Protection In Brazil Research Articles

Animal Protection in Brazil: Legislative and the Society Evolvement in the Last Century

The aim of this review was to analyze Brazilian animal protection policy throughout history and discuss the importance of some recent events and societal developments in its modernisation. A search for the complete legislation and scientific works was performed on the government’s website and search platforms (Google scholar, Science direct and CAPES). It was observed that the first Brazilian law on animal protection was published in 1924. After this, several amendments were incorporated. The current Brazilian Constitution, published in 1988, was a landmark in the modernisation of animal protection in the country as it allowed the recognition of sentience and thus characterised cruelty and mistreatment of animals as crimes. At the same time, society has evolved, increasing the proximity with animals until the recent development of the concept of the multi-species family positioning animals as family members. Recent reports have shown that animal abuse and cruelty can still occur and the application of the animal protection policy is allowing pursuits and condemnation of offenders. Brazil is a young country but its policy on animal protection and its society greatly evolved in the last century. This progress is still ongoing as the society is taking an active role to push improvements on public policies and surveillance towards animal mistreatments. However, it would be advisable to include the real needs of animals in the reflections in order to avoid making decisions that are erroneously harmful to animals. This work was a collaboration between the post-graduation program of the Veterinary school of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco – Brazil and The National school of veterinary of Alfort - France, from January to August 2024.

The Micro-Governance of Collaborative Networks for Water Protection: A Configurational Analysis

This article aims to identify the configurations of micro-governance functions (aligning, mobilizing, integrating, organizing, arbitrating, monitoring) that foster an internal collaborative environment in collaborative networks. We collected data from 36 networks for water protection in Brazil and performed a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Results yield four configurations, three of which have been adopted by collaborative networks whose members have not collaborated before. The fourth configuration is specific to networks whose members have a previous history of collaboration. Our study contributes to theory and practice since the extant literature on micro-governance is purely theoretical, with no empirical studies.

Seeing further into the early steps of the endangered atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara): Eye lenses high resolution isotopic profiles reveal ontogenetic trophic and habitat shifts

Estuarine mangroves are often considered nurseries for the Atlantic Goliath grouper juveniles. Yet, the contributions of different estuarine primary producers and habitats as sources of organic matter during early ontogenetic development remain unclear. Given the species’ critically endangered status and protection in Brazil, obtaining biological samples from recently settled recruits in estuaries is challenging. In this study, we leveraged a local partnership with fishers and used stable isotope (C and N) profiles from the eye lenses of stranded individuals or incidentally caught by fishery to reconstruct the trophic and habitat changes of small juveniles. The eye lens grows by the apposition of protein-rich layers. Once these layers are formed, they become inert, allowing to make inferences on the trophic ecology and habitat use along the development of the individual until its capture. We used correlations between fish size and the entire eye lens size, along with estuarine baselines, to reconstruct the fish size and trophic positions for each of the lens layers obtained. We then used dominant primary producers and basal sources from mangrove sheltered, exposed estuarine and marine habitats to construct an ontogenetic model of trophic and habitat support changes since maternal origins. Our model revealed marine support before the juveniles reached 25 mm (standard length), followed by a rapid increase in reliance on mangrove sheltered sources, coinciding with the expected size at settlement. After reaching 60 mm, individuals began to show variability. Some remained primarily supported by the mangrove sheltered area, while others shifted to rely more on the exposed estuarine area around 150 mm. Our findings indicate that while mangroves are critical for settlement, as Goliath grouper juveniles grow, they can utilize organic matter produced throughout the estuary. This underscores the need for conservation strategies that focus on seascape connectivity, as protecting just one discrete habitat may not be sufficient to preserve this endangered species and safeguard its ecosystem functions.

An examination of the state of the art of environmental licensing aimed at the exploitation of ornamental rocks based on theses and dissertations in the CAPES Catalog

The present article presents a critical review of the research related to the question of environmental licensing. This article has the objective of analyzing the main aspects of Brazilian scientific production around environmental licensing focused on the exploration of ornamental rocks, a sector that is little studied, despite causing great socio-environmental impacts. The research is justified to the extent that the study of academic production in graduate programs can elucidate the level of depth of the quest for environmental licensing has in graduate programs. The study was developed in the realization of a bibliographical survey in the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of CAPES no more than September 2021, using two search terms: "Environmental License" and "Rocha". This survey identified a total of 66 papers that encompass productions carried out at the academic, professional and doctorate level. From this list of academic works, tables and graphs were used for the analysis of the two contents found. With this, it was possible to identify the topics addressed in the identified studies, or that made it possible to conduct an analytical effort of a qualitative nature about the different dimensions that govern the process of environmental licensing and its main bottlenecks. An important factor is that it was verified that despite two studies focused on environmental licensing, they will be marked by an interdisciplinary effort, or the final result ends up favoring a fragmented treatment of the problem. Finally, based on two results, it is possible to affirm that the environmental licensing process continues to be permeated by conceptual and practical limitations, or that it ends up compromising its effectiveness in terms of socio-environmental protection in Brazil.

Brazil's social protection system: historical formation and contemporary diachrony

This essay deals with the subject of social protection in Brazil. To this end, we make a specific historical cut and discuss its significance in contemporary times. In addition, with regard to social protection systems, it is possible to verify, throughout historiography, that it is unlikely that any society could sustain itself without any kind of protection, to the point that the individuals of these collectives would be destitute even while the social contract was being established. From this context, we address the social protection system in Brazil, in its historical formation and contemporary diachrony, since it is relevant to establish a chronology and discuss the premises of social protection on a political and social basis. In this context, before we go into the points relating to social protection, let's go back to the first idea of the formation of the state in Rousseau's Social Contract. In his work, the author raises the idea that society will only be harmonious in its 'social peace', to the extent that there is an exchange of favors between citizens and the state, which will provide social and legal security and social peace, to the detriment of those who have renounced their individual freedoms in favor of decisions in this direction, thus promoting justice.

TO THE RULE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

In the 1988 Charter, environmental protection expresses constituent commands that are not optional and compel all governmentstructures, as well as society, to assume postures in accordance with the dictates of environmental protection, belonging to the core of constitutional identity. The competition of political, social and economic interests, also safeguarded by the constitutional text, with the protection of natural resources aimed at a dignified existence and the development of present and future generations, contextualizes deficiencies and omissions in the provision of environmental policies that require a reaction from the constituted powers so that the unconstitutional fault is not perpetuated. Jurisdiction represents one of the ways to implement the Environmental Constitution, formally and substantially legitimized by the principles of judicial review, as illustrated by recent Brazilian courts’ approaches to the silence or default by the Brazilian legislator or Executive Power. The change in traditional paradigms, however, affects legal relationships and is not immune to criticism, which requires reflection and analysis by the legal community. The study uses the deductive method, proposing to examine the problem in the light of the neoconstitutional guidelines of environmental protection, and carries out exploratory, bibliographical and documental research to appreciate recent jurisdictional constructions based on the effectiveness of environmental protection in Brazil.

Personal Data Protection in Brazil: How Much Europeanization?

Summary In this article, we are assessing the impact of GDPR on the adoption of the Brazilian LGPD regulation. The assessment is done in the context of Europeanization. After the introduction of key concepts, the article is providing deeper insight into the LGPD creation, revealing historical and teleological perceptions of the influence: Moreover, a separate chapter is provided on the comparative dimension. Overall, with the adoption of the GDPR EU created a comprehensive regulatory regime, which was reflected by Brazilian lawmakers, who found strong inspiration in the EU regulation and who have decided to converge in order to avoid losses associated with a potential difference between the EU and Brazilian data market. As a result, LGPD is very similar to the GDPR and in many parts is taking the same attitude..

Limites Éticos para o Uso da Inteligência Artificial no Sistema de Justiça Brasileiro, de Acordo com a Lei 13.709 de 2018 (LGPD) e Resoluções 331 e 332 do Conselho Nacional de Justiça

Este estudo analisa como a inteligência artificial tem sido aplicada pelo Poder Judiciário no Brasil. Quais os limites éticos devem ser estabelecidos e observados na implementação da Inteligência Artificial diante das Resoluções do CNJ, n. 331 que instituiu a Base Nacional de Dados do Poder Judiciário – DataJud, n. 332 que dispõe sobre a ética, transparência e a Governança na produção e no uso da Inteligência Artificial no Poder Judiciário e Lei 13.709 de 2018 que regulamenta a proteção de dados no Brasil. Conclui-se que com base na Cartilha de ética sobre o uso de Inteligência Artificial em sistemas judiciais (CEPEJ), com base nos arts. 5º, XXXVII e LIII, art. 93, IX da CF/88, art. 20 da 13.709/2018 (LGPD) e as Resoluções 331 e 332/2020 do CNJ apontam a necessidade de supervisão humana nas decisões judiciais que utilizam inteligência artificial em observância ao direito de explicação e revisão. Há limites éticos a serem observados na produção e no uso da Inteligência Artificial para evitar o enviesamento e opacidade de dados que possam contaminar eivando de nulidade absoluta as decisões judiciais. Método dedutivo e a técnica bibliográfica são utilizados para produção do presente artigo.

Critical analysis of legislation on degraded areas in Brazil / Análise crítica da legislação sobre áreas degradadas no Brasil

This study survey and analyze the evolution of the main normative instruments for environmental protection in Brazil. The research showed that the environmental protection models in Brazil developed as ecological awareness and control over environmental issues became relevant points. In this sense, environmental degradation, especially of soils, is a concern that has always been under discussion in Brazil. As can be seen, over the years, the Brazilian legislation has sought mechanisms to improve the formulation of more efficient normative instruments.

The COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to weaken environmental protection in Brazil

This paper examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental protection and legislation in Brazil. We evaluate major legislative actions, environmental fines and deforestation since January 2019. We show that 57 legislative acts aimed at weakening environmental protection in Brazil during the current administration, almost half of which in the seven-month period of the pandemic in Brazil, with September 2020 as the month with the most legislative acts (n = 16). These acts either deregulated or weakened current environmental legislation, with a number of them aimed at dismantling the main federal institutions in charge of environmental protection. We also found a 72% reduction in environmental fines during the pandemic, despite an increase in Amazonian deforestation during this period. We conclude that the current administration is taking advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic to intensify a pattern of weakening environmental protection in Brazil. This has the potential to intensify ongoing loss of biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood of other zoonotic disease outbreaks, and inflict substantial harm to traditional and indigenous peoples. We highlight the key role of the scientific community, media and civil society, national and international levels, in order to reverse these harmful actions.

Consequences of terminating mangrove’s protection in Brazil

The Brazilian government agenda for downgrading and degazettement of protected ecosystems has seen an unprecedented move with the revocation of the mangrove’s protection act in the country. As the second largest country in mangrove extent, with over 11,000 km2 of forests that have been conserved for decades, mangroves may now be open for unsustainable economic development. Shrimp aquaculture and urban development are likely the highest threats to mangrove forests in Brazil. When built over mangrove land, shrimp ponds release greenhouse gases at a rate up to 10-fold larger than cattle pasture conversion on dryland forests. In a scenario of low rates of mangrove loss of 0.1% per year (2-fold current rates), emissions from land use would be close to 1.6 Tg CO2e per year, which is equivalent to 0.01% of emissions from deforestation in the Amazon over an area 1500 times smaller. Urban development and removal of mangroves to human infrastructure also have strong negative effects on pollutant retention, which could further decrease water quality and increase coastal vulnerability near urban centers. The loss of mangroves have also expected negative effects on food provision, which allied to other key ecosystem services provided by mangroves, will be key to a sustainable ocean under a changing climate during the next century.

Strategies to empower socially vulnerable adolescents in Brazil

Abstract Brazil has the highest number of adolescents murdered in the world. An alarming number of these are black boys from deprived backgrounds living in the outskirts of big cities. At schools, teachers play an important role in promoting health. Thus, the University of Brasília through its Public Health Research Group has developed the training course “Strategies to empower socially vulnerable adolescents” (JAVU in Portuguese) aimed primarily at state school teachers from municipalities where social vulnerability among teenagers is either high or very high. It is a 180-hour, 10-module distance learning course with tutor supervision which aims at contributing to the development of an inclusive and emancipating culture which is non-discriminatory, diversified and which promotes peace in school settings. Its innovative aspect is the use of the platform JAVU Topography, a catalogue of policies, programmes and services aimed at public health and education at municipal, state and federal level. By the end of the course teachers create a diagnosis that measures the extent to which these different policies or services can be applied in different educational settings to promote health. From November 2019 to March 2020, 2953 teachers underwent training. The majority were: women (83.6%); pardos (50.2%) - a mixed race/ethnicity in former Portuguese and Spanish colonies; postgraduates (50.6%); catholic (42.6%) and earning between 1 to 3 minimum salaries (49.4%). Having access to the JAVU Topography helped make this tool a platform to spread social protection in Brazil. The theoretical and practical support is one of the main contributions of this course to actions that address health problems among adolescents. The course formed teachers from 42 of the most vulnerable cities in Brazil, enabling access to a network of protection and allowing for the exchange of experiences through the educational platform, which better equipped these teachers to promote health in the educational setting. Key messages Improving the promotion of health among socially vulnerable adolescents in Brazil in their school settings. Raising awareness of networks of social protection though a social topography that aims at empowering socially vulnerable adolescents in Brazil.

How riparian forest integrity influences anuran species composition: a case study in the Southern Brazil Atlantic Forest

Riparian forests are under legal protection in Brazil and provide essential ecosystem services yet have been historically degraded and reduced by deforestation. Consequently, the fauna of these riparian forests and associated ecosystems can be strongly affected, as is the case with amphibians. In this study we identify how anuran species composition varies in riparian forests with various levels of environmental integrity. The study took place in the Fritz Plaumann State Park (FPSP), a protected area with forest formations typical of the Southern Atlantic Forest. Our results suggest that the environmental integrity of the sampling sites influenced where each species was found. The most preserved habitats, with large areas of riparian forest and fewer anthropic impacts, promoted greater species diversity and allowed for the maintenance of species with specific environmental requirements. Two species registered are on the list of endangered amphibians (Boana curupi and Vitreorana uranoscopa) and one is an exotic invasive species (Lithobates catesbeianus). Because it preys on native amphibians and may act as a pathogen vector, this species is a potential threat to the native amphibian populations inside the park. Even though large portions of the FPSP consist of forests in a secondary stage of succession, the connection with better–preserved areas of primary forest allows for the general occurrence of more demanding species that are usually associated with well–preserved habitats. On a regional level, these habitats occur only inside the park and in their absence, these species will most likely become locally or regionally extinct.

In the Name of Free Trade: WTO against the Brazilian Tax Incentives

The Tax incentives offered by Brazil to local production triggered a WTO dispute by the European Union and Japan against the presumably ‘discriminatory tax advantages’ that for years have severely harmed these countries’ automotive and technological industries. This article explores, through the review of the claims submitted by the parties to the dispute, the Panel and the Appellate Body’s resolutions, if these tax incentives effectively increased the border protection in Brazil by imposing a higher tax burden on imported goods than on domestic goods; conditioning tax advantages to the use of domestic goods and, providing export-contingent subsidies. WTO, Brazil, GATT, TRIMS, INOVAR-Auto, Informatics, Tax incentives, Subsidies

Access to vaccines in Brazil and the global dynamics of the Health Economic-Industrial Complex.

This study analyzed the main economic trends, market structure, production, and innovation in vaccines against infectious diseases at the global and national levels, observing the effects on access to vaccination in Brazil and on the sustainability of the Brazilian Unified National Health System. In order to update a global overview of R&D and the market, the authors conducted a literature search and drew on a competitive intelligence database. In order to understand Brazil's role in this context, with the Health Economic-Industrial Complex as the structural focus, the authors accessed information from the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, the National Immunization Program, and the Questel Orbit Intelligence database on patent protection in Brazil; identified the technologies transferred to public institutions in Brazil; and analyzed the trend in the trade balance deficit in health. The analysis revealed a global trend of concentration of vaccine production in a few leading pharmaceutical companies and the exacerbation of economic and technological asymmetries in the vaccine sector. In Brazil, the study identified technological weaknesses, risks, and manufacturing bottlenecks that impact the guarantee of immunizations in the country and showed that despite the installed industrial base, public policies and actions by domestic manufacturers have not been sufficient to confront and overcome the global context of structural dependence. In conclusion, the study indicates the need for progress in the Brazilian national strategy to link domestic production, technological capacity-building, and innovation in the vaccine sector to help guarantee universal access to health in Brazil.

Entorno de bens tombados e desafios entre legislação, técnica e valores urbanos

A proteção do patrimônio cultural edificado no Brasil compreendeu, desde seu início, a preservação por meio de seu ambiente. Vizinhança, entorno, área envoltória ou zona de amortecimento são algumas denominações para o mesmo conceito referente à área que circunda o bem tombado e está sujeita a restrições de uso e de ocupação para preservá-lo por meio do seu espaço adjacente. O artigo tem como objetivo analisar o entorno de bens tombados e suas interfaces com a cidade, abordando os desafios em sua concepção como instrumento de preservação. Para tanto, inicialmente apresentamos como o entorno foi concebido como parte de uma política urbana pelas políticas nacionais de patrimônio. Depois, exploramos as competências legais e a relação do patrimônio com o planejamento urbano a partir do entorno do Teatro Oficina. E, por fim, investigamos a temática de entorno no Projeto de Intervenção Urbana (PIU) Setor Central da cidade de São Paulo, um projeto urbano municipal que tem como um dos eixos principais o patrimônio. Assim, pretendemos contribuir com as reflexões sobre como entorno de bens tombados pode se articular com a gestão urbana, tornando-se uma política de preservação do patrimônio cultural.

Business strategies in the context of poorlydelineated land property rights

Purpose – To understand the interconnection between the institutional environment, land conflicts, and business strategy under the lens of the Economic Analysis of Property Rights. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative analysis of academic publications and sustainability reports. Findings – Identification of six categories of pathologies associated with land rights held by forest companies and four categories of strategic mechanisms employed by the same organizations. Originality/value – To evidence through empirical data the interconnection between the institutional environment, land conflicts, and business strategy for land rights protection in Brazil.

Bioproteção: o princípio da proteção a vítimas e testemunhas, uma questão de ética com a dignidade da pessoa humana

O artigo tem por objetivo ressignificar o conceito de Bioproteção considerando-se as práticas cotidianas das pessoas vinculadas ao PROGRAMA DE PROTEÇÃO À VITIMAS E TESTEMUNHAS NO BRASIL, em uma perspectiva Bioética que contemple sua dignidade e cidadania. A partir de uma breve contextualização histórica da proteção no Brasil busca-se apresentar a ideia de cotidiano das pessoas ameaçadas e os modos como esses “sujeitos-em-proteção" adotam táticas e estratégias para o exercício da cidadania, compreendida como microrresistências e microliberdades, embasadas na teoria de Michel de Certeau. O Princípio da Proteção é analisado tomando-se como ponto de partida uma ética protetiva sustentada nas dimensões da Dignidade Humana, que compõe o tripé da Bioproteção. O fazer cotidiano dos sujeitos envolvidos na proteção, vai se conformando a partir das táticas e estratégias, do “sujeito-em proteção” que vivenciam um peculiar exercício de cidadania, regulada, que nos permite refletir sobre o contexto em que vivem essas pessoas em uma condição especial de existência. As análises efetuadas permitem concluir que a efetivação dos Direitos Fundamentais à Dignidade e à cidadania plena dos “sujeitos-em-proteção” não pode ser somente jurisprotetiva, mas, sobretudo, bioprotetiva.

O social e o comum: neoliberalismo, biopolítica e renda universal

Resumo Diante da rarefação das possibilidades de expansão da proteção social no Brasil, especialmente a partir de 2016, o principal esteio para a luta política eficaz em matéria de direitos sociais consistiria aparentemente em reagir contra as reformas neoliberais do Estado brasileiro, restaurando os pilares do Welfare State e de sua lógica de workfare. A partir de um instrumento concreto - a renda universal - este artigo propõe deslocar o centro do debate na direção de uma pauta política positiva, lastreada no conceito de comum, superando os traços de condicionalidade e focalismo das políticas distributivas tradicionais. Cruzando análise de conjuntura e pesquisa bibliográfica, o tema é discutido previamente nos quadros teóricos da crítica biopolítica ao neoliberalismo (Lazzarato, Hardt e Negri, Dardot e Laval); descreve-se a renda universal como uma linha de ataque biopolítico apta a catalisar uma instituição do comum, encerrando uma alternativa ao dualismo mistificador entre neoliberalismo e welfarismo.

Uma perspectiva pós-colonial sobre organizações consumeristas no Brasil

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar, a partir da perspectiva pós-colonial, uma visão sobre o movimento consumerista no Brasil pouco discutida na literatura de consumerismo, analisando como e porque padrões eurocêntricos de proteção ao consumidor foram incorporados ao movimento e como a adoção desse modelo resultou em limitados avanços na proteção aos consumidores no país. São apresentados os casos de importantes organizações de defesa do consumidor brasileiras, a saber, Programa de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor de São Paulo (Procon-SP), Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (Idec) e Proteste: Associação Brasileira de Defesa do Consumidor, e sua associação a organizações consumeristas internacionais, em especial à Consumers International (CI), mimetizando suas práticas de defesa do consumidor. A partir da perspectiva adotada é possível perceber como a influência eurocêntrica está presente em campanhas, pesquisas, eventos, testes comparativos de produtos, palestras e intercâmbios de tais organizações brasileiras, revelando como a adoção de um comportamento mimetista perpetua domínios pós-coloniais que, no fim, não resultam em melhorias na proteção aos consumidores no Brasil. A literatura de consumerismo pouco discute tais aspectos geopolíticos do movimento consumerista, dificultando o reconhecimento de que o modelo eurocêntrico de consumerismo tem mais do que a proteção aos consumidores como sua prioridade, pois se alinha aos interesses do Norte Global, em especial dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), de perpetuidade de sua hegemonia no mundo.