Proportion Of Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

The public health and economic burden of long COVID in Australia, 2022-24: a modelling study.

To estimate the number of people in Australia with long COVID by age group, and the associated medium term productivity and economic losses. Modelling study: a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model to estimate the number of people with long COVID over time following single infections, and a labour supply model to estimate productivity losses as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP). Australia, 2022-2024. Estimated number of people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during 2022-2023 (based on serosurvey data) who have longCOVID, 2022-2024, by age group; estimated GDP loss during 2022 caused by reduced labour supply attributable to long COVID. Our model projected that the number of people with long COVID following a single infection in 2022 would peak in September 2022, when 310 341-1 374 805 people (1.2-5.4% of Australians) would have symptoms of long COVID, declining to 172 530-872 799 people (0.7-3.4%) in December 2024, including 7902-30 002 children aged 0-4 years (0.6-2.2%). The estimated mean labour loss attributable to long COVID in 2022 was projected to be 102.4million (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.4-162.2 million) worked hours, equivalent to 0.48% (95% CI, 0.24-0.76%) of total worked hours in Australia during the 2020-21 financial year. The estimated mean GDP loss caused by the projected decline in labour supply and reduced use of other production factors was $9.6 billion (95% CI, $4.7-15.2 billion), or 0.5% of GDP. The estimated labour loss was greatest for people aged 30-39 years (27.5 million [95% CI, 16.0-41.0 million] hours; 26.9% of total labour loss) and people aged 40-49 years (24.5 million [95% CI, 12.1-38.7 million] hours; 23.9% of total labour loss). Widespread SARS-CoV-2 infections in Australia mean that even a small proportion of infected people developing long COVID-related illness and disability could have important population health and economic effects. A paradigm shift is needed, from a sole focus on the immediate effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to preventing and treating COVID-19 and treating long COVID, with implications for vaccine and antiviral policy and other mitigation of COVID-19.

How much does government’s short-term response matter for explaining cross-country variation in COVID-19 infection outcomes? A regression-based relative importance analysis of 84 countries

ObjectiveWe study the predetermined characteristics of countries in addition to their government non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to shed light on the correlates of the variation in COVID-19 infection outcomes across countries.Methods...

Statistical Models to Measure the Impact of Intellectual Property Rights Protection on Foreign Trade in Egypt

This study aims to estimate the relationship between the Protection of intellectual property rights indices and the foreign trade index in Egypt from 1995 to 2022. The comparison has been made between many models such as full modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) model, dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model , canonical co-integration regression (CCR) model and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results of the study showed that the best model was the ARDL model to increase its interpretive capacity. The study also showed that the most important property rights protection indicators affecting the foreign trade index are the number of applications and registrations of brands, the number of patents registered and granted, the number of applications and registrations of industrial designs, and the proportion of expenditure on research and development as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP). The estimated model also passed all diagnostic tests and showed that there was no autocorrelation, no Heteroskedasticity. In addition, it was found to follow a normal distribution and to be stable.

FORECASTING GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) OF OECD COUNTRIES BASED ON DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INDICATORS: ANN APPROACH

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic process we all face currently has highlighted the fact that digitalization of economic activities is very crucial. Digital economy became even more important after the pandemic. When the governments allocate a greater proportion of Gross Domestic Product on some public services, the lower the proportion spent on other goods and services. For this reason, many countries want to estimate the Gross Domestic Product spent on public services within the scope of public control and risk management. The main goal in this study is to predict Gross Domestic Product per capita based on digital indicators such as fixed-broadband subscriptions, mobile-cellular telephone penetration rate, fixed-telephone subscriptions, internet penetration rate, research and development expenditure and patent applications. Artificial Neural Networks are employed to predict Gross Domestic Product per capita via digital indicators. Artificial Neural Network method is used to estimate the digital economy for 29 OECD countries between 2002–2018. The results demonstrate that Artificial Neural Networks can be utilized effectively in applications of digital economy forecasting. According to the results, coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.92) is very high, meaning that Artificial Neural Networks can be effectively utilized in Gross Domestic Product per capita estimations through digital indicators. This article differs from previous studies as it uses digital economic indicators in predicting Gross Domestic Product per capita by applying Artificial Neural Networks model.

Global Comparison of Readmission Rates for Patients With Heart Failure

BackgroundHeart failure (HF) readmission rates are low in some jurisdictions. However, international comparisons are lacking and could serve as a foundation for identifying regional patient management strategies that could be shared to improve outcomes. ObjectivesThis study sought to summarize 30-day and 1-year all-cause readmission and mortality rates of hospitalized HF patients across countries and to explore potential differences in rates globally. MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL for observational reports on hospitalized adult HF patients at risk for readmission or mortality published between January 2010 and March 2021. We conducted a meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effects model, and sources of heterogeneity were evaluated with meta-regression. ResultsIn total, 24 papers reporting on 30-day and 23 papers on 1-year readmission were included. Of the 1.5 million individuals at risk, 13.2% (95% CI: 10.5%-16.1%) were readmitted within 30 days and 35.7% (95% CI: 27.1%-44.9%) within 1 year. A total of 33 papers reported on 30-day and 45 papers on 1-year mortality. Of the 1.5 million individuals hospitalized for HF, 7.6% (95% CI: 6.1%-9.3%) died within 30 days and 23.3% (95% CI: 20.8%-25.9%) died within 1 year. Substantial variation in risk across countries was unexplained by countries’ gross domestic product, proportion of gross domestic product spent on health care, and Gini coefficient. ConclusionsGlobally, hospitalized HF patients exhibit high rates of readmission and mortality, and the variability in readmission rates was not explained by health care expenditure, risk of mortality, or comorbidities.

Integrated Management Systems (IMS) to Support and Sustain Quality One Health Services: International Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic by the IMIA Primary Care Working Group.

One Health considers human, animal and environment health as a continuum. The COVID-19 pandemic started with the leap of a virus from animals to humans. Integrated management systems (IMS) should provide a coherent management framework, to meet reporting requirements and support care delivery. We report IMS deployment during, and retention post the COVID-19 pandemic, and exemplar One Health use cases. Six volunteer members of the International Medical Association's (IMIA) Primary Care Working Group provided data about any IMS and One Health use to support the COVID-19 pandemic initiatives. We explored how IMS were: (1) Integrated with organisational strategy; (2) Utilised standardised processes, and (3) Met reporting requirements, including public health. Selected contributors provided Unified Modelling Language (UML) use case diagram for a One Health exemplar. There was weak evidence of synergy between IMS and health system strategy to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there were rapid pragmatic responses to COVID-19, not citing IMS. All health systems implemented IMS to link COVID test results, vaccine uptake and outcomes, particularly mortality and to provide patients access to test results and vaccination certification. Neither proportion of gross domestic product alone, nor vaccine uptake determined outcome. One Health exemplars demonstrated that animal, human and environmental specialists could collaborate. IMS use improved the pandemic response. However, IMS use was pragmatic rather than utilising an international standard, with some of their benefits lost post-pandemic. Health systems should incorporate IMS that enables One Health approaches as part of their post COVID-19 pandemic preparedness.

The United Kingdom's disappearing wartime imports 1939–45: A statistical, ideological, and historiographical accounting

AbstractIn this paper I show inter alia that, by one barely known but official measure, imports of goods into the United Kingdom towards the end of the Second World War were more than twice the best‐known measure. The lower measure is that found in the historical British national accounts and in the Bank of England's A millennium of macroeconomic data. That invaluable compendium in fact has both these measures, and indeed another one also, but this is not clear, and there is no proper explanation of the differences between these series. The differences matter. What I will show to be the most obvious, though not the only legitimate, measure of wartime goods imports suggests that real imports were higher at the end of the war than in the 1930s, and higher as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP). By contrast the national accounts figures show an absolute real‐terms fall, and a larger still fall as a proportion of GDP. This really mattered in an economy already exceptional for its high imports. In this paper I clarify the nature of the different measures of imports and how they have resulted in a radically different understanding of the British war effort.

Letter to the Editor Regarding “The Oculomotor Cistern and its Role in the Management of Pituitary Lesions: An Anatomical, Radiographic, and Clinical Scoping Review”

Our aim was to assess the 5-year h-index (h5)-index by nation. We aimed to assess the relationship between a nation’s h5-index and numbers of neurosurgeons, population, gross domestic product (GDP), and expenditure on both health and research.Using Web of Science we collected data on each nation’s h5-index and number of publications for the 5-year period 2016 to 2020. Neurosurgical data were collected from the global neurosurgical workforce map provided by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. National economic data were collected from the World Bank Open Data provided. We analyzed how economic and neurosurgical factors correlated with h5-index and publication numbers.We report the top 28 countries ranked according to their h5-index. Regarding the h5-index the strongest positive relationship was found with GDP, proportion of GDP spent on health and total amount spent on health per capita. In regard to the total number of publications (2016 to 2020), the strongest positive relationship was found with GDP and total number of neurosurgeons.This is the first study to explore the h-index between nations on an international level. GDP and proportion of GDP spent on health expenditure are the strongest correlates of the h5-index. Although a higher number of neurosurgeons in a nation does result in more publications, this is not necessarily translated into higher quality research.

우리나라 주요 산업군별 수출수요 결정요인 비교 분석

After COVID-19, supply chain management problems were exposed in the global economy. As a way to prevent this, each country has established a strategy to pursue supply chain localization that expands domestic production from food to strategic products for efficient supply chain management.
 In this study, the export demand function was used to analyze the export determinants by industry by dividing 10 industries of Korea's total exports from 1995 to 2021 for 10 major export destinations. In particular, it was intended to propose a plan to expand agricultural exports in the mid- to long-term by comparing general manufacturing products with agricultural products through empirical analysis.
 As a result of the analysis, it was found that there were differences in factors affecting exports by industry. In particular, in the case of exports of agricultural, forestry and fisheries products, the total production of trading partners, the price of Korean export goods, and whether or not an FTA was signed had a significant impact at the 1% significance level. Although Korea's agriculture accounts for a low proportion of gross domestic product, it is evaluated as a field with various functions at various levels, such as food security and sustainable environmental conservation.
 In the recent growth process of the global agri-food market in the global economy, Korea's agri-food sector is emerging as a blue ocean field. In order to expand the export sector of Korean agricultural products, a national strategy should be established to efficiently combine the roles of agricultural producers, exporters, and the government.

Analysis and improvement of sports industry development and public health strategy under low-carbon economic structure.

With the continuous development of society, various industries are rising and developing rapidly. Against this background, the energy crisis has come quietly. Therefore, to improve the quality of life of residents and promote the comprehensive and sustainable development of society, it is essential to enhance the development of the sports industry and formulate public health strategies under the background of a low carbon economy (LCE). Based on this, to promote the low-carbon development of the sports industry and optimize the formulation of social public health strategies, firstly, this paper introduces the low-carbon economic structure and its role in society. Then, it discusses the development of the sports industry and the necessity of perfecting public health strategy. Finally, based on LCE's development background, the sports industry's development situation in the whole society and M enterprises is analyzed, and suggestions are put forward to improve the public health strategy. The research results show that the current development prospect of the sports industry is extensive, and the added value of the sports industry will be 1,124.81 billion yuan in 2020, up by 11.6% year-on-year, accounting for 1.14% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although industrial development declined in 2021, the added value of the sports industry accounts for an increasing proportion of GDP yearly, which shows that the sports industry is playing an increasingly important role in economic growth. And through the analysis of the development of M enterprise sports industry as a whole and in different directions, this paper shows that enterprises should reasonably control the development of various industries to provide impetus for the overall development of enterprises. The innovation of this paper lies in the innovative use of the sports industry as the primary research object, and its development under LCE is studied. This paper not only supports the sustainable development of sports industry in the future, but also contributes to improving public health strategy.

Neurosurgical Academic Impact Rankings by h5-Index: A Global Perspective

Our aim was to assess the 5-year h-index (h5)-index by nation. We aimed to assess the relationship between a nation's h5-index and numbers of neurosurgeons, population, gross domestic product (GDP), and expenditure on both health and research. Using Web of Science we collected data on each nation's h5-index and number of publications for the 5-year period 2016 to 2020. Neurosurgical data were collected from the global neurosurgical workforce map provided by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. National economic data were collected from the World Bank Open Data provided. We analyzed how economic and neurosurgical factors correlated with h5-index and publication numbers. We report the top 28 countries ranked according to their h5-index. Regarding the h5-index the strongest positive relationship was found with GDP, proportion of GDP spent on health and total amount spent on health per capita. In regard to the total number of publications (2016 to 2020), the strongest positive relationship was found with GDP and total number of neurosurgeons. This is the first study to explore the h-index between nations on an international level. GDP and proportion of GDP spent on health expenditure are the strongest correlates of the h5-index. Although a higher number of neurosurgeons in a nation does result in more publications, this is not necessarily translated into higher quality research.

Do Budgeting Practices Affect Saving Behavior among Smallscale Enterpreneurs in Kenya? Evidence from Kisumu Central Constitency

World Bank Development Indicators' most recent data reveals that the nation's Gross Domestic Savings as a proportion of gross domestic product(GDP) was 11.09 percent in 2017, 11.64 percent in 2018, 11.25 percent in 2019, and 12.83 percent in 2020. This shows that the country’s domestic savings is increasing but relatively low. As a result of this, the country presents a significant development challenge. Individuals need to learn the basic knowledge of financial areas so that people may make knowledgeable financial decisions about how to earn, spend, save, manage, and invest their money. The purpose of this study was to answer if budgeting practices affect saving behavior among small-scale entrepreneurs in Kenya. The study's particular objectives were to; establish the influence of monitoring spending, financial planning, and tracking spending patterns on saving behavior among small entrepreneurs. The study was guided by Life Cycle Theory and Financial Literacy Theory. A correlational research design was employed in the study. The target population comprised 914 registered small entrepreneurs in Kisumu town central constituency who have been in business for at least 2 years. The study adopted the Yamane sampling technique and obtained 278 respondents. Open-ended and closed-ended structured questionnaires were employed to gather primary data. To test the reliability of the questionnaire, the study piloted 28 respondents who were excluded from the final study. The study then used Cronbach’s Alpha to test reliability. The results showed that budgeting practices (α=0.828) and saving behavior (α=0.870) all had a strong alpha value of above 0.7 which indicates that the instrument is reliable. The study findings revealed that; monitoring spending was significant (β= .376; p=.000˂ 0.05) that is an increase of 1 unit in monitoring spending causes an increase of .376 units in saving behavior, financial planning was significant (β= .333, p=.000˂0.05) that is an increase of 1 unit in financial planning causes an increase of .333 units in saving behavior and tracking spending pattern was also significant (β= .179, p= .000˂0.05) that is an increase of 1 unit in monitoring spending terms causes an increase of .179 units in saving behavior. There was a strong positive and significant association between budgeting and saving behavior thus rejecting the null hypothesis. The study concludes that budgeting practices improve the saving behavior of small entrepreneurs in Kenya and recommends that small-scale entrepreneurs should practice all aspects of budgeting practices which includes monitoring spending, financial planning, and tracking spending patterns. This will enable them to compare what they have spent concerning what they had planned thereby helping them improve their saving behavior.

Do Budgeting Practices Affect Saving Behaviour among Small Scale Entreneurs in Kenya? Evidence from Kisumu Central Constituency

World Bank Development Indicators' most recent data reveals that the nation's Gross Domestic Savings as a proportion of gross domestic product(GDP) was 11.09 percent in 2017, 11.64 percent in 2018, 11.25 percent in 2019 and 12.83 percent in 2020. This shows that the country’s domestic savings is increasing but relatively low. As a result of this the country presents a significant development challenge. Individuals need to learn the basic knowledge of financial areas so that people may make knowledgeable financial decisions about how to earn, spend, save, manage, and invest their money. The purpose of this study was to answer if budgeting practices has an effect on saving behavior among small scale entrepreneurs in Kenya. The study's particular objectives were to; establish the influence of monitoring spending, financial planning and tracking spending pattern on saving behavior among small entrepreneurs. The study was guided by Life Cycle Theory and Financial Literacy Theory. Correlational research design was employed in the study. The target population comprised of 914 registered small entrepreneurs in Kisumu town central constituency who have been in business for at least 2 years. The study adopted Yamane sampling technique and obtained 278 respondents. Open-ended and closed-ended structured questionnaires were employed to gather primary data. To test reliability of the questionnaire, the study piloted 28 respondents who were excluded in the final study. The study then used Cronbach’s Alpha to test reliability. The results showed that budgeting practices (α=0.828) and budgeting practices (α=0.870) all had a strong alpha value of above 0.7 which indicates that the instrument is reliable. The study findings revealed that; monitoring spending was significant (β= .376; p=.000˂ 0.05) that is an increase of 1 unit in monitoring spending causes an increase of .376 units in saving behavior, financial planning was significant (β= .333, p=.000˂0.05) that is an increase of 1 unit in financial planning causes an increase of .333 units in saving behavior and tracking spending pattern was also significant (β= .179, p= .000˂0.05) that is an increase of 1 unit in monitoring spending terms causes an increase of .179 units in saving behavior. There was a strong positive and significant association between budgeting and saving behavior thus rejecting the null hypothesis. The study concludes that budgeting practices enhances saving behaviour of small entrepreneurs in Kenya and recommends that small scale entrepreneurs should practice all aspects of budgeting which includes monitoring spending, financial planning and tracking spending pattern should be among small scale entrepreneurs in Kenya. This will enable them to compare what they have spent with regard to what they had planned thereby helping them improve their saving behavior.

A Dynamic Factor Model for Nowcasting Household Consumption

A Dynamic Factor Model (DFM) is one of the time series models that can be used to forecast within a very short period in the future known as nowcasting. This model can be used to accommodate the frequency difference that exists between monthly explanatory variables and a response variable which is measured quarterly. This model has been commonly used in economics especially to forecast household consumption for the purpose of constructing economic policies. The economic condition of a country can be reflected in the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Consumption is an important component of GDP because of its large proportion of GDP. One of the household economic activities to meet the various needs of goods and services is referred to as household consumption. This paper discusses the DFM to forecast household consumption based on the varimax and quartimax rotations. The results show that both rotational methods can be used for transmitting household consumption with the same precision.

Vaccine financing in the Middle East and Africa: An overview from 2010 to 2019

BackgroundVaccination is a cost-effective disease prevention measure. Sustainable financing is critical to successful implementation of vaccination programs. Countries in the Middle East and Africa (MEA) have vaccination programs that remain highly vulnerable to budget limitations. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to understand the current vaccine financing landscape in MEA; to assess the availability and variability of data on vaccination budgets, expenditure and schedules including introductions of new vaccines; and to identify and describe key trends. MethodA targeted literature review was conducted for 69 MEA countries for data between 2010 and 2019. Descriptive analysis of the collected data was conducted. ResultsData on vaccination expenditure were available for 96% of the countries. However, data on vaccination budget were limited, and the variability was high. The median vaccination expenditure per capita was between US$0.57 and US$1.02. High-income countries spent the most on vaccination per capita (median US$3.41) compared to low-income countries (median US$0.69). The highest vaccination expenditure per capita was in countries that receive 100% government funding of vaccination programs (US$0.87) compared to those where government pays for > 0% to < 50% of vaccination expenditure (US$0.74). Vaccination expenditure as a proportion of gross domestic product was the highest (0.10%) in low-income countries and the lowest in high-income countries (0.01%). Vaccination expenditure as proportion of healthcare expenditure was the highest (1.76%) in low-income countries and the lowest in high-income countries (0.33%). Statistically significant trends in median expenditure per capita were identified for 27% of the countries. During this period, an average of 4.4 vaccines were introduced. ConclusionData on vaccination expenditure in MEA was available for detailed analysis, and it was useful to understand the characteristics of vaccination funding in the region. It is important to secure adequate financing to sustain current vaccination programs and to introduce new vaccines.

Ramification of healthcare expenditure on morbidity rates and life expectancy in the association of southeast asian nations countries: A dynamic panel threshold analysis.

This study has investigated the impact of healthcare expenditure on life expectancy and morbidity rates in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to analyse whether health expenditure remains a critical component of improving health status and to determine the threshold value at which health strategy becomes cost-effective from 2000 to 2019. The techniques employed include the Dynamic Panel Threshold model advanced by Seo etal. (2019) to implement Seo and Shin's (2016) proposed first-differenced generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation. Furthermore, the dynamic system GMM and Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques were also employed for robustness check. The findings revealed that healthcare expenditure raises life expectancy and lowers the crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate. Therefore, healthcare expenditure is increasing life expectancy and reducing crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate. However, when disaggregating the impact, that of public healthcare expenditure is higher than that of private except in the case of infant mortality rate where that of private is higher. In addition, it found that the threshold value at which health strategy becomes cost-effective, thus the amount which the countries should spend for health status improvement is at least 6% and above of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Healthcare expenditure is raising life expectancy and lowering the morbidity rate of the countries. Furthermore, the cost-effective level of the country's healthcare expenditure as a proportion of GDP is 6% and above.

Investing in the health workforce: fiscal space analysis of 20 countries in East and Southern Africa, 2021–2026

Background and objectivesThe health workforce (HWF) is at the core of ensuring an efficient, effective and functional health system, but it faces chronic underinvestment. This paper presents a fiscal space...

The economic burden of dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review

IntroductionMore than two-thirds of people with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), resulting in a significant economic burden in these settings. In this systematic review, we consolidate the...

Assessing public financing for nutrition in Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

The objective of this study was to assess public financing for nutrition in Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka to identify limitations of available data and to discuss policy implications. A variant of the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement methodology was used. Budget allocations and expenditures for relevant government ministries during 2012-2018 were identified. Nutrition-related line items were tagged using definitions of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions. Data were aggregated by year and calculated in constant United States dollars (USD). Expenditures by year were presented as a proportion of gross domestic product and general government expenditures. The percent utilization of budget allocations and proportion of funding from central government sources were determined. Per capita expenditures on nutrition-specific interventions varied from USD 1.08-8.76 and for nutrition-sensitive interventions varied from USD 20.22-51.20. Nutrition-specific expenditures as a percent of gross domestic product ranged from 0.08% in Sri Lanka in 2017% to 0.34% in Nepal in 2016. The median utilization rate was 64% for nutrition-specific and 84% for nutrition-sensitive interventions. Nutrition-specific funding financed by the central government was 90.7% in Bhutan and 99.4% in Sri Lanka. This study revealed the need to prioritize and invest in evidence-based interventions, including balancing investments in nutrition-specific versus -sensitive interventions. Challenges in estimation of nutrition expenditures and cross-country comparison were also observed, highlighting the need for appropriate nutrition line item tagging and standardized systems for data collection.

Shadow economy: A comprehensive concept and the interpretation of its size

AbstractThere is lack of standard understanding or definition of the shadow economy. The aim of this mainly theoretical paper is twofold. First it brings together the concepts of the available academic research and official statistics. Second it discusses in what sense the calculated shadow economy measures indicate an exceeding amount over the official Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Indicators usually express shadow economy size as a proportion of GDP, so it is of most importance to elucidate the true meaning of these numbers. Official GDP already includes certain part of the shadow activities. Empirical calculations illustrate the weight of overlap.