Proportion Of Cancer Deaths Research Articles

Cancer incidence and death rates in Argentine rural towns surrounded by pesticide-treated agricultural land

BackgroundA number of published reports have linked agricultural pesticides (AP) to different illnesses, one of which is cancer. Our objectives were to estimate cancer incidence and death rates in small Argentine rural towns affected by AP; and to compare these estimations with indexes from Argentina's general population. MethodologyAn epidemiologic house-to-house health survey conducted by last-year medical students was implemented in 8 small rural towns of the Province of Santa Fe- Argentina (8 T), each surrounded by fields sprayed with AP. The survey covered 27,644 people, accounting for 68% of the total 8 T population. ResultsOdd-ratio between cancer incidence rate in 8 T and the general population was 1.37 (P<5%). For the 15–44 year age-group, odd-ratios between cancer death rates per 100 thousand inhabitants in 8 T and the general population were 2.48 and 2.77 for female and male genders, respectively. Proportion of cancer-deaths in relation to other causes of death varied by age-group and gender, 8 T values were higher than for the general population for all combinations. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that living in small rural towns affected by nearby AP applications has a negative health impact, namely in cancer outcomes. These results contribute to the need for pesticide-reduction policies, especially in the surroundings of small urban populations.

Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Are at Higher Risk of Cancer and Metastasis

Background: Some studies focusing on the endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) have demonstrated that cancer is often found in such patients. Retrospective investigations have also indicated that AAA patients have an increased risk of cancer. However, the incidence rate of cancer and survival rate in patients with AAA compared to the population remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single center, non-randomized, comparative cohort study including 223 AAA patients and 1000 Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients enrolled in our department between 01/01/2008 and 31/12/2011 with annual follow-up until 31/12/2018. Based on statistics from the Belgian cancer registry Belgium, the incidence rate of cancer was calculated for both men and women in the general population. The primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence rate of cancer in all three groups and the secondary endpoint was overall survival. Results: After nine years of follow-up, the cancer incidence was 30·1% (95%CI: 21·6-39·3%) in AAA patients and 23·5% (95%CI: 20·0-27·1%) in CAD subjects, markedly higher than the Walloon population (17·4%). Moreover, the development of metastases among patients with AAA was higher compared to CAD patients (38·7% vs.18·6%, P=0·03). In terms of overall survival, the proportion of cancer deaths in AAA patients was twice as high as in CAD patients. Conclusions: This study confirms an increased incidence of cancers and decreased survival in AAA patients compared to the general population. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the European Program FP7 “Fighting aneurysmal diseases” (no. 200647). Audrey Courtois and Jacobine Munten were funded by the Aneurysmal Pathology Foundation. Declaration of Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was designed and conducted within the framework of the European program “Fighting Aneurysmal Disease (FAD; B70720095774 and B70720095773 9)” approved by the ethics committee (n°200647). All the participants were instructed on the study objectives and provided informed consent. The study was approved by the ethics board of the University hospital of Liege.

Provincial-level cancer burden attributable to active and second-hand smoking in China

BackgroundUnderstanding disparities in the burden of cancer attributable to smoking is crucial to inform and improve tobacco control measures. In this report, we estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of...

Are 90% of deaths from cancer caused by metastases?

Numerous publications have stated that metastases are responsible for 90% of cancer deaths, but data underlying this assertion has been lacking. Our objective was to determine what proportions of cancer deaths are caused by metastases. Population‐based data from the Cancer Registry of Norway for the years 2005‐2015 was analyzed. We compared all deaths in the Norwegian population where a cancer diagnosis was registered as cause of death. Deaths caused by cancer, with and without metastases, were analyzed, by sex and tumor group. For solid tumors, 66.7% of cancer deaths were registered with metastases as a contributing cause. Proportions varied substantially between tumor groups. Our data support the idea that the majority of deaths from solid tumors are caused by metastases. Thus, a better understanding of the biology of metastases and identification of druggable targets involved in growth at the metastatic site is a promising strategy to reduce cancer mortality.

Where Patients With Cancer Die: A Population-Based Study, 1990 to 2012

To describe changes in the place of death of patients with cancer from 1990 to 2012, and to identify issues for their end-of-life care. Population-based descriptive study, with analyses of place of death patterns, using the South Australian Cancer Registry records of 86 257 patients with cancer who died from 1990 to 2012. From 1990 to 2012, the proportion of cancer deaths in hospital decreased from 63.4% to 50.9%, and in nursing homes increased from 8.2% to 22.5%. After the year 2000, the proportions in hospices and at home were both below 15%. Multivariate analyses showed that young patients with cancer were more likely to die in a hospice or at home, compared to elderly patients with cancer who were more likely to die in a nursing home; the likelihood of dying in a hospice increased with socioeconomic status; patients with a short survival time or a hematological malignancy were more likely to die in a metropolitan hospital. Compared to most other countries, the proportion of cancer deaths at home was low, and many patients would not have died at their preferred place. The trend for more cancer deaths to occur in nursing homes is likely to continue, but nursing homes generally lack the resources and skilled staff to provide quality palliative care. Models of palliative care delivery should take account of patient preferences, the growth of terminal cancer care in nursing homes, and apparent inequities.

The Impact of Cancer Screening on All-Cause Mortality.

It is a matter of debate whether, and if so, to what extent, cancer screening programs reduce all-cause mortality. Against this backdrop, we analyzed potential effects of several cancer screening approaches on all-cause mortality in two representative Western European populations. We used mortality data from the UK (England &Wales) and Germany from 2015 and published figures from screening studies on relative reduction in mortality for screened cancers to calculate the expected decline in all-cause mortality in these countries. We determined the required sample size for demonstrating a 3% reduction in all-cause mortality with a narrow (95%) confidence interval in a hypothetical screening trial. A relative 20% reduction in breast cancer mortality can be accompanied by a maximum 1.7-1.8% reduction in all-cause mortality in England & Wales and Germany, respectively. Expected declines are smaller for sigmoidoscopy screening (1.0-1.2%), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening (0.4-0.6%), and skin cancer screening (0.2%). To obtain a 95% confidence interval of +/-1% for demonstrating a 3% decline in all-cause mortality, a study size of 596 200 persons is required. Because the proportion of cancer deaths in all deaths in Western Europe is relatively low, cancer screening procedures can reduce all-cause mortality by only 1-3%. However, this reduction is relevant to public health.

New generation of cancer stem cells inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer.

e20545Background: Lung cancer is the commonest tumor worldwide of which the most frequent type is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that represents a large proportion of cancer deaths and is chara...

Cancer deaths and cases attributable to lifestyle factors and infections in China, 2013.

The burden of cancer in China is high, and it is expected to further increase. Information on cancers attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is essential in planning preventive measures against cancer. We estimated the number and proportion of cancer deaths and cases attributable to ever-smoking, second-hand smoking, alcohol drinking, low fruit/vegetable intake, excess body weight, physical inactivity, and infections in China, using contemporary data from nationally representative surveys and cancer registries. The number of cancer deaths and cases in 2013 were obtained from the National Central Cancer Registry of China and data on most exposures were obtained from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 or 2006 and Global Adult Tobacco Smoking 2010. We used a bootstrap simulation method to calculate the number and proportion of cancer deaths and cases attributable to risk factors and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), allowing for uncertainty in data. Approximately 718 000 (95% CI 702 100-732 200) cancer deaths in men and 283 100 (278 800-288 800) cancer deaths in women were attributable to the studied risk factors, accounting for 52% of all cancer deaths in men and 35% in women. The numbers for incident cancer cases were 952 500 (95% CI 934 200-971 400) in men and 442 700 (437 200-447 900) in women, accounting for 47% of all incident cases in men and 28% in women. The greatest proportions of cancer deaths attributable to risk factors were for smoking (26%), HBV infection (12%), and low fruit/vegetable intake (7%) in men and HBV infection (7%), low fruit/vegetable intake (6%), and second-hand smoking (5%) in women. Effective public health interventions to eliminate or reduce exposure from these risk factors, notably tobacco control and vaccinations against carcinogenic infections, can have considerable impact on reducing the cancer burden in China.

Cancer in the oldest old in the United States: Current statistics and projections

Abstract Objectives The oldest old population in the US, defined as aged ≥ 85 years, is projected to double from 4.3 million in 2000 to 9.6 million in 2030. The purpose of this study was to assess the current and projected cancer burden in the oldest old. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using the national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registry. Historical trends were assessed and projections were created for the top 10 cancers by incidence, and also by proportion of cancer deaths for those aged ≥ 85 years. Results Currently, the oldest old experiences about 7% of annual new cancer cases and 14% of cancer deaths. The most common cancers by incidence per 100,000 people are colorectal (336), lung (297), breast (254), and prostate (165), while the leading causes of cancer deaths are lung (19%), colorectal (13%), prostate (9%), and breast (7%). The incidences of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, bladder, lung, and pancreatic cancers have been increasing, while those of other cancers are stable or decreasing. A substantial proportion of the oldest old (24%) had prior primary cancers. If historical trends continue to 2030, we project that 9% of newly diagnosed cancer cases and 23% of cancer deaths annually will occur in the oldest old. Conclusion The oldest old may have unique cancer incidence and mortality. To manage a projected major increase in the burden of cancer care, substantial investments in geriatric oncology research, education, and practice are needed.

Abstract B266: Systemic inflammation and tissue atrophy in cancer cachexia is mediated by cytokine-dependent protease activation: Physiological and functional improvements through JAK1/2 inhibition

Abstract Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex syndrome characterized by a detrimental loss of fat and muscle. Approximately 50% of patients suffer from CAC which accounts for a significant proportion of cancer deaths in addition to debilitating constitutional symptoms and poor quality of life. Recently, the Cancer Cachexia Study Group has proposed that systemic inflammation is one of the 3 factors that defines CAC. Consistent with this, we previously demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines are elevated in cachectic mice bearing subcutaneous tumor xenografts. Because many inflammatory cytokines utilize JAK1 and/or JAK2 kinases (JAK1/2) for intracellular signaling, we hypothesized and demonstrated that selective inhibition of JAK1/2 improved tissue preservation and physical performance. Here we extend these studies beyond subcutaneous xenografts and present biochemical data in an effort to better understand the role of JAKs muscle atrophy. Subcutaneous xenograft models are useful tools but may lack host-tumor interactions relevant to CAC. Therefore, we utilized two immune competent models of CAC. Mice inoculated with BaF/3 B-cells transformed with a constitutively active form of JAK2 (JAK2V617F) common in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) suffer from an aggressive disseminated disease characterized by splenomegaly and weight loss, similar to MPN patients. Compared to normal mice, those inoculated with JAK2V617F expressing cells lost 80% of their fat stores and 15% of skeletal muscle and had severely enlarged spleens (450%). Treatment with an oral selective JAK1/2 inhibitor prevented tissue loss and dramatically reduced spleen size. Similar findings were observed in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of spontaneous colon cancer and CAC. Here, treatment of male mice with a JAK1/2 inhibitor resulted in 120% and 268% increases in fat and muscle stores, respectively. Splenomegaly was also completely eliminated. Importantly, treatment with a JAK1/2 inhibitor markedly improved physical performance as assessed by grip strength and exercise wheel activity (#x003E; 200% of controls). Because JAK activating cytokines are elevated in our models (e.g. IL-6) and have been implicated as causal factors in CAC, we wanted to better understand the impact of aberrant JAK activation on muscle tissue. C2C12 murine myotubes treated with recombinant IL-6 demonstrated increased JAK signaling as measured by elevated levels of pSTAT3 and pSTAT5, canonical substrates of JAK kinases. IL-6 treatment also increased the activity of two intracellular proteases previously linked to muscle catabolism in CAC - cathepsins B and L. Inhibition of JAK1/2 reduced aberrant JAK/STAT signaling in IL-6 treated C2C12 myotubes and in vivo. Moreover, cathepsin activity was decreased explaining, at least in part, the muscle sparing effects of JAK1/2 inhibition observed in vivo. In summary, the data suggest that JAK-activating cytokines are elevated in CAC and contribute to physiological and functional deficits. JAK1/2 inhibition improves signs of inflammation and prevents loss of fat stores and skeletal muscle, the latter, through suppression of cathepsin activity. Clinical exploration of selective JAK inhibition is therefore warranted for the prevention or alleviation of CAC. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B266.

Looking under the Hispanic umbrella: cancer mortality among Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics in Florida.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death among Hispanics. Most of the cancer statistics available both at the state and national levels report cancer statistics for all Hispanics as an aggregate group. The goal of this paper is to provide a population-based overview of cancer mortality among Hispanics (Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics) in Florida from 1990 to 2000 and to explore the demographic diversity of this growing ethnic group. The study population consisted of Hispanics and White non-Hispanics who died from cancer. Cancer mortality rates and proportion of cancer deaths by type and age at death for the selected racial/ethnic groups were calculated. Our findings indicate that the cancer death rates of the Hispanic subgroups compared favorably with those of White non-Hispanics and that cancer rates often presented for all Hispanics mask important differences between the different ethnic subgroups that fall under the Hispanic umbrella.

Mortality in the JACC Study till 1999

BACKGROUND: We have been conducting a cohort study named “the Japan Collaborative Cohor Study (JACC Study) for Evaluation of Cancer Risk sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (Monbusho)” since 1988. The aim of this paper is to describe the mortality of our JACC cohort in the follow-up period from 1988 through 1999, to compare it with the mortality, especially cancer deaths, of the Japanese population in the same period and to compare the causes of mortality by district among the cohort.METHODS: We conducted a follow-up study of 110,792 Japanese inhabitants aged 40-79 years in 1988-1990 for about 10 years to the end of 1999.RESULTS: Of 46,465 males, 37,750 (81.2%) were alive, 7,238 (15.6%) were dead and 1,477 (3.2%) had moved out of the study areas. The figures were 57,016 (88.6%), 4,940 (7.7%) and 2,371 (3.7%) among 64,327 females, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 9.9 years. The proportion of cancer deaths by site in our cohort members was almost same as the Japanese population aged 40-79 years old in 1995. Sex-specific standardized mortality ratios of total deaths, all cancer deaths, and most cancers in our cohort were less than 100 in both males and females for total cohort and the cohort by district.CONCLUSION: Our cohort members appeared to be almost the same or slightly healthier and less likely to die from total causes and cancers than the general population.

Do social factors affect where patients die: an analysis of 10 years of cancer deaths in England.

This study investigated whether indices of social deprivation were related to the proportion of cancer patients who died at home. Data were derived from death registrations for all cancer deaths 1985-1994 in England. Two indices of deprivation (Underprivileged Area Score (UPA), or Jarman, and Townsend scores) were calculated for each electoral ward; 1991 Census data were used. The scores use combinations of variables, including the percentage in overcrowded homes, the percentage of elderly people living alone, the percentage of one-parent families, etc. A high score indicates more deprivation. The main outcome measures were the proportion (in five and ten year averages) of cancer deaths which occurred at home, calculated for every electoral ward (with populations usually ranging from 5000 to 11,000). Spearman rho was used to test for correlations between the proportion of cancer deaths at home and deprivation score. Electoral wards were categorized by deprivation score into three groups of equal size and analysed over 10 years. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the relative association of different patient based and electoral ward variables with cancer death at home. p < 0.05 (two-tailed) was taken as significant. There were over 1.3 million death registrations from cancer in the 10 years. The proportion who died at home was 0.27, in hospital 0.47, and other setting 0.26. There were wide variations (0.05-0.75) in the proportion of people who died at home in different electoral wards. Small inverse correlations were found between the percentage who died at home and the UPA (-0.35; p < 0.001) and Townsend (-0.26; p < 0.001) scores. The correlations were greatest in North Thames (-0.63, UPA) and smallest in West Midlands (-0.20, UPA). The proportion of home deaths for the different bands of deprivation were: 0.30 (low deprivation), 0.27 (middle deprivation) and 0.24 (high deprivation). Plotting the trends over 10 years suggests no change in this relationship. Multiple regression analysis predicted several ward and patient characteristics and accounted for 30 per cent of the variation. Increased age (patient variable), Jarman score and ethnic minorities (both ward variables) were associated with fewer patients dying at home. Being male and having cancer of the digestive organs were associated with home death. There are wide variations in the percentage of cancer deaths at home in different electoral wards. Social factors are inversely correlated with home cancer death, and may explain part of this variation. Home care in deprived areas may be especially difficult to achieve.

Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cancer Cells: Identification of Molecules Important for Tumour Development

31 March 1993 highest proportion of cancer deaths in females is from breast cancer and that in males is from lung cancer. Leukaemia accounts for about 2% of deaths in both males and females. The hallmark of tumours in general and of leukaemias in particular is the presence of chromosomal abnormalities, and the work of my laboratory over the last few years has been to try to understand the molecular origins of these abnormalities and also their contribution to tumour development. In this article I will discuss aspects of three subjects relating to the molecular analysis of chromosomal translocations and inversions. Firstly, I will elaborate the ‘master gene’ hypothesis in relation to the development of acute leukaemia and of solid tumours. Secondly, I will present evidence that genes activated by chromosomal translocations are indeed oncogenes (that is, they can cause tumours to form in animal models). Thirdly, I will d’ lSCUSS

EPIDEMIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF A REPORTED CANCER CLUSTER IN A SMALL RURAL POPULATION

This study investigated a reported cluster of cancer deaths in the small rural community of Bynum, North Carolina. Residents felt the proportion of deaths involving cancer had been increasing since the mid-1960s. To address this concern, cancer mortality was investigated from 1947 to 1985 to determine 1) if the proportion of cancer deaths had increased since the mid-1960s, 2) if it differed from what should be expected based on comparison with the reference population of the state of North Carolina, and 3) if observed mortality was within the bounds of statistical probability. Results indicated that the proportion of cancer deaths remained relatively constant from 1947 to 1964 (ranging from 9% to 14%) but increased steadily after 1965 to a high of 58% (1980-1985). Standardized proportionate mortality ratios adjusted for age, sex, race, and calendar time indicated that from 1975 to 1985 cancer deaths were 2.4 to 2.6 times greater than expected. Cancer mortality exceeded the upper limit of 95 percent Poisson confidence intervals from 1975 to 1985, which suggested that the excess proportion of cancer deaths was not likely to represent random case clustering. These findings serve to illustrate the feasibility of and a methodology for assessing reports of clusters in small populations.

Cancer Mortality in the South, 1950 to 1980

The overall cancer mortality for white and nonwhite men rose twice as rapidly in the South as in the rest of the nation, largely influenced by the rapid growth in lung cancer mortality among southern men in both race groups, and by the significant increase in prostate cancer mortality among southern, nonwhite men. Although the overall cancer mortality rate among white and nonwhite women in the South remained stable, the relative contributions of cervical and lung cancer changed considerably with time. The proportion of cancer deaths in southern women attributed to cervical cancer decreased by 50% while the proportion ascribed to lung cancer tripled. The South's cancer mortality experience differed substantially from that of the rest of the United States, which suggests that southerners diverge from residents of other parts of the United States in their risk of cancer, and in their access to and use of services for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This study provides information for planning strategies for the reduction of cancer mortality in the South.