Evidence on oral consultation needs and diagnostic patterns among psychiatric inpatients remains limited. This study compared oral consultation needs and diagnostic patterns across psychiatric disorder subtypes in a general hospital and examined the effects of age and sex on related outcomes. This retrospective study included oral consultation records of psychiatric inpatients who received oral consultations during hospitalization at Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University between January 2022 and December 2025. Age, sex, psychiatric disorder subtype, consultation demand, and oral diagnosis were extracted. Differences across subtypes were assessed using Fisher's exact test with Monte Carlo simulation, and Cramér's V was calculated as a descriptive measure of effect size. Logistic regression was performed using consultation demand for prosthetic treatment of missing teeth as the outcome, with adjustment for sex and age quartiles; sensitivity analysis modeled age as a continuous variable. A total of 436 psychiatric inpatients were included. Tooth pain was the most common consultation demand (42.43%). Consultation demands and oral diagnostic distributions differed significantly across psychiatric disorder subtypes (Monte Carlo Fisher's exact P < 0.001 for both; Cramér's V = 0.195 and 0.210, respectively). Patients with organic mental disorders showed a higher proportion of consultation demand for prosthetic treatment of missing teeth, whereas patients with schizophrenia showed higher proportions of tooth pain and residual roots/crowns. In the primary quartile-based multivariable model, organic mental disorders were associated with consultation demand for prosthetic treatment of missing teeth (aOR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.08-4.13, P = 0.029), and age was consistently associated with this outcome across the main and sensitivity analyses. Oral consultation needs and diagnostic patterns differed across psychiatric disorder subtypes among psychiatric inpatients who received oral consultations. Organic mental disorders were associated with consultation demand for prosthetic treatment of missing teeth in the primary model, while age showed a consistent association with this outcome. These findings describe oral consultation patterns rather than overall oral disease prevalence or differences from non-psychiatric hospitalized patients, and may help inform oral health assessment and referral strategies in psychiatric inpatient care.

Long-term outcomes of ceramic crowns in adolescents and young adults with amelogenesis imperfecta: final follow-up of a randomized split-mouth controlled clinical trial.

A case of dental implant treatment for occlusal reconstruction in a congenital acute myeloid leukemia survivor.

The oral fine motor control is compromised in patients with full-arch, bimaxillary bridges compared to those with natural teeth. No previous studies have examined the differences between the prosthetic treatments small anterior bridges and single anterior implants (SI). The aim of the study was to evaluate oral fine motor control in patients with single anterior tooth loss, comparing anterior teeth connected in 3-unit resin bonded bridges (RBB) and free-standing teeth adjacent to single implants (SI). A standardized hold-and-split task was performed in 16 patients on two occasions: once, with a RBB in place and once after replacement with a SI. The four conditions connected tooth (CT), pontic (P), free-standing tooth (T), and single implant (SI) were tested. Outcome variables hold force, variability of hold force, split force, and duration of split were analyzed using paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The results showed significant differences between T and SI for all variables (p < 0.05) except for duration of split (p > 0.05), and between CT and P regarding hold force and duration of split. No significant differences were found between CT and T or P and SI for any of the outcome variables (p > 0.05). Oral fine motor control on a SI was compromised compared to a T and comparable to a P of a 3-unit RBB. However, splinting a tooth (CT) in a 3-unit anterior RBB does not seem to compromise the oral fine motorcontrol.

Objectives: The impact of dental and oral health conditions on the oral health state and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQL) in geriatric in-hospital (GIH) patients requires clarification. For this reason, this exploratory and hypothesis-generating study aimed to examine the associations between intra-oral risk factors (IRFs), masticatory functions (MFs), and treatment satisfaction (TS) in this context. Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled a total of 81 patients requiring immediate prosthetic treatment (IPT) by consultant dentists at Sana Hospital, Coburg, Germany. The evaluation focused on oral and dental state and MFs such as a modified DMFT and Eichner Index (EI), as well as on IRFs such as inflammation, mucogingival junction insufficiency (MGJI), severe bone crest atrophy (SBCA), and oral pain. The outcomes were measured after IPT using MF improvement (MFI) as the primary outcome and TS as the secondary outcome. Results: The outcomes (p < 0.05) were evaluated using objective measures such as the calculations of the EI, the EI modifications and the modified DMFT index. The results were associated, respectively, with the different IRFs and with specific SBCA. A total of 85% of GIH patients suffered from severe bone crest atrophy (SBCA), which showed a significant association with MF measured using EI after IPT (p = 0.001). MFI after IPT was associated with the EI before IPT (p < 0.000). The achieved MFI was finally associated with the untreated sample (all patients, p < 0.000) and with the presence or absence of the following IRFs at baseline: inflammation (p < 0.003), absence of oral pain (p < 0.000), presence of SBCA (p < 0.000), and absence of MFI (p < 0.000). A total of 78% of GIH patients confirmed treatment satisfaction (TS) after IPT, which was significantly and strongly associated with SBCA (p < 0.003). Conclusions: Oral health was primarily impaired by SBCA and can be measured by the analysis of EI and DMFT associations, which provided MFI and TS as outcomes for OHRQL.

This study is motivated by the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the increasing demands for safe and effective prosthetic treatments for this patient population. Incorrect selection of materials can contribute to the development of diabetes-related complications, deterioration of denture tissues, and adversely affect the patient’s overall health, ultimately reducing quality of life and complicating treatment. The aim of this study is to identify specific criteria for selecting prosthetic materials for patients with diabetes, taking into account their allergenic safety and impact on denture tissues, as well as the overall health of the patients. A study of 87 patients was conducted, including both an analysis of published data and a clinical examination. The results revealed significant differences in the degree of inflammatory changes, the severity of hyperemia, edema, and the presence of microorganisms on the denture surface, which are directly related to the physiological properties of the materials and their interaction with oral tissues. This study demonstrates the need for personalized approaches to prosthetics in patients with diabetes, increasing the effectiveness and safety of dental interventions, as well as improving the prognosis for recovery and overall health of this patient group.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on health care systems worldwide, resulting in significant disruptions to routine medical and dental care. Dental prosthetic treatments are vital to maintaining functional and aesthetic aspects of oral health in geriatric patients. However, the decision-making process for initiating and completing such treatments can be influenced by various factors. Aim: To assess the effect of pandemic circumstances in determining the patient’s choice of the proposed prosthodontic treatment plan and factors that influence them to not accept the proposed treatment plan. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study randomly sampled 600 patients, assessing their acceptance of a proposed prosthodontic treatment plan during and after COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used. χ 2 tests compared explanatory variables, and cross-tabulation analysis evaluated decision-making factors influencing treatment acceptance or refusal. Results: During COVID-19, 79.3% of 300 respondents rejected the proposed treatment, while 20.7% accepted it. Post–COVID-19, 42.7% declined, and 57.4% accepted. Reasons for refusal included high costs, fear of infection, urgency for quick treatment, and dependency during COVID-19, among others, totaling 11 reasons for rejecting prosthetic treatment. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study underscores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on geriatric patients’ decision-making regarding dental prosthetic treatment. The findings highlight the need for national health care policies that ensure accessible, affordable, and timely prosthodontic care, especially during crises. Strengthening financial support and public health initiatives can enhance treatment acceptance rates.

Background/Objectives: Peri-implant inflammatory complications remain a major cause of late implant failure and are closely associated with the condition of peri-implant soft tissues. Insufficient keratinized attached mucosa has been identified as a potential risk factor for peri-implant inflammation; however, morphological and immunohistochemical validation of soft tissue remodeling following corrective interventions remains limited. The aim of this study was to perform a morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of a reproducible surgical approach for increasing keratinized attached mucosa around dental implants. Methods: A comparative clinical–morphological study included 25 patients undergoing implant-supported prosthetic treatment. Patients were divided into a control group (standard prosthetic protocol without soft tissue augmentation, n = 10) and a study group (soft tissue correction using a previously developed technique, n = 15). Punch biopsies of peri-implant mucosa were obtained at baseline and prior to definitive prosthetic restoration. Histological examination and immunohistochemical analysis were performed using the semi-quantitative Astaldi–Verga method. Expression of inflammatory markers (MPO, CD3, CD20, CD68), vascular marker CD31, and remodeling markers MMP-9 and TIMP-2 was evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test (p < 0.05). Results: The study group demonstrated significantly lower expression of inflammatory markers, including MPO, CD68, CD3, and CD20 (p < 0.001), and reduced MMP-9 expression (p = 0.001) compared with controls. The MMP-9/TIMP-2 balance was more favorable in the study group, suggesting more regulated extracellular matrix remodeling. Histologically, the control group exhibited epithelial disruption and microcirculatory alterations, whereas the study group showed preserved epithelial architecture and reduced inflammatory infiltration. Conclusions: Morphological and immunohistochemical assessment suggests that soft tissue correction of keratinized mucosa deficiency may be associated with more favorable early peri-implant soft tissue characteristics, including reduced inflammatory activity and modulation of matrix remodeling. Immunohistochemical markers such as MMP-9 and TIMP-2 may provide additional insight into early soft tissue integration around dental implants. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the exploratory design and short follow-up period.

Background/Objectives: The clinical decision between preserving periodontally compromised teeth and replacing them with dental implants represents a complex clinical dilemma influenced by biological, prosthetic, economic, and professional factors. The aim of this pilot study was to develop and preliminarily validate a questionnaire designed to assess dentists’ attitudes and therapeutic preferences regarding the use of periodontally compromised teeth as prosthetic abutments versus extraction and implant-supported rehabilitation. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted, among Romanian dentists, using a structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of 43 items organized into seven sections addressing clinical attitudes, decision-making factors, professional competence, prosthetic treatment preferences, and implant-related clinical practices. A total of 111 Romanian dentists completed the questionnaire. Responses were recorded using a five-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis based on Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation. Results: The questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency across most sections, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging between 0.795 and 0.859 after scale optimization. Item–total correlations indicated adequate contribution of individual items to overall scale reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients confirmed moderate reliability for individual items and good reliability for average section scores. Exploratory factor analysis showed satisfactory sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.709) and statistically significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (p < 0.001), supporting the suitability of the data for factor analysis. The sample population was predominantly composed of early-career dentists with limited clinical experience, which should be considered when interpreting the findings. Conclusions: The developed questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, including good internal consistency and acceptable construct validity, supporting its use as a research instrument for assessing Romanian dentists’ self-reported attitudes, therapeutic preferences, and perception-based decision patterns regarding the preservation of periodontally compromised teeth and implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation.

This longitudinal study used data from the 6th German Oral Health Study (DMS • 6) to determine the incidence of tooth loss and prosthetic treatment over a 9-year period in participants from the DMS • 6 cohort who were examined in 2014 (baseline) and reexamined in 2023 (follow-up). The sample comprised 342 adults (43- to 52-year-olds at follow-up) and 373 seniors (73- to 82-year-olds at follow-up) who met the inclusion criteria for the DMS • 6 analysis set and for whom complete information on prosthetic treatments was available were included. The prevalence, extent, and incidence of tooth loss and prosthetic treatment were compared between baseline and follow-up. Over the 9-year observation period, the cumulative incidence of tooth loss among seniors was twice that among adults. The level of education influenced tooth loss: seniors with > 10 years of schooling remained unchanged, whereas those with ≤ 10 years exhibited an increase. The cumulative incidence of edentulism was 3.2% among seniors, and no adult was edentulous at any timepoint. Among adults, the prevalence of full dentition decreased from 44.0% at baseline to 37.6% at follow-up. The proportion of fixed-denture treatments increased by 11.1 percentage points in adults and decreased by 2.8 percentage points in seniors. However, the prevalence of implants increased in both cohorts. The incidence rates (per 100 person-years) of tooth loss indicate an accelerated loss rate in seniors (seniors: 10.0 vs adults: 4.1). The incidence of new implants was similar among adults and seniors (incidence rates: 1.1 and 1.4 per 100 person-years, respectively). The cumulative incidence of edentulism among seniors was low, and the increase in the frequency of implant treatment appeared to effectively compensate for tooth loss, with comparable rates in both age cohorts. School education had a pronounced impact on oral health and the need for prosthetic treatment. (Quintessence Int 2026;57(Suppl):S56-S65; doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b6955470).

The aim was to evaluate the ability of four large language models (LLMs) (OpenAI's ChatGPT-3.5, Microsoft 365 Copilot, DeepSeek-R1, and Google Gemini 2.5 Pro) to develop treatment options when presented with clinical cases published in the maxillofacial prosthodontics literature. Six maxillofacial case reports were fed to the LLMs following a prompt that requested prosthodontic treatment options from the perspective of a prosthodontist. Expert evaluators scored the relevance, clarity, depth, focus, and coherence of the responses. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc Tukey tests, Pearson correlation analyses, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), were performed (α < 0.05). There were significant differences among the total mean relevance (p = 0.003), clarity (p = 0.006), depth (p < 0.001), focus (p < 0.001), and coherence (p < 0.001) scores of chatbots. Copilot consistently scored the lowest, and Gemini or DeepSeek scored the highest for all five factors. Depth (p = 0.006), focus (p = 0.024), and coherence (p = 0.013) scores of senior prosthodontists were slightly higher than those of junior prosthodontists. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between the total mean scores for all five factors (p < 0.001). The study demonstrates the ability of LLMs to develop maxillofacial prosthetic treatment plans tailored to specific clinical scenarios. There were significant differences between the abilities of the LLMs evaluated in this study. Copilot scored the lowest for all factors evaluated, and Gemini and/or DeepSeek scored the highest.

Relevance. Selecting appropriate methods for analyzing masticatory muscle electromyograms remains an important issue in functional dentistry, as these methods enable objective assessment of electromyographic activity during therapeutic and preventive interventions and can serve as indicators of treatment effectiveness. Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of methods for identifying chewing patterns during different chewing tests in patients with normal occlusion of the permanent dentition. Materials and methods. Electromyographic recordings from 12 patients aged 16–20 years were analyzed using the Synapsis system. Chewing patterns were assessed using standard functional tests, including habitual chewing, clenching on cotton rolls, and graded clenching. Parameters were evaluated separately for the right and left sides. The EMG software enabled real-time assessment of maximum and mean amplitude values, automatic calculation of the torsional index and the masseteric index (an intermuscular balance index), and evaluation of the bilateral symmetry of temporalis and masseter muscle activity. Results. During the habitual chewing test, the mean summed amplitude of the temporalis muscles was 449.86 ± 18.35 μV, whereas that of the masseter muscles was 424.19 ± 17.56 μV. The masseteric index was 94.42 ± 2.87%, which was within the normal range. The study showed that individuals with a mesocephalic pattern, an average facial growth pattern, and normal occlusion typically exhibited a balanced chewing pattern, with the masseteric index ranging from 80% to 100% during habitual chewing, clenching on cotton rolls, and graded clenching. In contrast, during unilateral chewing tests, EMG activity was not a decisive indicator of chewing pattern. However, these parameters may be useful in the evaluation of patients with unilateral dental arch defects during prosthetic treatment or in those with transverse malocclusion. Conclusion. In patients with normal occlusion of the permanent dentition, habitual chewing, clenching on cotton rolls, and graded clenching appear to be the most informative tests for identifying chewing patterns, whereas unilateral chewing tests produce inconsistent results.

Oral health refers to a state of not having chronic orofacial pain, oral and throat cancers, or birth defects, oral infections and ulcers, periodontal disease, tooth loss, and other disorders that affect the oral cavity. Oral health awareness remains an excellent means of promoting the upkeep of people’s oral health by the dental team. Oral health is usually not taken seriously, but it is an essential part of our daily life. Good oral health awareness among people will enhance the power to talk, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow, and convey feelings among other emotions through facial expression as a result of individuals being attentive to oral health and maintaining it. Several studies focused on selected Nigerian student-populations have indicated a low level of oral health awareness and poor attitudes to oral health matters. This may be because people are not well informed about the steps required to prevent oral diseases or treat them. Concerning dental visiting habits, also, people are quite indifferent. The most frequent reasons for visiting are having a toothache, a perceived need for tooth extraction, and a need for prosthetic treatment. To handle the low level of oral health awareness that pervades the Nigerian student community at the present, it is important to prime the combined efforts of Dental Health Care Professionals (DHCP), the government, and non-governmental organizations in tackling the menace by urgently improving access to oral health information and education, especially,

Background and Objectives: To evaluate and compare the accuracy (trueness and precision) and scanning speed of three intraoral scanners: Medit i700, Primescan 1, and COXO DL-300P, under standardized clinical conditions, using a digitized high-precision analog impression as the reference. Materials and Methods: A patient requiring fixed prosthetic treatment on natural abutments (2.5, 2.7, 3.5, 3.8) was selected. Ten sequential full-arch scans were performed with each scanner in rotating order. Scanning time was recorded for each full-arch acquisition. Accuracy analysis focused on regions of interest: the upper jaw included abutments with adjacent mucosa, the lower jaw included only abutment surfaces. A VPS impression was taken, poured in type IV stone, and digitized with a high-accuracy desktop scanner to serve as the reference. All datasets were analyzed in Geomagic Control X, and statistics were performed using MedCalc (α = 0.05). Results: Upper Jaw (Abutments and Mucosa): The Medit i700 achieved the highest trueness (100.3 ± 6.6 µm), outperforming Primescan and COXO (p = 0.008). COXO showed the best precision, while Primescan demonstrated the greatest variability (p < 0.0001). Primescan produced the fastest scans (72.5 ± 3.8 s) (p = 0.001). Lower Jaw: (Abutment Surface Only): Medit yielded superior trueness (193.1 ± 63.4 µm) compared with Primescan and COXO (p = 0.005). Precision varied significantly among devices, with COXO presenting the greatest inconsistency (p = 0.0004). Scan times did not differ significantly (p = 0.068). Conclusions: Medit i700 demonstrated the highest trueness, Primescan delivered the fastest scans but variable results, and COXO showed acceptable but inconsistent precision.

The importance of central sensitization management in prosthodontic clinical practice: Two case reports of phantom bite syndrome.

Abstract. The success of implant-supported prosthetic treatment largely depends on primary stability, a critical determinant of successful osseointegration. Evaluating implant stability together with the condition of the surrounding bone enables clinicians to anticipate the integration process and detect potential complications during healing and bone remodeling. Modern clinical approaches include instrumental and imaging diagnostic techniques, such as resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and Periotest measurements; however, their objectivity and applicability in routine practice remain a matter of ongoing debate. In addition to established methods, experimental and less widely used hardware-based approaches are actively being investigated, allowing quantitative evaluation of implant–bone interactions and measurement of stability parameters in physical units. Among these technologies, ultrasound analysis is considered promising, as it enables comparison with histomorphological data on osseointegration and provides objective quantitative measures of primary implant stability. Purpose: to evaluate current methods for determining the primary stability of dental implants and their correlation with objective indicators of osseointegration, specifically bone–implant contact (BIC), as well as to identify the potential for their clinical application. Materials and Methods. For this review, a targeted search of scientific publications was conducted in three recognized international databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering recent years. The search employed a combination of keywords related to the topic, including dental implants, primary stability, osseointegration, and implant stability assessment. Articles were selected based on strict criteria for relevance to the review topic and scientific merit. A total of 21 sources were included in the final analysis, comprising both review articles and original research. Each publication underwent a qualitative assessment, focusing on relevance, methodological rigor, and the novelty of the reported findings. This approach provided a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of current methods for evaluating the primary stability of dental implants. Results. Analysis of the literature indicates that resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and Periotest can be used to assess implant stability at various stages of osseointegration, but their precision is limited, and they do not fully capture either the mechanical or biological aspects of integration. Experimental methods, including ultrasound diagnostics, electromechanical impedance, and laser testing, provide more objective results expressed in physical units and demonstrate correlation with bone–implant contact (BIC), making them promising tools for clinical and research evaluation of both primary and secondary implant stability.

Pediatric ischemic stroke is rare but may result in severe oral dysfunction. Evidence for prosthetic oral rehabilitation is well established in adults, whereas pediatric data remains limited. We report a pediatric patient with persistent dysphagia and articulatory impairment following recurrent ischemic stroke who underwent stepwise palatal prosthetic intervention. Treatment began with a palatal augmentation prosthesis to establish tolerance and promote tongue-palate contact, followed by a palatal lift prosthesis providing gentle velopharyngeal support. Tongue pressure measurements, oral diadochokinesis, and speech intelligibility improved during appliance use, with gains largely maintained after discontinuation, suggesting motor relearning rather than transient mechanical assistance. This case illustrates the potential value of a tolerance-oriented, stepwise prosthetic strategy in pediatric stroke rehabilitation and underscores the need for individualized adjustment and cautious interpretation of functional metrics.

Introduction: Tooth loss and temporomandibular disorders are problems that affect patients from an early age. It is important to understand the effectiveness of prosthetic rehabilitation in partially edentulous patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ) pain syndrome. Objective: To determine the behavior of TMJ pain in partially edentulous patients through prosthetic rehabilitation treatment. Methods: This was an epidemiological, observational, descriptive, longitudinal study of partially edentulous patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain syndrome, treated at the prosthodontics clinic of the "Antonio Briones Montoto" Stomatological Clinic in Pinar del Rio municipality, from 2023 to 2025. The study population consisted of 1273 patients, and the sample comprised 216 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Results: Females predominated (61.6%), as did the 41-50 age group (50.5%). Lower Kennedy Class I malocclusion was present in 88.4% of the patients. Moderate dysfunction was present in 44.9%, and 83.8% experienced pain in the joint region. Muscle pain was present in 58.8% of the patients one month after prosthetic placement; this frequency decreased to 47.2% after two months. Conclusions: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunctional pain syndrome in partially edentulous patients was primarily associated with bilateral posterior mandibular tooth loss and decreased with restorative treatment. Preventing tooth loss and receiving appropriate rehabilitation contribute to reducing TMJ dysfunctional pain and achieving good oral health.

Photoreceptor degeneration in Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most prevalent cause of inherited legal blindness, for which effective visual restoration treatments are still missing. Injectable prosthetic strategies represent a promising tool for vision restoration. We demonstrated that injectable poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoparticles (P3HT-NPs) promote a sustained visual restoration in Royal College of Surgeons rats, an RP model harboring a mutation that impairs the phagocytic activity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and microglia, leading to progressive and combined rod/cone degeneration. However, it is unclear whether the efficacy of P3HT-NPs in this model is enhanced by the impairment of RPE and microglial phagocytosis, and thus whether this prosthetic intervention will also be effective in more typical forms of RP that primarily affect rods. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of P3HT-NPs in the pigmented retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mouse, which carries a recessive missense mutation in the rod phosphodiesterase-6B gene, while retaining a morphologically and functionally intact RPE. We demonstrate that, in this mouse model of RP, P3HT-NPs restore visually driven responses at both subcortical and cortical levels at the end stage of photoreceptor degeneration. Although partial phagocytosis of P3HT-NPs by the RPE occurs, the P3HT-NPs remaining in the outer retina were sufficient to mediate a significant recovery of visual function characterized by complex light-dependent reactivation of the primary visual cortex and formation of implicit visual memories. These results demonstrate that healthy RPE and microglial activities do not compromise the efficacy of the injectable nanotherapeutic strategy, underscoring the clinical potential of P3HT-NPs for visual restoration in late-stage retinal degeneration, which closely mimics the conditions of RP patients undergoing prosthetic interventions.

Nasal function in patients with maxillectomy using various obturator designs.