Untangling indigenous land rights: Compensating cultural and spiritual losses caused by mining activities in South Africa

Turning urban wildlife mortality into a surveillance tool: Detection of vector-borne pathogens in carcasses of hedgehogs, squirrels, and blackbirds.

Off-road vehicle upper extremity injuries: Estimated incidence and trends in the United States from 2014 to 2024.

Hidden in plain sight: Sexual violence against community health workers in India

E-consumers- a critical legal analysis of consumer protection laws

BackgroundAsbestos exposure remains a persistent occupational hazard in China, yet updated national estimates of asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) after 2019 are scarce. This study quantified long-term trends and demographic patterns of ARDs from 1990 to 2023 using Global Burden of Disease data and joinpoint regression.MethodsWe analyzed incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for asbestosis and asbestos-attributable cancers (mesothelioma, tracheal/bronchus/lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, and ovarian cancer). Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates were assessed overall and stratified by sex and age. joinpoint regression identified significant temporal inflection points.ResultsThe absolute burden of ARDs increased continuously from 1990 to 2023. Age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates of asbestosis peaked in 2001, while mortality and DALY rates peaked in 2004. Major turning points for asbestos-attributable cancers occurred around 2010–2011, marking historical peaks followed by declines. A modeled increase in mortality and DALYs was observed from 2020 to 2022 across nearly all ARDs. Males consistently demonstrated higher burdens than females, and older adults (≥65 years) carried the greatest burden, with a secondary mesothelioma peak at 55–59 years in males.ConclusionsAlthough ARD indicators have declined from historical peaks, a statistically modeled increase was observed in 2020–2022, warranting continued public-health attention. These findings aim to provide evidence for clinicians, epidemiologists, and policymakers to strengthen occupational disease prevention, reinforce labor protection laws, and improve asbestos-control policies in China.

The aim of this work was to establish expert consensus recommendations on the role of AI in osteoporosis screening and management in the Asia-Pacific region. Key objectives were to define appropriate applications of AI (e.g., imaging-based bone assessment and fracture risk prediction) and specify minimum standards for validation and reporting, addressing region-specific implementation challenges and ensuring that AI use aligns with clinical guidelines and ethical principles. This consensus was developed through multidisciplinary collaboration among experts across the Asia-Pacific region. Each participant reviewed draft statements, contributed feedback during virtual meetings, and provided insights based on clinical experience and current evidence. Consensus was reached iteratively until full agreement was achieved for all statements. The process integrated global best practices and regional adaptations, drawing from peer-reviewed studies, international AI guidelines, and local fracture registry data. The final recommendations emphasize the validation, transparency, and ethical implementation of AI within regional healthcare systems, ensuring compatibility with local regulations. Ultimately, twelve consensus statements were established to guide the responsible use of AI for osteoporosis screening and management in the Asia-Pacific region. The panel produced 12 consensus statements covering the role of AI as an adjunct for opportunistic osteoporosis screening rather than a diagnostic tool, requirements for imaging quality and AI model transparency, standards for validation and performance reporting, integration of AI with clinical risk stratification, demonstration of clinical utility in real-world settings, adherence to data protection laws and ethical AI principles, training of clinicians in AI use, strategies for implementation and monitoring (including post-market surveillance and feedback loops), and recognition of technical, clinical, and equity limitations of AI. All 12 statements give extensive recommendations for using AI to improve osteoporosis management while ensuring patient safety, accuracy, and equity. This first Asia-Pacific consensus on AI in osteoporosis concludes that AI, when appropriately validated and implemented, can help bridge the osteoporosis care gap by identifying high-risk patients who would otherwise remain undiagnosed, thus facilitating earlier intervention. It emphasizes that AI should complement-not replace-standard diagnostic methods and clinical judgment. The guidance emphasizes validation, transparency, and ethical oversight to facilitate early intervention while minimizing risks associated with unvalidated or premature AI adoption.

Indonesia's criminal law system, which is still oriented towards criminalizing offenders (offender oriented), has not been able to optimally guarantee the recovery of state losses. The method used is a normative juridical approach with conceptual and comparative analysis. The results of the study show the need for a paradigm shift towards an asset-oriented approach through strengthening the mechanisms of non-conviction based asset forfeiture, value-based confiscation, and limited and balanced reverse proof, as well as the reformulation of procedural law through in rem justice and early confiscation. Criminal law reform is expected to increase the effectiveness of asset recovery while maintaining the principles of due process of law and human rights protection. Philosophically, this reform is based on substantive and restorative justice, juridically in line with the constitution and the UNCAC, and sociologically responds to public demands. Thus, an integrated and fair asset forfeiture system is the key to the effectiveness of eradicating corruption and strengthening public trust.

Powerful policies or paper tigers? An analysis of policy implementation in the child protection space in the Nanumba North Municipality of Northern Ghana.

Abstract China’s white-collar workers in the digital age face significant occupational health risks, including threats to both physical and mental well-being. Excessive workloads undermine their rights to disconnect and rest, thereby heightening the risks of chronic illness and sudden death. Exposure to negative content and work-related pressure adversely impacts mental health. Often excluded from labor law protections and receiving less attention than common platform workers, many emerging white-collar workers lack traditional safeguards and post-incident support. Urgent regulatory reforms are necessary to mandate that enterprises at the end of the supply chain provide work guidelines and risk training, and establish mental health databases. Legal mechanisms should also encourage excluded workers to obtain independent health insurance. Updating China’s outdated labor legislation is imperative to close protection gaps and address the vulnerabilities affecting this workforce.

Dose limits to protect maternal and fetal health: Legislation in Japan.

Breast and ovarian cancers are major public health challenges, with rising breast cancer incidence and persistently high ovarian cancer mortality. Approximately 10% of breast cancers and up to 25% of ovarian cancers are attributable to germline pathogenic variants (also called mutations) in cancer susceptibility genes, most notably BRCA1/2, but several other genes also contribute to risk of ovarian and breast cancers. Identification of pathogenic variants enables targeted prevention and early detection strategies, including enhanced surveillance and risk-reducing surgery, which can significantly decrease cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality. We seek to review the specific risks of breast and ovarian cancer-associated genes and management strategies. Advances in sequencing technology, reduced sequencing costs, and legislative protections against genetic discrimination have expanded access to genetic testing, and clinical guidelines have broadened the pool of individuals recommended for testing. Despite these advances, most individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes remain undiagnosed, limiting the reach of precision cancer prevention. Underutilization of genetic testing is particularly pronounced among underserved populations, perpetuating disparities in health outcomes. Emerging health care delivery models have improved uptake and reduced barriers and can be considered for integration into obstetrics and gynecology practices. Ongoing research into the fallopian tube origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer has prompted research that may expand risk-reducing surgical options. Collectively, these innovations mark a transformative era in hereditary cancer care, emphasizing access, multidisciplinary integration, and the urgent need for novel delivery models to ensure that the benefits of genetic testing reach all individuals at risk.

ABSTRACT Riverine corridors—streams, rivers, and riparian areas—have been modified in multiple ways and at a large scale during the second half of the last century. One of the major impacts is riverine straightening, which has reduced connectivity and habitat quality in these biodiverse ecosystems. We developed a simple and easily repeatable GIS analysis for assessing the straightening proportion of river channels on a country‐wide scale. The method is applied to Estonian rivers, which have gone through extensive anthropogenic modifications rather recently, during the second half of the twentieth century. Streams and rivers were split into segments and for each segment the sinuosity index was calculated. From 14,417 km of streams and rivers included in the analysis, 42% was estimated to be straightened. Cumulative probability for sinuosity was lowest for the smallest river length classes and highest for rivers 40+ km long. The shorter the stream or river, the larger proportion of its whole length is straightened. The wide reach of anthropogenic modification of streams and rivers all over Estonia makes protecting and restoring them challenging, as there are many interested parties working in the same landscape: forestry, agriculture and urban development. We give recommendations for starting large scale restoration and enhancing legislative riverine ecosystem protection using nature‐based solutions at nature conservation areas. At the same time, work should be ongoing to find solutions outside of conservation areas to diversify and connect these long ecosystems that sustain also functioning ecosystem at wider landscape. The tool developed here can be used as a communication tool for awareness‐raising about the anthropogenic threats to rivers, and for initiating large‐scale restoration programs.

The right to privacy and the right to health are fundamental human rights that are closely interconnected. The protection of privacy for patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) constitutes a critical issue, given that HIV status is classified as highly sensitive health data and is particularly vulnerable to stigma and discrimination. In Indonesia, the legal framework governing the protection of HIV patients’ health data has been normatively strengthened through the Personal Data Protection Law and the Health Law; however, its implementation continues to face various challenges. This article aims to analyze the right to privacy of HIV patients and the obligations of the state in protecting sensitive health data, as well as to examine the limitations and exceptions to the disclosure of HIV-related data within the framework of law and human rights. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and human rights-based approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through juridical interpretation and prescriptive analysis. The findings indicate that HIV status is legally categorized as sensitive personal data that is entitled to a high level of legal protection. The state bears tripartite obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the privacy rights of HIV patients. Nevertheless, a gap persists between legal norms and their implementation, particularly in the management of electronic medical records. The protection of HIV patients’ privacy rights requires strengthened legal implementation, regulatory harmonization, and the adoption of a human rights-based approach to ensure that data protection does not conflict with public health interests.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) raises a fundamental question in legal science: Can AI be recognized as an independent legal subject? This article examines AI's legal standing within Indonesian positive law and benchmarks it against selected global regulatory frameworks, with primary reference to the EU Artificial Intelligence Act of 2024. This study employs a normative juridical methodology, combining statute, conceptual, and comparative law approaches, applied through a structured four-criterion evaluative framework: rechtsbekwaamheid (capacity to hold rights), handelingsbekwaamheid (capacity to perform legal acts), accountability, and consciousness/free will, deployed consistently across all analytical sections. Primary legal materials include the Civil Code (KUH Perdata), Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and its amendments, the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP), and Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. The findings confirm that AI fails all four framework criteria and cannot be recognized as a legal subject, either as a natural person (natuurlijke persoon) or as a legal entity (rechtspersoon). Under the UU ITE, AI is classified as an 'electronic agent,' and legal responsibility remains vested in its developer, operator, or user. While international scholarship has proposed quasi-legal subject and electronic person concepts, this article critically evaluates rather than merely cautioning against these positions, concluding that neither is suitable for incorporation into Indonesian positive law at the current stage of technological development, as both risk displacing corporate accountability. This article recommends that Indonesia urgently enact a dedicated AI statute adopting a risk-based approach, affirm AI as a legal object, establish an independent regulatory authority, and ensure robust protection of fundamental human rights.

Roles of diagnostic radiographers in child protection from physical abuse: A narrative review of non-policies, policies and legislation in Zambia.

Low dose vs. standard dose and administration time in near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Study protocol for a randomised clinical trial.

ABSTRACT As universities undergo accelerated digital transformation, social media algorithms—while streamlining campus services—have emerged as a pivotal yet under examined source of student privacy vulnerabilities and cyber‐attack exposure. The opaque, recommendation‐driven “black box” mechanisms of these platforms incentivize users to over‐disclose sensitive personal information, while the aggregation of heterogeneous behavioral data across platforms intensifies risks of cross‐platform re‐identification and comprehensive user profiling. This process catalyzes a latent but systemic risk transmission chain: algorithm‐induced disclosure → multi‐source behavioral fusion → targeted exploitation . To accurately assess and block this chain, this paper constructs a privacy risk assessment mechanism for universities to evaluate the risks to university network security and student data privacy. First, the platform's digital footprint is structured into a 128‐dimensional feature vector; second, a weighted linear risk scoring function is designed based on the “Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China” and weighting; finally, based on high‐confidence association rules, the Drools engine is embedded to achieve dynamic early warning. Empirical results show that this mechanism can effectively identify high‐risk individuals (the top 18.01% covers 81.19% of leakage events) and reveals patterns such as a 267.1% surge in high‐risk behaviors among second‐year students during exam weeks. This study makes the implicit transmission chain of social media algorithms explicit, providing a feasible technical path and decision support for universities to build a proactive, time‐based, and hierarchical privacy protection system.

The rapid growth of financial technology, particularly peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, has introduced electronic standard-form agreements that often place consumers in a weaker bargaining position. Shopee Pinjam (SPinjam), an unsecured digital loan service provided through cooperation with a licensed fintech lender, applies a standard electronic contract that raises concerns regarding contractual fairness and consumer protection. This study examines the legal validity of the SPinjam standard agreement based on Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and analyzes the extent of legal protection afforded to consumers under Indonesian consumer protection law. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials consist of primary sources in the form of legislation, supported by secondary and tertiary legal materials, which are analyzed qualitatively through descriptive-analytical techniques. The findings indicate that the SPinjam standard agreement formally fulfills the legal requirements of a valid contract under Article 1320 of the Civil Code. However, substantively, several contractual clauses demonstrate an imbalance of rights and obligations, potentially disadvantaging consumers and conflicting with the principles of fairness and consumer protection as stipulated in the Consumer Protection Act. Therefore, although legally valid in form, the agreement requires substantive adjustment to ensure equitable legal protection for consumers in fintech lending practices.

This study examines the legal status of recordings obtained without consent as evidence in adultery cases, particularly in relation to the tension between legal certainty and the right to privacy. The main problem lies in the absence of clear legal standards governing the admissibility of such evidence, which creates uncertainty in judicial practice. This research aims to analyze the validity of unauthorized recordings as evidence and to assess their implications for privacy protection within the Indonesian legal framework. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches, focusing on relevant regulations such as the Criminal Procedure Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Personal Data Protection Law, as well as constitutional court decisions. The findings indicate that although such recordings may be considered as supporting evidence under certain conditions, their use raises serious concerns regarding violations of privacy rights. The lack of consistent legal interpretation further complicates their admissibility in court. Therefore, clearer legal guidelines are necessary to balance evidentiary needs with the protection of fundamental rights.