sector in China. The study explores the historical development and current market trends of 3D printing in China, highlighting its adoption and integration into automotive manufacturing. The applications of 3D printing, including the production of complex geometric parts, rapid prototyping, and customization, are examined for their economic benefits and production efficiency gains. The paper also addresses the technological and market challenges, such as material limitations, printing speed, quality control, regulatory compliance, and market readiness. Emerging technologies and future research directions, including advancements in materials, multi-material printing, large-scale 3D printing, and the integration with IoT and AI, are discussed. Strategic recommendations are provided to maximize the potential of 3D printing in the automotive industry, focusing on investments in R&D, partnerships, workforce training, agile manufacturing practices, sustainability, IP protection, and supply chain optimization. The findings suggest that while 3D printing technology offers significant advantages, addressing existing challenges and leveraging future innovations are crucial for its successful adoption and impact on economic growth in the Chinese automotive sector.

Institutional frameworks that guide research integrity and security towards protection of IP and management of technology transfer in universities in Kenya

Kenya’s higher education system is expanding at a very rapid rate. This is reflected in the increasing number of public and private universities, the expansion of existing universities, and the proliferation of online education services. Further, these universities have been increasingly expected to transcend their conventional teaching and research missions to contribute directly and indirectly to solving social and environmental challenges and generate knowledge of economic relevance to society. The teaching and research missions of a university are important, especially on a continent whose population is young and growing rapidly. Demand for higher education is likely to remain high.

Inspiration or infringement? Social media ‘viral’ trends: a case study on TikTok

Abstract Short-form videos have recently gained popularity thanks to social media platforms like TikTok. Some of the videos created by users go ‘viral’ and are ‘reproduced’ by others as they become trends on this platform. This article examines whether viral social media trends can warrant copyright protection and whether, by recreating such trends without permission, a potential infringement takes place. The idea–expression dichotomy will form the basis of the analysis so that the question is whether the infringer merely borrows an unprotected idea or rather copies a protectable expression. Additionally, as hinted in the pending referral in Mio (C-580/23), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is yet to determine how the assessment of similarity, when examining an alleged infringement, must be conducted—is this one of recognizability or rather overall impression? Exceptions and limitations—most pertinently, pastiche—also form part of the discussion as questions are raised on the application of this undefined concept, pending the judgment in Pelham II (C-590/23). A balancing approach shall be taken between the interests of the different stakeholders at hand, including having regard to freedom of expression and protection of IP.

Legal impacts of digitization on intellectual property

The digital age has revolutionized the way intellectual property is created, shared, and protected. This article explores the legal aspects of IP protection in the digital age, focusing on the challenges and opportunities posed by digital technologies. The objective of this study is to analyze the evolving landscape of IP protection in the digital age, examining the impact of digitalization on traditional IP laws and regulations. This study employs a qualitative research methodology, conducting a comprehensive review of existing literature, laws, and regulations related to IP protection in the digital age. Content analysis and synthesis are used to illustrate key concepts and trends. The results of the study highlight the need for updated and harmonized IP laws to address the challenges posed by digital technologies. The study also identifies the importance of technological solutions, such as blockchain and digital rights management, in enhancing IP protection in the digital age. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of adapting IP laws and regulations to the digital age to ensure effective protection of IP rights. It also underscores the need for collaboration between governments, industries, and technology companies to develop innovative solutions for IP protection in the digital era.

Unfair competition in the Arab world: a remedy completing IP limits?

Abstract Some Arab countries incorporate unfair competition clauses within their IP laws, while others address these issues through separate legal frameworks, adding complexity to the legal landscape. The crucial distinction between clauses filling gaps in IP laws and the broader concept of unfair competition is vital for establishing a clear and comprehensive legal environment conducive to sustained innovation and equitable business practices. Fortifying IP protection and safeguards against unfair competition in the Arab region can unlock the full potential of its innovation narrative. This approach fosters an environment where creativity thrives, securely anchored in legal principles. Viewing unfair competition rules not as replacements but as complementary measures enhances overall protection. By aligning these rules with the ongoing wave of innovation, the Arab world can establish a framework that not only attracts talents but also ensures a harmonious balance between fostering creativity and safeguarding IP rights. This presents a promising avenue for the collective pursuit of progress and prosperity in the region.

Intellectual Property Protection in Cross-Border E-Commerce

With the rapid development of Internet technology, electronic trade has become a significant player in the national and global economy. This thesis examines the complex issues surrounding intellectual property rights (IPR) in cross-border electronic trade. The rapid growth of internet technology has led to an increase in transnational economic disputes, particularly in online shopping platforms and e-commerce websites. The presence of pirated products, trademark counterfeiting, brand infringement, and copyright protection are major concerns in this context. Several factors contribute to these disputes, including different legal systems, cultural backgrounds, economic development levels, conflicting interests of countries, and varying stakeholder attitudes towards IPR protection. Notable cases, such as the Apple-Samsung patent dispute and the challenges faced by Alibaba regarding counterfeit goods, highlight the need for comprehensive solutions to safeguard IPR in a globalized marketplace. The thesis also explores how technology can contribute to addressing these challenges. Blockchain technology can provide enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency in managing intellectual property rights. Big data and artificial intelligence can automate the analysis and monitoring of digital content, enabling faster identification and action against infringement. Establishing global collaborative IP protection platforms and innovative dispute resolution mechanisms are also crucial steps forward.

An Overview of Trustworthy AI: Advances in IP Protection, Privacy-preserving Federated Learning, Security Verification, and GAI Safety Alignment

An Overview of Trustworthy AI: Advances in IP Protection, Privacy-preserving Federated Learning, Security Verification, and GAI Safety Alignment

Alternative IP Theories: Social Planning and Redistributive Justice Guiding IP Protection

Alternative IP Theories: Social Planning and Redistributive Justice Guiding IP Protection

House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet’s hearing “Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property: Part III – IP Protection for AI-Assisted Inventions and Creative Works.”

House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet’s hearing “Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property: Part III – IP Protection for AI-Assisted Inventions and Creative Works.”