ABSTRACT This study proposes a systematic policy framework that leverages special tax measures to steer stakeholder behavior toward urban cultural heritage conservation. Integrating comparative policy analysis, microeconomic modeling, systematic policy framework construction and case studies from China, we design a synergistic system of tax incentives and disincentives across income, consumption, and property taxes. The framework is contextualized within China’s forthcoming Cultural Heritage Conservation Law and demonstrates how fiscal instruments can align individual economic rationality with collective conservation goals. A three-stage decision model – grounded in Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) – is introduced to assess the suitability, necessity, and balancing of tax interventions. Based on the analysis of secondary sources and policy documents, empirical case studies in Suzhou and Tianshui are used to illustrate the framework’s efficacy and limitations. The findings offer a transferable model for sustainable urban governance, with relevance for rapidly urbanizing regions globally.

ABSTRACT This paper explores the history of Jewish day schools in Los Angeles, especially in the context of resistance to court-ordered busing in the late 1970s. This contentious issue brought the evolving dynamics within the Jewish community to the fore, in addition to property tax changes, highway construction, and anti-black racism. By analyzing the intersection of educational, cultural, and political factors, the article highlights the tensions within the Jewish community regarding identity, integration, and education in a changing urban landscape within the framework of Jewish institutions and the shifting relationship Jews have had with day schools in the United States.

Abstract The influence of neighboring councils on property tax reassessment regarding public sector innovation and administrative efficiency has not been adequately examined, particularly in terms of how one council may adopt the strategies of another. Thus, this study examines whether councils surrounded by others that have implemented reassessments experience greater innovation diffusion and better performance outcomes. To test this framework, data were collected through a survey of Malaysian local authority officers (support, management, and professional grades) using a quantitative approach to assess their views on relational capital, process innovation, and tax reassessment performance. Usable data from 154 responses were analyzed with SmartPLS 4 using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that the relational capital of local authorities toward process innovation is stronger when the influence of neighboring councils is greater. Councils in regions where reassessments are actively undertaken tend to utilize relational capital more effectively through process innovation, leading to higher reassessment performance, while councils in less active regions struggle to achieve similar results. This study contributes to research on public sector innovation and policy diffusion by highlighting the external environmental conditions that influence the effectiveness of relational capital in administrative performance.

This study investigates the determinants of private real estate investment decisions in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria, a region characterized by economic dynamism yet persistent development challenges. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, primary data was collected from 500 real estate professionals and investors in Akwa Ibom and Rivers States. The analysis, employing multiple regression techniques, examined the influence of economic factors (interest rates, inflation, income levels), government policies (land-use regulations, property taxes, building approvals), infrastructural development (road networks, electricity, water supply), and market factors (demand, rental yield, property price trends). Findings reveal that all four categories of factors exert statistically significant and positive influences on investment decisions, with government policy variables and market fundamentals demonstrating particularly strong effects. The results confirm that cumbersome regulatory processes, high compliance costs, inadequate infrastructure, and volatile market signals collectively shape investor behaviour. The study concludes that fostering a conducive investment environment in the region requires a coordinated policy approach focused on regulatory streamlining, enhanced infrastructure provision, and improved market transparency. This research contributes empirical evidence to the literature on real estate economics in emerging economies, offering specific insights for policymakers and investors in Nigeria's oil-rich but infrastructure-deficient South-South zone.

ABSTRACT Home equity represents the largest component of wealth for households in the US. The accurate estimation of home values is important for different sectors of the economy. The current study develops a new method – grouped generalized ordered probit (GGOP) model – for examining the impact of independent variables on single-family home values. The proposed methodology is developed using home property value data for the greater Orlando region from 2013 to 2022. The host of independent variables considered include structural characteristics, demographic characteristics, land use characteristics, transportation infrastructure characteristics, and temporal characteristics. The model estimation process includes the estimation of a GGOP model, spatial lag GGOP and spatial error GGOP models. The spatial lag model offers significantly improved fit compared to other models. The independent variables such as parcel area, living area, number of bathrooms, population, median income, number of jobs, school quality, proximity to downtown, distance to SunRail stations and year of analysis significantly affect single-family home values in the Greater Orlando region. The model results were validated using data not considered for estimation. An elasticity analysis was also conducted to offer insights on independent variable impact magnitudes. The model findings can be employed to quantify property tax revenues for new developments and homeowner/ community losses in the event of natural disasters.

ABSTRACT Research on addressing vacant and disinvested properties focuses primarily on remediation, not on prevention. Increasing owner occupancy might prevent property deterioration because homeowners typically maintain properties better than landlords. Three Detroit programs sold publicly owned houses to very-low-income households in 2017. After 5 to 6 years, 86.2% maintained owner occupancy. Multinomial logit regression equations showed program properties had significantly more positive change in property condition than did comparison group properties purchased at tax auction in an expanded model but not in a model with fewer controls. Program properties were associated with less risk of properties being vacant in a model with fewer controls. Poisson regression estimates showed no relationship between program participation and property tax status. Through interviews, owner occupants stated a desire to repair their homes but had handicaps in doing so. Their homes often needed major, expensive repairs to provide safe, healthy living conditions. They lacked funds for significant repairs and had no home insurance. Such homeownership programs may help prevent property deterioration and ultimately abandonment but would be more effective if owners received financial assistance for major repairs and aid obtaining insurance. Studies using varied research designs and data should assess whether these results are replicated.

Introduction. The paper examines the legal foundations governing the procedure for granting tax incentives in the taxation of real property in Ukraine and in EU Member States – France and Poland. A thoroughgoing analysis is conducted of the nature of tax incentives as an instrument that ensures a balance between the fiscal interests of the state, social equity, and economic stimulation. The study identifies both shared and distinctive features of the mechanisms for their implementation, as well as the developmental trends of the tax incentive framework in the aforementioned countries. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the legal nature of tax incentives, their classification, the conditions under which they are granted, and their limits of application in accordance with European standards of tax policy. The paper under discussion makes a compelling case for the enhancement of the tax incentive mechanism in Ukraine. This enhancement, the paper asserts, should take into consideration European experience regarding the risks of improper or abusive use of incentives during periods of fiscal consolidation. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the concept and legal nature of tax incentives in the field of real estate taxation using Ukraine, Poland and France as examples, as well as to formulate proposals for improving Ukraine's national tax policy, taking into account European standards and social justice. Results. Tax incentives in the field of real estate taxation in Ukraine, Poland and France have different legal approaches, but a common goal – to ensure a balance between the fiscal interests of the state and social justice. The Ukrainian approach is characterised by comprehensive regulation of the concept, form, conditions, accounting and control of tax incentives, giving a significant role to local authorities. The Polish approach is more concise and focuses mainly on tax exemptions for clearly defined objects and subjects, which simplifies the practical application of benefits. The French model is characterised by a combination of social, age, property and functional criteria, as well as an automatic mechanism for granting certain benefits. A comparative analysis shows that tax benefits are a universal tool of tax policy, but require clear legal regulation to minimise the risks of abuse and loss of budget revenues, especially in the context of fiscal consolidation. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the legislation of Ukraine, Poland and France regarding the legal regulation of granting and receiving tax incentives for the taxation of immovable property (real estate) has allowed us to identify the peculiarities of this process in each of the above-mentioned countries, as well as to affirm that tax incentives are an effective and fair tool of the state, as they take into account the social status of the taxpayer, the functional nature of the object of taxation, and serve as a lever for balancing the fiscal interests of the state and citizens. In addition, despite their common goal of reducing the fiscal burden, these countries still differ in terms of the mechanism of regulation and the scope of application.

Abstract This analysis estimates the tax incidence for leased cropland and pastureland in Oklahoma. Periodic adjustments to agricultural land taxes may lead to an incidence, a share of the property tax burden, passed on to renters as higher rental rates. This pass-through can discourage rental activity, limit renters’ access to land, and jeopardize broader agricultural development goals. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence for cropland and pastureland renters. The combined pastureland and cropland incidence over the study period was $7.83 million, representing 22% of the total current agricultural use value assessment for the same period.

Property tax is a major source of public income in both developed and developing counties. Consequent upon several researches, the use of empirical models for residential property taxation has been suggested, hence identifying suitable empirical models for residential property taxation has become worrisome over the years. However, the determination of suitable parameters to be used as the dependent variables remains a research problem that is best solved by examination of the prevalent situation of the area concerned as no generalized model can best describe all situations. The study therefore developed a model for assessing variation in property taxation and infrastructure in Ibadan metropolis. The model advances the Gleaser model by integrating property tax with population, Land value, owner’s income, other taxes paid on land and financial allocation expended on Infrastructure. Quantitative research design approach was adopted in this study. A structured questionnaire was administered to residents of residential properties using a purposive sampling technique. A cubic model was used, and it yielded suitable R 2 values ranging from 58.1 to 95.4 in all the local governments within the Ibadan metropolis. Gleaser model was then used to integrate the property tax with population, Land value, owner’s income, other taxes paid on land and financial allocation expended on Infrastructure within the area. The study found out that the generation of property tax may not automatically lead to an increase in financial allocation. It was therefore concluded that the developed model is robust, efficient and a best fit for the Nigerian scenario.

ABSTRACT Wealth maximization by forest landowners in the United States has evolved since European settlement, in part due to markets for forest-based goods that existed at each point in time and the perception of landowners regarding their ability to generate revenue by supplying these markets with materials grown or found. Early forest investment activity had a few objectives: harvest timber for a growing society and provide revenue for landowners; many forested lands were converted to agricultural uses. Other lands were abandoned after forest harvest activities and left to naturally regenerate through secondary succession processes because of the inability of landowners to pay property taxes. However, management of forest lands in the United States as a business opportunity has created wealth for forest landowners, helped produce products for society, and aided in stabilizing the area covered by trees. Opportunities to generate revenue from other natural capital resources of forested landscapes have arisen. These opportunities often, however, require information, effort, or financing beyond the reach of smaller forest landowners.

This study examines how business activity responds to local taxation, specifically property tax and local sales tax, in Nevada. Using county-level data for the period 1999–2014, we assess the impact of these taxes on various business activity indicators, including employment, annual payroll, the number of establishments, and the number of small establishments categorized by size. Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on state-level taxation, our research delves into the effects of local tax instruments. By analyzing different components of the property tax (e.g., school district, county, and special district rates) and evaluating the specific effects of local sales tax changes, we provide a nuanced understanding of the local tax–business activity relationship. To address potential policy endogeneity in the sales tax rate, we instrument the sales tax rate using the lagged share of registered Democrats and implement an IV (control-function) spatial Durbin framework, ensuring robust estimates of within-period associations and spatial spillovers. Our analysis is intentionally confined to the 1999–2014 institutional regime, when Nevada businesses were primarily exposed to property and sales taxes. The estimates should, therefore, be interpreted as evidence on how the local tax mix and its components correlate with business activity under this pre-2015 fiscal structure, rather than as a direct forecast for the post-2015 environment shaped by subsequent policy changes and macroeconomic shocks. Across specifications, the IV-identified total effect of the sales tax rate is consistently negative for establishment-related outcomes. Nonetheless, the results remain informative for current debates on the design of local revenue systems because the underlying tax–service bundle and cross-jurisdictional spillover mechanisms continue to be central to local public finance.

After battling significant losses due to the global financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic, the UAE real estate market has seen new highs in 2021 and 2022. The uptrend of this sector is likely to continue into the next few years, with the money of foreign investors pouring in and the persistent increase in oil prices. Innovative policies and initiatives have made the UAE a haven for investors while Europe and some other countries deal with a liquidity crunch. As per our observations, property purchase in the UAE seems to be a very sound long-term investment, which is probably one of the safest in the uncertain world we are living in today. This paper aims to study how liquidity affects the performance of the real estate market in the UAE and other countries. The findings reveal that the UAE is an ideal real estate investment destination in times when many countries are facing tightening financial conditions, with some on the brink of deep economic crisis. UAE Government policies like the Golden Visa Scheme and zero property taxation welcome more expats to invest in UAE properties and settle in the country. Foreigners are attracted by the country’s sound capital markets, excellent infrastructure, economic stability, and perceived absence of systemic corruption. The credit fundamentals of UAE banks are strong for the coming years, with high oil prices supporting liquidity. The findings also suggest that Dubai real estate will continue to thrive despite the fear of global recession. However, investors should be prepared for a possible increase in property prices and annual rents in the coming years as the UAE real estate market continues its upward trajectory in line with the rising oil prices and foreign direct investments.

The study presents an overview of the distortions to the tax immunity granted to religious entities and temples in the State of São Paulo. Based on the analysis of the Taxpayers’ Register of the Motor Vehicle Property Tax, obtained with the assistance of the State Treasury Department, 669 instances were identified in which religious temples owned “luxury” motor vehicles without, however, paying the corresponding tax. A possible violation of tax immunity by these organizations was observed, as they appear to have refrained from paying the taxes levied on vehicles they owned. As a consequence, such circumstances would require the suspension of tax immunity in relation to these vehicles, since the condition for the recognition of such subjective immunities – compliance with their essential purpose – would have been violated. Furthermore, once the irregularities are established, it becomes evident that corrective measures must be imposed on the current system. Finally, the study analyzes the changes in the framework of the Vehicle Property Tax and tax immunities in light of Constitutional Amendment No. 132, of December 20, 2023, which introduced the Tax Reform in Brazil.

Short and Long-Run Effects of Inter-governmental Redistribution of Property Tax on Housing Supply

When property becomes liability: Housing wealth and public support for property taxation in urban China

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical, methodological, and institutional aspects of implementing a mass property valuation system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study substantiates the limitations of traditional cadastral valuation methods in an economy based on market mechanisms and reveals the necessity of introducing a transparent and automated mass valuation system aligned with international best practices. The paper presents a comparative analysis of individual and mass valuation approaches, highlighting their role in tax base formation and functional differences. The advantages of using GIS technologies, mathematical and statistical models, large-scale data (Big Data), and multiplicative valuation models in the mass valuation process are demonstrated. In addition, ongoing reforms, the regulatory and legal framework, institutional structures, and step-by-step implementation mechanisms of the valuation system are analyzed. The research findings contribute to fair and economically justified property tax assessment, stabilization of budget revenues, and increased transparency in the real estate market.

Disputes between taxpayers and the tax authorities regarding the interpretation of tax laws inArgentina are common.In the case analyzed in this legal document, the conflict is simple.For the tax authorities, income tax regulations do not allow the calculation of tax losses inreal terms or adjusted for inflation. The taxpayer maintains the opposite and has seriousarguments for this, such as respect for property rights, tax capacity, and equality. Based on this conflict, we wonder whether the taxpayer who has updated tax losses can becharged with evasion or fraud.In this regard, we conclude that, according to the applicable sanctioning principles, suchconduct by the taxpayer does not merit sanctioning, neither in the criminal nor in theinfraction sphere.

The financial autonomy of Brazilian municipalities is based on the effective exercise of their taxing power; however, socioeconomic disparities and dependence on external transfers are evident in reality. This study analyzes the extent to which the 75 municipalities of the State of Sergipe exercised their own taxing power. The main objective is to analyze to what extent the municipalities of Sergipe exercised their municipal taxing power, based on the performance of tax collection within their jurisdiction. Methodologically, it is an applied, descriptive, and quantitative research, using deductive reasoning. Data collection was carried out through documentary research in the SAGRES (TCE/SE) and SIOPS databases, with processing performed using Power BI. The results indicate that the municipalities of Sergipe collected R$ 3.8 billion, 6.64% higher than the estimate, but with a strong concentration in the capital, Aracaju. The main fiscal pillars are the Tax on Services of Any Nature - ISSQN and the Urban Property Tax - IPTU. While some municipalities have autonomy above 27%, others show critical participations below 2%. The study contributes by highlighting that financial sustainability should not be the sole criterion for validating federative autonomy, reinforcing the importance of technical management in mitigating dependence on government transfers.

ABSTRACT This paper estimates heterogeneous strategic responses to nominal property tax rates set by contiguous counties in large U.S. cities between 2010 and 2019. Horizontal fiscal competition has been understudied in the United States due to the difficulty resolving endogeneity. This investigation adds to the empirical literature with three descriptive findings about metropolitan counties. First, suburban counties mimic property tax rates more than urban counties. Second, suburban counties are more likely to mimic regardless of where the influence comes from. Third, more competition lowers property tax rates, but suburban counties still mimic their neighbors more than urban counties.

This study is devoted to the analysis of the current state of practice in Uzbekistan in improving the methodology for forecasting direct taxes. The study studied the current mechanisms of forecasting processes for the main direct taxes, such as profit tax, personal income tax, and property and land taxes. Based on statistical analysis, comparative assessment, and economic modeling methods, factors affecting the accuracy and stability of forecast indicators were assessed. The impact of macroeconomic indicators, tax base expansion, and tax administration digitization processes on the quality of forecasting was also revealed. Based on the results of the study, scientific and practical proposals and conclusions were developed aimed at using modern economic and mathematical models in forecasting accurate tax revenues, improving the information base, and strengthening the institutional approach