Proportional Method Research Articles

An improved proportional topology optimization method combining a polarized material interpolation scheme and Heaviside threshold function

An improved proportional topology optimization (IPTO) method is proposed in this work. The main improvement of this method is that the conventional solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP)-based material interpolation scheme is replaced by a polarized material interpolation scheme, and the Heaviside threshold function is adopted based on the original proportional topology optimization (PTO) method. By using this approach, the minimum compliance problem can be solved without requiring the numerical derivation of the sensitivity function. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cantilevers and L-bracket beams are used as examples. The 2D results obtained by the IPTO method are compared with those obtained by the PTO and SIMP methods. Numerical examples demonstrate that IPTO can acquire better objective function values and more ideal topology structures compared to PTO and SIMP. Furthermore, IPTO offers significant advantages over PTO and SIMP in terms of convergence speed and the ability to suppress intermediate density elements. Additionally, this method enables topology optimization design under multiple working conditions. Therefore, it provides an effective approach for structural topology optimization in research and engineering applications. With appropriate adjustment, this method can also be applied to composite material design and heat conduction design.

Assessment of mental wellbeing of university students in Bangladesh using Goldberg's GHQ-12: A cross-sectional study.

The mental well-being of university students is a primary public health concern worldwide, including in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of the overall mental health status among Bangladeshi university students. The study used larger and more diverse sample compared to previous studies, and also explored factors associated with the mental health well-being of those students. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, utilizing the proportional allocation method, from students in various universities across Bangladesh. The sample included 2036 participants. The study applied Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) using the GHQ2+ threshold (i.e., having more than two symptoms). A binary outcome variable was created with two levels: "good mental health" and "poor mental health," to assess the mental health status of the university students. The explanatory variables were age, gender, academic year, type of university, and sources of personal expenses. Exploratory data analysis, association tests, and binary logistic regression models were used to identify factors influencing the outcome variable. A total of 55.9% of students (male: 52.6% and female: 62.8%) exhibited poor mental health status. Female students' mental health was found to be worse (odds ratio [OR]: 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-1.81) compared to that of males. Similarly, public university students displayed a worse mental health condition than their counterparts in private universities (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.61). The overall mental health of university students in Bangladesh is concerning. There is a pressing need for effective mental health policies and interventions to bolster the mental well-being of university students, with a specific focus on students from public universities and females.

Comparison of approaches to control for intracranial volume in research on the association of brain volumes with cognitive outcomes.

Most neuroimaging studies linking regional brain volumes with cognition correct for total intracranial volume (ICV), but methods used for this correction differ across studies. It is unknown whether different ICV correction methods yield consistent results. Using a brain-wide association approach in the MRI substudy of UK Biobank (N = 41,964; mean age = 64.5 years), we used regression models to estimate the associations of 58 regional brain volumetric measures with eight cognitive outcomes, comparing no correction and four ICV correction approaches. Approaches evaluated included: no correction; dividing regional volumes by ICV (proportional approach); including ICV as a covariate in the regression (adjustment approach); and regressing the regional volumes against ICV in different normative samples and using calculated residuals to determine associations (residual approach). We used Spearman-rank correlations and two consistency measures to quantify the extent to which associations were inconsistent across ICV correction approaches for each possible brain region and cognitive outcome pair across 2320 regression models. When the association between brain volume and cognitive performance was close to null, all approaches produced similar estimates close to the null. When associations between a regional volume and cognitive test were not null, the adjustment and residual approaches typically produced similar estimates, but these estimates were inconsistent with results from the crude and proportional approaches. For example, when using the crude approach, an increase of 0.114 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.103-0.125) in fluid intelligence was associated with each unit increase in hippocampal volume. However, when using the adjustment approach, the increase was 0.055 (95% CI: 0.043-0.068), while the proportional approach showed a decrease of -0.025 (95% CI: -0.035 to -0.014). Different commonly used methods to correct for ICV yielded inconsistent results. The proportional method diverges notably from other methods and results were sometimes biologically implausible. A simple regression adjustment for ICV produced biologically plausible associations.

الثقافة الحاسوبية لدى تدريسيي الجامعة

The current research aims to identify: . 1- Management of wisdom among postgraduate students 2- Differences in the management of wisdom among postgraduate students according to the variables of gender (male - female), academic specialization (scientific - human) and type of study (Master's – PhD). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on the following: 1- Using the (descriptive-relational approach) to detect wisdom management. 2-Building the wisdom management scale according to the theory of (Sternberg 2004), and the scale consisted in its final form after completing the conditions of honesty, stability, discriminatory power, and internal consistency, from (33) items. As a complement to this, the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (400) male and female postgraduate students, who were selected using the stratified random method of a proportional method. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the Statistical Bag for Social Sciences (SPSS). The search results found: . - Graduate students have a management of wisdom - The results showed that the difference between males and females on the wisdom management scale is statistically significant, and in favor of males. The results also showed that the difference between scientific and human specialization on the wisdom management scale is not statistically significant. Statistically. As a complement to the findings of the research, the researcher recommended several recommendations and proposals. Keywords: wisdom management.

Fractional Lindley distribution generated by time scale theory, with application to discrete-time lifetime data

ABSTRACT The fractional Lindley distribution is used to model the distribution of perturbations in count data regressions, which allow for dealing with widely dispersed data. It is obtained from the non-fractional Lindley distribution by replacing the support T = R + by T = N ∖ { 0 } and applying time scale theory, whose ambition is to unify the theories of difference equations and differential equations, integral and differential calculus, and the calculus of finite differences. It thus provides a framework for the study of dynamical systems in discrete-continuous time. Delta moments are discrete-time Laplace transforms of the frequency function of the fractional Lindley distribution. The parameter of the fractional Lindley distribution is estimated by least squares, weighted least squares, maximum likelihood, moments, and proportions. The moment estimator always exists, so that delta moments result from the nabla Laplace transform of the frequency function of the fractional Lindley distribution. The maximum likelihood estimates have the least mean-square errors. The proportion method works satisfactorily only when the mode of the distribution is null and the proportion of zeros is high. A simulation allows for quantifying the mean-square errors associated with the estimators. A count regression based on the fractional Lindley distribution with data on the total number of stays after hospital admission among U.S. residents aged 65 and over shows that the Akaike information criteria is significantly lower than with the uniform Poisson and Poisson regressions.

Analysis of the Influence of Leadership and Compensation Through Work Discipline on Performance

This research aims to analyze the influence of Leadership, Compensation and Work Discipline variables on Performance. Where this research uses quantitative and qualitative research. The population in this study was all 300 Madrasah Aliyah (MA) teachers in Barru Regency. This research used a sample of 171 teachers, this number is considered representative. Then the sampling method used was the proportional Stratified Random Sampling method. The data analysis techniques used to explain the phenomena in this research are descriptive statistical analysis techniques and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The results of this research show that: (1) Leadership has a positive and significant effect on work discipline, (2) Compensation has a positive and significant effect on work discipline, (3) Leadership has a positive but not significant effect on performance, (4) Compensation has a positive and significant effect on performance, (5) Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on performance, (6) Leadership through work discipline has a positive and significant effect on performance, (7) Compensation through work discipline has a positive and significant effect on performance.

Patients’ sense of security from clinical factors in Iran: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOne of the clinical responsibilities and goals of hospitals is to provide patients with comfort and security. The present study aims to assess patients’ sense of security among patients in Iranian hospitals.MethodsThe present research employed a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 830 patients visiting public, private, and social security hospitals in Mazandaran in the North of Iran. The required data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher of this study.This questionnaire consisted of 4 dimensions:nursing, medical, advanced facilities and patient rights. The participants were selected using a proportional stratified random sampling method. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, and ANOVA were used for data analysis using SPSS version 22.ResultsThe mean scores of patients’ sense of security in social security, private, and public hospitals were 4.16 ± 0.89, 3.78 ± 0.67, and 3.60 ± 0.89, respectively. Medical factors with a mean and standard deviation of 3.92 ± 0.76, advanced facilities and equipment with 3.89 ± 0.89, nursing factors with 3.87 ± 0.73, and patient rights with 3.71 ± 0.90 were the highest to the lowest scores, respectively. The results showed that the type of hospital significantly affected the mean dimensions of security (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe study revealed variations in the sense of securityacross the sampled hospitals. Particularly, the sense of security attributed to the patient rights factors was lower than other factors. Therefore, to enhance the sense of security for patients, it is recommended to focus on staff training and fostering a culturethat emphasizes obtaining informed consent, demonstrating respect for the patient, and introducing the medical team to the patient before initiating any treatment.

A Study on Farmers’ Use of Social Media; Comparative Analysis of Mardin and Hatay Provinces

This study was conducted in Hatay and Mardin provinces to investigate the tendency of farmers to use social media, the difficulties they face during the use of social media and the variables affecting the use of social media by farmers. The research consisted of data obtained from a face-to-face survey of 221 producers using proportional sampling method. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, and chi-square analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. The results showed that the rate of producers using social media was 77.8% in Mardin province and 73.8% in Hatay province. Additionally, farmers mostly use social media for communication with families and access to new news. Also, the most commonly used social media applications in both provinces were WhatsApp and Facebook. As a result of this research, it was determined that farmers don’t use social media sufficiently for agricultural activities, and it was suggested that farmers’ organizations and related institutions should carry out information activities for farmers to encourage farmers to use social media efficiently.

Lumpectomy without radiation for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: 20-year results from the ECOG-ACRIN E5194 study

We report the 20-year rate of ipsilateral breast event (IBE) for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with lumpectomy without radiation on a non-randomized prospective clinical trial. Patients were enrolled in cohort 1: low- or intermediate-grade DCIS, size ≤ 2.5 cm (n = 561); or cohort 2: high-grade DCIS, size ≤ 1 cm (n = 104). The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate time-to-event distributions. Cox proportional hazard methods were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and tests for significance for event times. 561 patients were enrolled in cohort 1 and 104 in cohort 2. After central pathology review, 26% in cohort 1 were recategorized as high-grade and 26% in cohort 2 as low- or intermediate-grade. Mean DCIS size was similar at 7.5 mm in cohort 1 and 7.8 mm in cohort 2. Surgical margin was ≥3 mm in 96% of patients, and about 30% received tamoxifen. Median follow-up was 19.2 years. There were 104 IBEs, of which 54 (52%) were invasive. The IBE and invasive IBE rates increased in both cohorts up to 15 years, then plateaued. The 20-year IBE rates were 17.8% for cohort 1 and 28.7% for cohort 2 (p = 0.005), respectively. Invasive IBE occurred in 9.8% and 15.1% (p = 0.09), respectively. On multivariable analysis, IBE risk increased with size and was higher in cohort 2, but grade and margin width were not significantly associated with IBE. For patients with DCIS treated with excision without radiation, the rate of IBE increased with size and assigned cohort mostly in the first 15 years.

Contemporary trends and outcomes after liver transplantation and resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

BackgroundLiver transplantation has been shown to be superior to resection in highly selected patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, yet has traditionally been contraindicated for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Herein, we aimed to examine contemporary trends and outcomes for surgical resection and liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried for patients presenting with stage I-III intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma between 2010 and 2018 who underwent resection or liver transplantation. Overall survival was compared with Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards methods stratified by management. Secondary analysis of patients undergoing transplant for cholangiocarcinoma was performed with the United Network for Organ Sharing database. ResultsOf 2,565 patients, 2,412 (94.0%) underwent resection and 153 (5.96%) liver transplantation of which 84 (54.9%) received neoadjuvant therapy. Utilization of liver transplantation remained between 3.9-7.8% annually. Unadjusted 5-year overall survival was higher for liver transplantation than resection (59.8% vs 39.9%, p=0.0067). Yet, adjusted analysis revealed no significant difference in mortality (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.27, p=0.58). On secondary analysis including 437 patients with all subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma, unadjusted 5-year overall survival was higher for non-cholangiocarcinoma indications (79% vs 52-54%, p<0.001). ConclusionUtilization of liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains low and many cases are likely incidental. While partial hepatectomy remains the standard of care for patients with resectable disease, our findings suggest that highly selected patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may achieve favorable outcomes after liver transplantation. Granular, prospective data is needed to identify patients most likely to benefit from transplant and allocate scarce liver grafts.

Segmentectomy vs Lobectomy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Impact of Tumor Location

BackgroundThe technical complexity of segmentectomy and preservation of lung parenchyma compared with lobectomy vary by lobe. This study evaluated the impact of non-small cell lung cancer tumor location on segmentectomy use and outcomes. MethodsOutcomes after lobectomy or segmentectomy for cT1N0M0 (≤2 cm) non-small cell lung cancer patients stratified by tumor location in smaller (right upper/middle) vs larger (bilateral lower/left upper) lobes were evaluated with logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazards methods. ResultsA minority of patients in the cohort (N = 31,243) underwent segmentectomy (n = 2783, 9%). Segmentectomy was more common for tumors in larger compared with smaller lobes (11.8% vs 5.1%, P < .001). Major morbidity after segmentectomy was significantly lower than lobectomy for both smaller (2.6% vs 5.7%, odds ratio, 0.41, P < .001) and larger (2.5% vs 5.2%, odds ratio, 0.46, P < .001) lobes. Segmentectomy was associated with smaller lymph node harvest for both types of lobes (small lobes 7.0 vs 10.5, P < .001; large lobes 7.5 vs 10.4, P < .001) but did not compromise survival in multivariate analysis for both small (hazard ratio, 0.99, P = .9) and large (hazard ratio, 1.05, P = .34) lobes. ConclusionsSegmentectomy that does not compromise oncologic principles should be considered if complete resection is feasible regardless of tumor location.

A Hybrid Group Multi-Criteria Approach Based on SAW, TOPSIS, VIKOR, and COPRAS Methods for Complex IoT Selection Problems

The growth of Internet of Things (IoT) systems is driven by their potential to improve efficiency, enhance decision-making, and create new business opportunities across various domains. In this paper, the main selection problems in IoT-type systems, criteria used in multi-criteria evaluation, and multi-criteria methods used for solving IoT selection problems are identified. Then, a Hybrid Group Multi-Criteria Approach for solving selection problems in IoT-type systems is proposed. The approach contains the Best Worst Method (BWM) weighting method, multi-criteria Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and Complex Proportional Assessment Method (COPRAS), and a method that combines the solutions obtained using the four considered multi-criteria methods to obtain a single solution. The SAW, TOPSIS, VIKOR, and COPRAS methods were analyzed in relation to their advantages, disadvantages, inputs, outputs, measurement scale, type of normalization, aggregation method, parameters, complexity of implementation, and interactivity. An application of the Hybrid Group Multi-Criteria Approach for IoT platform selection and a comparison between the SAW, TOPSIS, VIKOR, and COPRAS solutions and the solution of the proposed approach is realized. A Spearman correlation analysis is presented.

Comprehensive evaluation of energy absorption characteristics of Al‐CFRP hybrid tube under radial impacts

AbstractThis paper aimed to investigate the energy absorption characteristics and damage mechanism of carbon fiber reinforced plastics/aluminum (Al‐CFRP) under radial impact. In this study, the damage mode of the hybrid tube is analyzed by falling hammer impact experiments, and the correctness of the finite element model is verified by comparing the experimental and numerical simulation results. Then, the damage mechanism of the hybrid tube under impact loading and the effects of the increase of the fiber angle, the wall thickness of Aluminum, and the number of outer CFRP layers on the impact resistance were analyzed according to the model. The comprehensive performance model of the hybrid tube was established by using the complex scale comprehensive evaluation method, and the genetic algorithm was used to optimize the hybrid tube and determine its optimal performance under radial impact load. The results show that the Al‐CFRP hybrid tube's overall stiffness and deformation resistance under radial impact is improved with the increase of the fiber angle, the wall thickness of the Al tube, and the number of outer CFRP layers. Combined with the parametric analysis of the numerical simulation results, a comprehensive performance evaluation model based on the complex proportionality assessment method (COPRAS) was developed and a genetic algorithm (GA) under back propagation (BP) neural network prediction was used. The optimal hybrid tube form with the best overall performance under radial impact was obtained using GA with BP neural network prediction.Highlights The energy absorption characteristics of hybrid tubes under radial impact are investigated A comprehensive performance evaluation model of hybrid pipe based on the complex proportional assessment method (COPRAS) is developed The failure process and energy absorption mechanism of the hybrid pipe under radial impact are analyzed A genetic algorithm (GA) with backpropagation (BP) neural network prediction was used to obtain the hybrid pipe form with the best overall performance under radial impact

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan dan Sikap Keuangan terhadap Perilaku Konsumtif Belanja Online Melalui Locus of Control sebagai Variabel Mediasi

This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of financial literacy on consumptive behavior, the influence of financial attitudes on consumptive behavior, the role of locus of control in mediating the influence of financial literacy on consumptive behavior, and the role of locus of control in mediating the influence of financial attitudes on consumptive behavior. The research method used is a quantitative research method with primary data obtained from questionnaire data which is measured using a Likert scale. The population in this study were students from the Faculty of Economics, UIN Malang, class 2020 and 2021, totaling 1039 students. The sampling method used in this research was the proportional random sampling method, so that a sample of 91 respondents was obtained. This research data was obtained from distributing questionnaires which were then processed using SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results of this research show that financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on consumer behavior, financial attitudes have a positive and significant effect on consumptive behavior, locus of control mediates the effect of financial literacy on consumptive behavior, and locus of control mediates the effect of financial attitudes on consumptive behavior. Keywords: Financial Literacy, Financial Attitude, Consumptive Behavior, Locus of Control.

Farmer’s Income and Allocative Efficiency Analysis in Rice Production in Koto Tangah Subdistrict Padang City

The low productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Koto Tangah District is affecting farmers’ income. The objectives of this research were to analyze : (i) income from lowland rice cultivation, (ii) factors that influence rice production, and (iii) the efficiency of utilization of lowland rice production factors in Koto Tangah District. The method used in this research was quantitative, using probability sampling techniques with proportional random sampling method and 44 respondents were involved. The data analysis techniques used were income analysis, Cobb-Douglas production function, T-test (partial), F-test (simultaneous), coefficient of determination, and efficiency analysis. Based on the survey results, it was known that the total income from lowland rice cultivation in Koto Tangah District was IDR2,607,860.36/average land area/ MT, and lowland rice cultivation was possible with an R/C value of 1.21. The factors that influenced lowland rice production in Koto Tangah District were land area, seeds, and chemical fertilizers, which significantly affected production levels. In contrast, pesticides, labor within the family, and labor outside the family do not significantly affected lowland rice production in Koto Tangah District. Although production factors such as land area, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and family labor (TKDK) were still inefficient, non-family labor (TKLK) had almost reached an efficient level.

Multiple attribute decision making using an enhanced complex proportional assessment method based on probabilistic generalized orthopair fuzzy soft sets

Multiple attribute decision making using an enhanced complex proportional assessment method based on probabilistic generalized orthopair fuzzy soft sets

Efficient Selection Methods in Evolutionary Algorithms

Evolutionary algorithms mimic some elements of the theory of evolution. The survival of individuals and the possibility of producing offspring play a huge role in the process of natural evolution. This process is called a natural selection. This mechanism is responsible for eliminating poor population members and gives the possibility of development for good ones. The evolutionary algorithm - an instance of evolution in the computer environment also requires a selection method, a computer version of natural selection. Widely used standard selection methods applied in evolutionary algorithms are usually derived from nature and prefer competition, randomness and some kind of ``fight'' among individuals. But computer environment is quite different from nature. Computer populations of individuals are usually small, they easily suffer from a premature convergence to local extremes. To avoid this drawback, computer selection methods must have different features than natural selection. In the computer selection methods randomness, fight and competition should be controlled or influenced to operate to the desired extent. Several new methods of individual selection are proposed in this work: several kinds of mixed selection, an interval selection and a taboo selection. Also advantages of passing them into the evolutionary algorithm are shown, using examples based on searching for the maximum α-clique problem and traditional TSP in comparison with traditionally considered as very efficient tournament selection, considered ineffective proportional (roulette) selection and similar classical methods.

Prevalence and incidence of cancer amongst adults with intellectual disability — a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Background People with intellectual disabilities have poorer health and die earlier than their peers without identified disabilities. This difference represents a significant inequality. Until recently, it was considered that cancer was less common in this population, mainly because they did not live long enough to develop age-related cancers. However, recent evidence has identified that people with intellectual disabilities may be at an increased risk of developing cancer but more likely to present for medical treatment at a later stage when cancer has spread. Nonetheless, the evidence is lacking and there is a need to understand the prevalence and incidence of cancer and subtypes of cancer in adults with intellectual disabilities. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis will be undertaken to investigate the prevalence and incidence of cancer and subtypes of cancer in adults with an intellectual disability. The JBI Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence and the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to develop this protocol. Electronic databases will be searched using predefined search terms to identify relevant studies using the Condition Context Population (CoCoPop) framework. Eligible studies should be observational and have published baseline data that have estimated or presented data on the prevalence or incidence of cancer in adults with intellectual disabilities. To assess the methodological quality of studies included in this review a modified version of the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data will be used. Prevalence and incidence proportions will be analysed separately with individual study data being pooled using the DerSimonian-Laird proportion method and a random effects meta-analysis will be undertaken. Discussion This review will advance the epidemiological evidence to identify where targeted cancer care interventions are needed to help reduce the inequalities that this population experiences. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023423584

Design of Calibration System for Multi-Channel Thermostatic Metal Bath

Abstract The use of the thermostatic metal bath is becoming more and more extensive and the requirements for its precision and reliability are also increasing. To meet the needs of the metal bath calibration, a 12-channel thermostatic metal bath temperature field calibration system based on a four-wire PT100 has been designed. The system design includes a front-end temperature measurement component, which consists of a four-wire PT100 and a thermostatic block, and a signal processing component, which consists of a bidirectional constant current source excitation unit, a signal conditioning unit and a high-precision acquisition unit. The STM32f407 is used as the main control chip, and the analog channel selector is used for 12-channel selection. The constant current source is used for signal excitation, the proportional method is used to measure the PT100 resistance, and an acquisition circuit with a high-precision 32-bit ADS1263 analog-to-digital converter is used to amplify, filter and convert the analog signal. After piecewise linear fitting and system calibration, the temperature measurement accuracy can reach 0.4 mK, which meets the calibration requirements of the thermostatic metal bath.

Improving Lecturer Performance Through Organizational Culture, Serving Leadership, Personality, And Work Motivation

This research aims to find strategies to improve performance by analyzing the influence of organizational culture, servant leadership, personality, and work motivation. The research method used is quantitative. The sample consisted of 124 people from a population of 178 spread across twelve study programs using the proportional random sampling method. Path analysis and SITOREM are used in data analysis methodologies. Based on the analysis’s results, it was concluded that a) Organizational culture directly affects performance by 19.9%; b) Servant leadership directly affects performance by 14.4%; c) Personality directly affects performance by 10.6%; d) Work motivation directly affects performance by 6.9%; e) Organizational culture directly affects motivation at work by 23.1%; f) Servant leadership directly affects workplace motivation by 40.3%; g) Personality does not directly affect workplace motivation by 25.1%; h) Organizational culture has a 1.6% indirect impact on performance through work motivation; i) Servant leadership has a 2.8% indirect impact on performance through work motivation; and j) Personality has a 1.7% indirect impact on performance through work motivation.