Proprioceptive Function Research Articles

Correlation between forward head posture and proprioception function in patients with cervical spondylosis

Correlation between forward head posture and proprioception function in patients with cervical spondylosis

Multiple nerve cords connect the arms of octopuses, providing alternative paths for inter-arm signaling

Octopuses are remarkable in their ability to use many arms together during behavior (e.g., see Levy etal., 1 Mather,2 Byrne etal.,3 and Hanlon etal.4). Arm responses and multi-arm coordination can occur without engagement of major brain regions,5 which indicates the importance of local proprioceptive responses and peripheral connections. Here, we examine the intramuscular nerve cords (INCs),6,7,8,9 the key proprioceptive anatomy in the arms. INCs are understood to include proprioceptive neurons, multipolar neurons, and motoneurons (reviewed by Graziadei10) and are thought to contribute to structuring whole-arm movement.11 There are four INCs running the full length of each arm (e.g., see Guérin-Ganivet,6 Martoja and May,8 and Graziadei9); we focused on the pair closest to the suckers, called the oral INCs. In tracking the oral INCs, we found that they extend proximally and continue beyond the arm, through the arm's base. Each oral INC bypasses two adjacent arms and is continuous with the nearer oral INC of the third arm over. As a result, an arm connects through oral INC pathways to arms that are two arms away to the right and left of it. In addition to connecting distant arms, nerve fibers project from the central region of the INCs, suggesting function in local tissues. The other two INCs, paired aboral INCs, also extend proximally beyond the arm's base with trajectories suggestive of the oral INC pattern. These data identify previously unknown regions of the INCs that linkdistant arms, creating anatomical connections. They suggest potential INC proprioceptive function in extra-arm tissues and contribute to an understanding of embodied organization for octopus behavioral control.12,13,14,15.

A Drosophila model for Meniere's disease: Dystrobrevin is required for support cell function in hearing and proprioception.

Meniere's disease (MD) is an inner ear disorder characterised by recurrent vertigo attacks associated with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Evidence from epidemiology and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) suggests a genetic susceptibility involving multiple genes, including α-Dystrobrevin (DTNA). Here we investigate a Drosophila model. We show that mutation, or knockdown, of the DTNA orthologue in Drosophila, Dystrobrevin (Dyb), results in defective proprioception and impaired function of Johnston's Organ (JO), the fly's equivalent of the inner ear. Dyb and another component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), Dystrophin (Dys), are expressed in support cells within JO. Their specific locations suggest that they form part of support cell contacts, thereby helping to maintain the integrity of the hemolymph-neuron diffusion barrier, which is equivalent to a blood-brain barrier. These results have important implications for the human condition, and notably, we note that DTNA is expressed in equivalent cells of the mammalian inner ear.

Whole Body Vibration: A Valid Alternative Strategy to Exercise?

Several studies agree that mechanical vibration can induce physiological changes at different levels, improving neuromuscular function through postural control strategies, muscle tuning mechanisms and tonic vibration reflexes. Whole-body vibration has also been reported to increase bone mineral density and muscle mass and strength, as well as to relieve pain and modulate proprioceptive function in patients with osteoarthritis or lower back pain. Furthermore, vibratory training was found to be an effective strategy for improving the physical performance of healthy athletes in terms of muscle strength, agility, flexibility, and vertical jump height. Notably, several benefits have also been observed at the brain level, proving to be an important factor in protecting and/or preventing the development of age-related cognitive disorders. Although research in this field is still debated, certain molecular mechanisms responsible for the response to whole-body vibration also appear to be involved in physiological adaptations to exercise, suggesting the possibility of using it as an alternative or reinforcing strategy to canonical training. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of whole body vibration protocols appropriately designed based on individual needs to optimize these effects. Therefore, we performed a narrative review of the literature, consulting the bibliographic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar, to i) summarize the most recent scientific evidence on the effects of whole-body vibration and the molecular mechanisms proposed so far to provide a useful state of the art and ii) assess the potential of whole-body vibration as a form of passive training in place of or in association with exercise.

Sensilla on the Wings of <i>Eurydema dominulus</i> (Scopoli)

Eurydema dominulus (Scopoli), a phytophagous insect and a pest of many plants. The external morphology of the sensilla on the wings were observed using scanning electron microscope. Based on their morphological structure, different five types of sensilla were distinguished: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla campaniformia and sensilla ampullacea. These sensilla can be related to have mechanosensory, chemosensory and proprioceptive functions. The possible roles of these sensilla are also discussed.

ОЦЕНКА ПРОПРИОЦЕПТИВНОЙ ФУНКЦИИ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ ПОСЛЕ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ПЕРЕДНЕЙ КРЕСТООБРАЗНОЙ СВЯЗКИ

Abstract. Introduction. Recently, interest has been revived in the primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament, which is largely due to the potential possibility of preserving its proprioceptive function. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the proprioceptive function of the knee joint in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament repair with additional augmentation and to compare the results with similar parameters in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus muscle tendon. Material and methods. 40 patients were evaluated, who were divided into two groups: in group 1 (n=20), due to damage to the anterior cruciate ligament, its repair with additional augmentation was performed; in group 2 (n=20), anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tendon of the semitendinosus muscle was performed. Proprioceptive function was tested no earlier than 12 months after surgery using the method of active reproduction of passive positioning and the force sense reproduction method. In addition, the functional state of the treated knee joint was compared using the Knee and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and International Knee Documentation Committee questionnaire scales. The significance of differences between the study groups was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test (differences were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05). Results and discussions. Despite the similar functional outcomes on the questionnaire scales (p>0.05), the patients of group 1 achieved statistically significant better results of the proprioception coefficient for all the methods used in comparison with group 2 (p<0.05). In addition, a comparative assessment of the treated and contralateral healthy joint within the groups showed similar data in group 1 patients (p>0.05) and statistically significant differences in group 2 (p<0.05) also for all methods used. Conclusion. The study demonstrated that the proprioception of the knee joint after anterior cruciate ligament repair is almost identical to that in the contralateral healthy joint and is significantly better than after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus muscle tendon.

Proprioception and Geriatric Low Back Pain.

Proprioception is a deep sensation that perceives the position of each part of the body, state of movement and muscle contraction, and resistance and mass applied to the body. Proprioceptive feedback influences movement and positional accuracy, resulting in key somatosensory functions for human postural control. Proprioception encompasses signals received from proprioceptors located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, commonly known as mechanoreceptors. The muscle spindle, a crucial proprioceptor, is stretched during eccentric contraction of muscle, thus generating an action potential on afferent fibers to convey a proprioceptive information to the sensorimotor cortex in the brain. For exercise therapy in patients with locomotor disease, proprioception serves an essential function for motor control; thus, this should be considered to obtain effective muscle output. As postural control is achieved by proprioceptive function according to the balance between the lower limb and trunk, relative proprioceptive weighting ratio can help clarify proprioceptive control using muscle response to mechanical vibration. The absence of proprioceptive information congruent with motor intention activates cortical center monitoring incongruence of sensation, leading to pathological pain. Therapeutic procedures may aim to restore the integrity of cortical information processing in musculoskeletal chronic pain. Poor proprioception is one of the main causes of decreased postural balance control in elderly patients with low back pain (LBP). It has been hypothesized that proprioception of the lower limbs deteriorates with age-related muscle mass loss (sarcopenia), which increases the proprioceptive burden on the lumbar spine. Accurate diagnosis of the proprioceptive function is important for establishing a treatment procedure for proprioceptive recovery, and further prospective research is required to clarify the relationship between proprioception and LBP improvement.

The Function of the Proprioceptive, Vestibular and Visual Systems Following Fatigue in Individuals With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability.

To maintain postural balance, the proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual systems continuously provide body position and movement data to the central nervous system. In this study, our main aim was to examine, for the first time, the influence of anaerobically or aerobically induced fatigue on these separate functions in persons with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). We obtained assessments pre- and post-fatigue protocols from 60 physical education students (Mage = 24.3, SD = 3.4) Twenty-seven students had CAI, and 33 students did not have CAI). To measure proprioception, we used the AMEDA device; for vision, we used near point of convergence (NPC); and, for vestibular function, we used subjective visual vertical (SVV). We found a pre-post proprioception (AMEDA) effect in the aerobic group (p < .001), and a visual (NPC) effect in both anaerobic and aerobic participant groups (both p < .001). There were no visual system (NPC) fatigue effect differences among aerobic or anerobic participants who had or did not have CAI (p = .047); there was a significant aerobic fatigue effect on proprioception (AMEDA) (p = .010) that favored participants without CAI. There was a significant interaction effect between time of testing and CAI for visual (NPC) (p = .003) in the aerobic group only. In both the anaerobic and aerobic groups, post-fatigue vestibular function (AMEDA) was significantly lower for those with than those without CAI (anaerobic: p = .030; and aerobic: p =.016). Thus, post-fatigue, participants with CAI showed worse proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular function than those without CAI. Future investigators should further examine each movement sense system in individuals with CAI.

Correlation analysis of national elite Chinese male table tennis players' shoulder proprioception and muscle strength.

BACKGROUNDShoulder is the most injured part in table tennis players, and it takes multiple roles in transmitting power and striking the center of the ball during the stroke. Proprioception is strongly correlated with high level of athletic performance. It is customary to assume that there is a correlation between proprioception and muscle strength and therefore proprioceptive assessment and rehabilitation is often neglected.AIMTo investigate the correlation between isokinetic muscle strength and proprioception in the internal and external rotation muscle groups of elite Chinese male table tennis players, to provide reference for physical training and rehabilitation of elite table tennis players.METHODSA total of 19 national elite table tennis players from the Chinese National Table Tennis Team were recruited in this research. All of them had more than 10 years training experience and had participated major competitions such as the National Games and World Youth Championships. IsoMed 2000 was used to test the peak torque of internal and external rotation isokinetic concentric contraction of the athletes' bilateral shoulder joints at low speed (60°/s) and high speed (180°/s) respectively; IsoMed 2000 was used to conduct the Joint Position Reproduction test to evaluate the athletes' proprioceptive ability capacity at low speed (60°/s) and high speed (180°/s) respectively. If the data satisfied the normal distribution, the correlation between the differences in peak torque s and angles in different directions was analyzed using a Pearson simple linear model; otherwise, Spearman correlation analysis was used. The comparison of proprioceptive ability between the table tennis racket-holding hand and non-racket-holding hands was performed using independent samples t-test if the data satisfied a normal distribution; otherwise, the Mann-Whitney U test was used.RESULTSThere was no direct linear correlation between the strength and proprioceptive correlation analysis at slow speed (60°/s) and fast speed (180°/s) in the racket-holding hand; At the slow speed (60°/s) and fast speed (180°/s), there was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioception in the non-racket-holding hand except for the internal rotation variable error (VE) and external rotation relative peak torque, which showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.477, P < 0.05), (r = 0.554, P < 0.05). The internal rotation’s constant error (CE) and VE were 1.06 ± 3.99 and 2.94 ± 2.16, respectively, for the racket-holding hand, and -3.36 ± 2.39 and 1.22 ± 0.93, respectively, for the non-racket-holding hand; the internal rotation’s CE, VE of the racket-holding hand was lower than that of the non-racket-holding hand, and there was a highly significant difference (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONThere was no correlation between muscle strength and proprioceptive function in the internal and external rotation of the racket-holding hand’s shoulder in elite Chinese male table tennis players. These results may be useful for interventions for shoulder injuries and for the inclusion of proprioceptive training in rehabilitation programs.

Reliability of a three-dimensional spinal proprioception assessment for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

PurposeAlthough it is evident that some patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have proprioceptive deficit in peripheral joints, knowledge on the proprioceptive function of the deformed spine is limited. Nonetheless, spinal proprioception in AIS may be affected three-dimensionally, prior studies only focussed on evaluating peripheral proprioception in single plane. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel spinal proprioception assessment using three-dimensional motion analysis in patients with AIS.MethodsParticipants were included if they had a primary diagnosis of AIS who did not receive or failed conservative treatments. Three trunk repositioning tests involving flexion-extension, lateral-flexion, and axial-rotation were conducted. A three-dimensional kinematics of the trunk was used as the outcome measures. The proprioceptive acuity was quantified by the repositioning error. The intra-examiner and test-retest reliability were analysed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsFifty-nine patients with AIS were recruited. Regarding the trunk flexion–extension test, the single measure ICC showed moderate reliability (0.46) and the average measures ICC demonstrated good reliability (0.72). As for the trunk lateral-flexion test, the reliability of single measure and average measures ICC was moderate (0.44) and good (0.70) reliability, respectively. For the trunk axial-rotation test, the single measure ICC indicated fair reliability (0.32), while the average measures ICC showed moderate reliability (0.59).ConclusionThis is the first study to evaluate the reliability of novel three-dimensional spinal proprioception assessments in patients with AIS. The trunk flexion-extension repositioning test may be preferable clinical test given its highest reliability.

Block duration is substantially longer with a liposomal suspension of bupivacaine than with 0.5% bupivacaine HCl potentiated with dexmedetomidine following an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block in Beagles

To compare the duration of bupivacaine liposome suspension in the dog with that of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine following a perineural injection. 8 healthy Beagles. The left sciatic nerve of each dog was randomly assigned to an ultrasound-guided perineural injection with either bupivacaine liposome suspension (BLS) or with 0.5% bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine (1 µg/mL) (BUP-DEX). The contralateral nerve was assigned to the alternate agent. The sensory, motor, and proprioceptive functions were evaluated before the injection (baseline) and at 4, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The block in 1 limb in the BLS treatment appeared to have failed (data set excluded). The motor scores of 2 individuals could not be evaluated leaving 5 limbs to evaluate in the BLS treatment and 6 in the BUP-DEX. A total of 6 out of 7 limbs in the BLS achieved a complete sensory block. In 3 out of 5 treatments with BLS, motor block was only partial and in 2 not apparent at all. Proprioceptive block was partial in 5 out of 7 dogs in the BLS treatment. All functions were still completely obliterated at 10 hours in 6 cases in treatment BUP-DEX. All functions were restored in all cases by 96 and 24 hours after administration of BLS and BUP-DEX, respectively. The blockade characteristics of bupivacaine liposome suspension were effective and long lasting. Motor and proprioceptive deficits may be inconsistent over time.

Clinical outcomes in stump-preserving versus stump-sacrificing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; a randomized controlled study

BackgroundAnterior Cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) aims to restore the anatomy and function of the knee. Although stump preservation during ACLR could be technically challenging, it may improve the revascularization and proprioceptive function of the graft. In this study, we aimed to compare the functional outcome after ACLR with and without stump preservation.MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients with acutely torn ACL and with intact tibial stump were included in this study. Half of them (60 cases) underwent ACLR with stump preservation. The other half (60 cases) had ACLR after total resection of the tibial stump. One hundred and nine out of 120 cases completed their 2 year-follow-up period. All patients were assessed by Tegner activity, Lysholm, and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores. The side-to-side difference regarding stability was assessed by KT-1000 instrumented Lachman and proprioceptive function was measured by Passive angle reproduction test.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding Tegner activity, Lysholm, and IKDC scores. Knee stability measured by KT-1000 and complication rate also showed no significant difference. But there was a significant difference in proprioception favoring stump preservation. On the other hand, the operative time was significantly shorter with stump resection. There was no significant difference in the complications rate between both groups and there were no cases with stiffness in either group.ConclusionStump preservation ACLR is a safe technique that yields equivalent functional outcomes to standard ACLR. However; it provides better proprioception. It is more technically challenging, but in experienced hands; it is easily reproducible.Trial registrationRegistration number: NCT05364398. 06/05/2022.

The reversing effect of ondansetron on bupivacaine-induced sciatic nerve block.

This experimental study was designed to test the hypothesis that ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, would decrease the duration of motor, sensory, and proprioception blockade in a dose-dependent fashion in a bupivacaine-induced sciatic nerve blockade. Forty-nine male Wistar Albino rats who underwent unilateral sciatic nerve block were divided into seven groups with an equal number in each group. Group B: only perineural block (PB), Group BO200: PB and perineural 200 μg ondansetron, Group BO400: PB and perineural 400 μg ondansetron, Group BO800: PB and perineural 800 μg ondansetron, Group BO800IP: PB and intraperitoneal 800 μg ondansetron, Group O800: only perineural 800 μg ondansetron, Group S: sham-operated. The rats' motor, sensory, and proprioception functions were evaluated by a blinded investigator every 10 min until they returned to normal function. The recovery times of the motor, sensory, and proprioception functions were recorded and compared. All sciatic nerves were removed and examined by electron microscopy for neurotoxic signs. In which sciatic nerve block was formed with bupivacaine, the duration of the motor, sensory, and proprioception functions blockade was decreased, and the duration to return to normal functions was significantly shortened at Group BO800 (p < 0.05). According to electron microscopy results, perineural 200 μg, 400 μg, and 800 μg ondansetron were not neurotoxic. This is the first study showing that perineural ondansetron administration (800 μg dose) reverses the effect of the local anesthetics and shortens the duration of the motor, sensory, and proprioception functions blockade.

Physical Exercise and Low-Level Laser Therapy Systemic Effects on the Ankle Joint in an Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis Model

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze the systemic effects of stair climbing exercise, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and the association of both treatments on pelvic member functionality and ankle joint histomorphometric aspects of Wistar rats submitted to experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA) protocol. MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomly distributed into the following 8 groups: control; control LLLT; control exercise; control LLLT and exercise; arthritis group; arthritis LLLT; arthritis exercise; and arthritis LLLT and exercise, with n = 8 for functional and n = 5 for histomorphometrical tests. The experimental RA was induced by complete Freund adjuvant injection in the knee joint cavity. Functionality was evaluated by proprioception and motor function using Sciatic Functional Index and maximum angle reached at an inclined plane. Histomorphometrical aspects were evaluated in the ankle joint after histological routine. ResultsThe arthritis LLLT and exercise group had positive effects in Sciatic Functional Index (F [3.96] = 11.3, P < .001) and in inclined plane (F [3.4] = 36.1, P < .001). The arthritis exercise group presented a greater number of chondrocytes in the tibia (Wald [1; 6605.6] = 25.2, P < .001) and talus (Wald [1; 15958.6] = 19.8, P = .006) in relation to the other groups. The arthritis group morphology showed significant degenerative lesions as subintima with angiogenesis, inflammatory cells, flocculated articular cartilage, chondrocytes disorganization and pannus. Even with the higher chondrocytes number, the arthritis exercise group had morphological characteristics more similar to the control group. ConclusionLow-level laser therapy and exercise restored functionality, and exercise restored morphological aspects of tissues in experimentally induced RA in rats.

Interrelationships of Touch and Proprioception with Motor Impairments in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review.

Considering that somatosensory impairments may impact motor performance in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), a better understanding of these relations is relevant to planning interventions. To synthesize research evidence to date on the interrelationships between the somatosensory functions of touch and proprioception with motor functions in persons with CP, we systematically searched Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Medline databases for studies relating these variables that were published in English from the inception of these databases to November 2020. We targeted the following content categories in our literature search: (a) cerebral palsy; (b) sensory functions; (c) tactile functions; (d) proprioception functions; and (e) motor functions. The selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment of these studies were performed in duplicate. We retrieved and analyzed information regarding the studies' methodological approaches and synthesized results. The 11 studies that met our inclusion criteria showed that, in individuals with CP, impairments in tactile discrimination, proprioception, and stereognosis are related to motor functions in terms of overall manual ability, grip strength, postural control and locomotion. Thus, clinical practitioners should attend to somatosensory aspects of motor impairment in individuals with CP. More research is needed to clarify the direction of these associations.

Assessment of proprioception improvement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tibial remnant preservation versus non remnant preservation

Background: The ACL functions both as an anterior stabilizer and as a sensory organ. It is not only provides proprioceptive function, but also initiates protective and stabilizing muscular reflexes. Most ACLs are ruptured in the proximal half and most mechanoreceptors have been reported to be located in the sub-synovial layer near the tibial insertion of the ACL. Therefore, it is reasonable to preserve the remnant tissue. Particularly the tibial side, as a source of reinnervation if impingement and Cyclops can prevented. Objective: To compare proprioception after ACL reconstruction with remnant preservation versus non remnant preservation. Methods: This is a prospective single blind controlled randomized study was done from December 2015 to October 2017, it was conducted on forty patients (40 males). Divided into two groups twenty patients in each one to assess proprioception after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Group (A) consisted of 20 patients with mean age 28±5.57 years who underwent to ACLR with tibial remnant preservation. Group (B) consisted of 20 patients with mean age 29.05±5.596 years who underwent to ACLR with non-remnant preservation were selected on the basis of clinical picture and imaging findings.

ACL repair for athletes?

BackgroundThe current gold standard treatment for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear in an athlete is an arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with autografts. This restores the knee stability but is associated with unique complications like graft re-tear, kinesiophobia and graft donor site morbidity. ACL suture repair (ACLSR) is an attractive alternative method of surgical management of this injury. Current science of ACLSRThe potential advantages of performing a repair are the preservation of native biology and proprioceptive function of ACL, elimination of a graft and preservation of bone stock. The purported benefits are better stability, reduction of kinesiophobia and faster rehabilitation. ACLSR is now performed only for proximal (femoral-sided) tears in the acute phase, when the tissue quality is good and using high-strength nonabsorbable sutures. There are several techniques for performing ACLSR but broadly speaking are either non-augmented, static augmented with suture tape, dynamic augmented or using bio-scaffolds. Clinical outcome of ACLSRThere is a lot of literature on ACLSRs including case series, cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. The results from these studies are encouraging but mostly pertain to patient reported outcome measures, are in small numbers and in the short-term. The results are also inconsistent across different studies and not specifically performed for the athletic population. Moreover, most of these studies are from the innovator or designer surgeons and groups and have not been independently validated. ConclusionCurrently, there is insufficient evidence to recommend ACLSR as a preferred method of managing even acute proximal tears in athletes. Improved rates of return to sports, lower retear rate and lesser kinesiophobia needs to be proven in athletes.

Poor cervical proprioception as a risk factor for concussion in professional male rugby union players

BackgroundConcussion is one of the most common injuries in male professional Rugby Union (‘rugby’) and accounts for significant time loss from training and competition. Despite the most recent Concussion in Sport Group consensus statement recommending a focus on the identification of modifiable risk factors, limited evidence for their existence is available. ObjectiveTo investigate the association between cervical proprioception and concussion incidence in a group of professional male rugby players over the course of a full season. Methods165 players were assessed at pre-, mid- and end of season time points using the Cervical Joint Position Error Test (CJPET). Associations with diagnosed concussion injuries are presented as incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We present the Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) for a 10% increase in each variable and compared results against concussion using match minutes to account for risk exposure. ResultsDuring the study period, 45 concussions were incurred by 44 players [or 19.7 concussions per 1000 player-match hours]. There was a significant association between right rotation repositioning error and concussion, with a 5% increase in concussion rate for each 10% increase in gross right rotation error (P = 0.021). ConclusionPoor gross right rotation repositioning error is a modifiable intrinsic risk factor for concussion in professional male rugby players. Interventions to improve proprioceptive function may act as an effective method for reducing concussion incidence in this population.

Correlation between Deep Cervical Muscle Endurance, Cervical Proprioception, and Chronic Neck Pain: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Study

The main aim of the study was to investigate the relationship among deep cervical muscle endurance, cervical proprioception, and chronic neck pain (CNP). Subjects with CNP (n=47) aged 20 to 45 years were recruited to the study. Cervical joint position sense error (JPSE), deep cervical flexor and extensor endurance, pain intensity and neck pain associated disability were investigated by using common clinical tests. The correlations between measured variables were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients. Only extension cervical JPSE component showed significant fair correlation with pain (σ = 0.30, p = 0.040) and disability (σ = 0.39, p = 0.006). Both the cervical flexor and extensor muscle endurance were found to have no relationship with both pain and disability. There was no association between deep cervical muscle endurance and the cervical JPSE. But a significant fair correlation was noted between the cervical flexor and extensor muscle endurance capacity (σ = 0.38, p = 0.008). Deep cervical muscle endurance and cervical proprioception were weakly associated with CNP. Chronic neck pain might not influence neck muscle endurance and cervical proprioception. Muscle endurance capacity and proprioceptive functioning also seem to be irrelevant to each other in people with CNP.

A Prospective Study on Autotransplantation of Mandibular Third Molars With Complete Root Formation.

Autotransplantation, if possible, is a viable option for replacing a missing tooth when a donor tooth is available. The most typical tooth transplant is the transfer of a third molar to a first molar site. No immune reaction results from transplants of this nature. It restores the proprioceptive function and normal periodontal healing; thus, the patient can have a natural chewing feeling and natural biological response. This study aims to evaluate the prognosis of autotransplanted mandibular third molar and also to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the treatment performed when compared to the other treatment modalities for prosthetic rehabilitation. A prospective study was done in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental & Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India, with over 20 patients to evaluate the prognosis of autotransplanted mandibular third molars with complete root formation after atraumatic extraction of first or second mandibular molar, which were randomly selected irrespective of race, sex, caste, and socio-economic status. Regular clinical and radiographical examinations were performed over a period of 1 year and the patients were assessed for pain, swelling, infection, dry socket, periodontal pocket depth, ankylosis, root resorption, tooth mobility, and level of buccal bone in relation to cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Eighteen out of 20 transplants were successful; only 2 mandibular transplants were extracted because of abnormal horizontal and axial mobility and the reason of failure was attributed to fact that the roots of transplant were short and conical and there was lack of alveolar bone height at the recipient site in one patient, while root resorption was the reason for failure of transplant in the other patient. This study assessed the efficacy of autotransplantation of molars and the viability of the procedure to replace unrestorable molar teeth; it also supports the hypothesis that transplantation of a mandibular third molar for replacement of a lost or seriously damaged molar tooth could be a reasonable alternative.