Properties Of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Study of Optical, Structural and Morphology Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Pulse Laser Ablation and its Effect on Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus

Tin oxide (Sn) nanoparticles were prepared by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) method at different laser energies (400-700mJ). (UV, XRD, AFM, SEM, EDS) methods were employed to determine the properties of nanomaterials. The optical properties showed that the energy gap decreased with increasing laser power; the structural properties showed the relationship between density and angle; Miller's coefficients for net angles were determined and the morphology properties showed the element's surface shape and surface roughness. Also, Tin oxide nanoparticles with added to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from the ear and cultured by striking method on nutrient agar to know the effect of tin oxide nanoparticles on the growth of this bacteria. The results showed that tin (Sn) oxide nanoparticles had a role in decreasing the growth of bacteria on cultured media using the laser energies of (400mJ, 500mJ and 600mJ), but at an energy of 700mJ a clear zone (no growth) of bacteria on cultured media was noted, indicating 100% bacterial killing.

Multifunctional properties of tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green and chemical approach

Herein, we report the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles by combustion method using two reducing agents. One with urea as a fuel (SnO2U) and another one with Azadirachtaindica leaves extract as a reducing agent (SnO2N) and calcined at 500oC for 3 hrs. The synthesized samples are characterized using different techniques. The Bragg reflections confirms the formation of pure tetragonal SnO2 NPs. The surface morphological analysis clearly indicates the formation of irregular shaped agglomerated NPs. The agglomeration and particle size was found to be more in SnO2U NPs. The estimated direct energy bandgap using Tauc's relation was found to be 3.75 and 3.37 eV for SnO2U and SnO2N respectively. Further, Photoluminescence excitation, emission, CIE and CCT analysis was performed. Thus, the present sample might be used as a nanophosphor material in Cool and Warm blue light emitting diodes. The cytotoxic properties against HeLa and MCF7 cells and compared the percentage of viability and cell death with standard chemotherapy drug Cisplatin. Theoretically, X-ray/gamma ray absorption properties such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) SnO2U and SnO2N NPs were evaluated which might finds an application in nuclear radiation dosimetry.

Influence of heat treatment on the properties of tin oxide nanoparticles: A potential material for environmental remediation applications

Metal oxides have gained a growing interest in the field of material science owing to their size and shape dependent physiochemical properties. Tin oxide (SnO2) is considered as a multifaceted material with its widespread applications such as oxidation catalysis, energy harvesting, bio-imaging, gas sensing, storage devices and many more. This study reports the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles derived via sol-gel route. To observe the effect of thermal treatment on the grown material, the samples were subjected to calcination at different temperature ranging from 350 °C to 550 °Cfor about 4 hrs. The structural, compositional, morphological and optical properties of Tin oxide were studied by XRD, EDAX, FESEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis respectively. The XRD pattern consists only SnO2 peaks with preferred orientation along (110) plane. The crystallite size increases with higher calcination temperature and is found in the range of 3-15 nm. All the peaks corresponding to SnO2 matches with the standard data indicating the growth of good quality single phase material. Compositional data reveals that that grown material manifested in required stoichiometric ratio of SnO. Scanning electron micrographs show uniform growth of SnO2 nanoparticles with particle size ranging from 10-20 nm. The energy band gap of the SnO2 calculated by optical studies was 3.1eV and 3.0 eV for 450 °Cand 550 °Crespectively. The calculated band gap lies in the visible region of the solar spectrum which could be beneficial for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the SnO2 nanoparticles.

Effect of varying calcination temperature on the structural and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles

Tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized with sol–gel method. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles calcined at 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C were studied. The average crystallite size of 7.56 nm, 23.13 nm and 25.01 nm was evaluated through XRD analysis at 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, respectively, which shows that the average crystallite size of SnO2 nanoparticles increased with the increase in calcinations temperature. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the SnO2 nanoparticles calcined at 400 °C shows larger absorption in the near ultra-violet region as compared to 600 and 800 °C. The band gap energy (Eg) of the synthesized nanoparticles shows a decrease in Eg with the decrease in calcinations temperature, which is 3.030 eV, 3.147 eV, and 4.139 eV at 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C, respectively.

Influence of aluminium doping on structural and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles

The major mechanism for activating and regulating optical characteristics, particularly band gap, in semiconducting oxides has been theorised to be variations in dopant concentration. Nanoparticles of Sn1-xAlxO2 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) have been synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), FESEM, DRS, photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy. XRD measurements revealed that all the samples crystalize in tetragonal structure which was further supported by Raman spectroscopy. As the Al content grew from 0% to 4%, it was seen that the size of the crystallites varied from 8.89 nm to 4.01 nm. Using the Tauc relation, the optical band gap was computed, and it was discovered that it decreases from 3.44 eV to 3.05 eV as the Al concentration rose. Photoluminance measurements (PL) revealed that all the samples show violet emissions. Also, it was found that 3% doped sample shows lowest PL intensity which implies that the material has profound applications in photocatalysis, lithium-ion batteries and so on. Further, it was also observed that 3% aluminium doping is the optimum concentration for tin oxide sample to be used in photocatalytic applications.

Effect of Calcium on Two-Dimensional Morphology and Photocatalytic Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

A simple, inexpensive and environmental friendly co-precipitation approach has been used to synthesize calcium doped SnO2 photocatalysts effectively with a high surface area. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies all have been used to characterize the structural, morphological, optical and electrochemical properties of the prepared SnO2:Ca nanoparticles. Both crystallized SnO2 and SnO2:Ca nanoparticles have tetragonal geometry. The structure and defects of the prepared sample were verified by the Raman spectra. The redshift in optical investigations confirmed the reduction in the optical band gap with increasing Ca content. The photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue were also carried out using prepared SnO2:Ca nanoparticles in visible light. In particular, when compared to other samples, the SnO2:Ca (7 wt.%) nanoplates show the best photocatalytic activity which is confirmed from the low photoluminescence spectrum. By evenly dispersing Ca atoms across the SnO2 matrix, the band gap may be significantly lowered, allowing for more effective separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and, in turn, more visible-light absorption. The charge separation efficacy of SnO2:Ca (7 wt.%) nanoplates has been confirmed by EIS measurements.

Annealing temperature effect on structural properties of tin oxide nanoparticles

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized employing simple sol–gel method. Modification in the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles due to various solution pH (6–12) and thermal annealing at 400 °C (Experiment 1) was studied. X-ray diffraction results of the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the precursor solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed the formation of tin oxide tetragonal phase (SnO2-t) and the surface morphology of the SnO2-t nano- particles studied by scanning electron microscope revealed the formation of spherical shaped agglomerations. Hence, the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the solution pH 8 were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C in order to study the effect of annealing at various temperatures on the structural, morphological, optical and vibrational properties of tin oxide nanoparticles (Experiment 2). When the annealing temperature was increased to 600 and 800 °C, mixed phases of SnO2-t and tin oxide orthorhombic system (SnO-o) were formed. Various solution pH and annealing temperatures influenced the direct band gap value. SnO2-t phase synthesized from the solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed a direct band gap of ~4.50 eV. The tin oxide samples annealed at various temperatures showed a slight shift in the fluorescence peak observed at ~327 nm. Raman studies of the samples obtained from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed a slight shift in the vibrational frequency. I–V studies carried out to investigate the electrical properties of the SnO2 thin film formed by simple drop casting method revealed better ohmic contact and its suitability for gas sens- ing applications.

Study of structural, optical, and sensory ethanol properties of tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by microwave method

Study of structural, optical, and sensory ethanol properties of tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by microwave method

Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Structural, Optical, and Catalytic Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Structural, Optical, and Catalytic Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Influence of anionic precursors on electrochemical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles: a comparative analysis

A cost-effective chemical precipitation method has been adopted to synthesis tin oxide (SnO2) nanomaterials with the help of two different anionic sources (NH3OH and NaOH). Initially, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirm the formation of regular rutile tetragonal crystal structure of SnO2. The functional group analysis by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy identifies the presence of Sn-OH stretching mode of vibration. The morphological with elemental confirmation by HRSEM with EDAX analysis observes the formation of SnO2 agglomeration in appropriate ratio (Sn and O) without showing any other impurities. The particle size analysis (PSA) reveals that the synthesized SnO2 nanomaterials are in a nano-sized range of 10 nm to 33 nm. The optical analysis using UV–Visible (UV) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy reveals that the bandgap energy of synthesized materials is found to be 4.12 eV and 4.14 eV, blue-shifted from bulk materials. The electrochemical behavior of synthesized tin oxide nanomaterials as working electrodes are examined by a conventional three-electrode system with analyzed parameters such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This study exposes the highest specific capacitance Csp value of 405.15 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 and 403.72 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag−1. The highest energy density and power density value of 27.48 Wh kg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1 and 145.83 W kg−1 at 1 Ag−1, respectively, presents a promising positive working electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Physical, chemical and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles through Sol–Gel route

Transparent conducting oxides receives huge attention due to its salient features such as structure,band gap, physical and chemical properties. In this paper we have reported that the growth of Tin Oxide nanoparticles by the technique of Sol-Gel method. The prepared samples have been subjected to X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopic techniques for the determination of features for crystalline nature, morphology and optical properties, respectively.X-ray diffraction results showed the prepared samples have a polycrystalline nature with tetragonal structure. Scanning electron micorscopy shown that the samples have well defined morphology. Optical properties showed that the prepared samples have band gap value eV.

Influence of Mn Doping on the Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Co-Precipitation Method

Influence of Mn Doping on the Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Co-Precipitation Method

Effects of high pressure on the electrical resistivity and dielectric properties of nanocrystalline SnO2

The electrical transport and structural properties of tin oxide nanoparticles under compression have been studied by in situ impedance measurements and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) up to 27.9 GPa. It was found that the conduction of SnO2 can be improved significantly with compression. Abnormal variations in resistivity, relaxation frequency, and relative permittivity were observed at approximately 12.3 and 25.0 GPa, which can be attributed to pressure-induced tetragonal- orthorhombic-cubic structural transitions. The dielectric properties of the SnO2 nanoparticles were found to be a function of pressure, and the dielectric response was dependent on frequency and pressure. The dielectric constant and loss tangent decreased with increasing frequency. Relaxation-type dielectric behaviour dominated at low frequencies. Whereas, modulus spectra indicated that charge carrier short-range motion dominated at high frequencies.

Effect of pH and annealing temperature on the properties of tin oxide nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized employing simple sol–gel method. Modification in the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles due to various solution pH (6–12) and thermal annealing at 400 °C (Experiment 1) was studied. X-ray diffraction results of the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the precursor solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed the formation of tin oxide tetragonal phase (SnO2-t) and the surface morphology of the SnO2-t nanoparticles studied by scanning electron microscope revealed the formation of spherical shaped agglomerations. Hence, the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the solution pH 8 were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C in order to study the effect of annealing at various temperatures on the structural, morphological, optical and vibrational properties of tin oxide nanoparticles (Experiment 2). When the annealing temperature was increased to 600 and 800 °C, mixed phases of SnO2-t and tin oxide orthorhombic system (SnO-o) were formed. Various solution pH and annealing temperatures influenced the direct band gap value. SnO2-t phase synthesized from the solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed a direct band gap of ~4.50 eV. The tin oxide samples annealed at various temperatures showed a slight shift in the fluorescence peak observed at ~327 nm. Raman studies of the samples obtained from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed a slight shift in the vibrational frequency. I–V studies carried out to investigate the electrical properties of the SnO2 thin film formed by simple drop casting method revealed better ohmic contact and its suitability for gas sensing applications.

Synthesis, structural and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles and its CMC/PEG–PVA nanocomposite films

Polyethylene glycol–polyvinyl alcohol (PEG–PVA) blend is a multifunctional material and controlling its properties is important for various medical and industrial uses. In this paper, we report the influence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and doping with tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on the structural and optical properties of PEG–PVA. The prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopies. SnO2 NPs of rutile structure, average crystallite size of ∼30.2 nm and optical band gap (Eg) of 3.68 eV were prepared by a simple sol–gel process. CMC addition enhances the crystallinity of PEG–PVA that then gradually reduced by increasing SnO2 doping ratio. The optical transmittance of PEG–PVA increased from 77 to 90% after mixing with CMC and then decreased to 64% with increasing SnO2 content to 1.5%. Also, the Eg of PEG–PVA increased from 5.20 to 5.28 eV and then decreased to 4.88 eV due to CMC addition and SnO2 incorporation, respectively. The refractive index, the dispersion parameters and the optical conductivity of PEG–PVA, CMC/PEG–PVA and of its nanocomposite films are discussed. The correlation between the structural modifications and the resultant optical properties are reported.

Structural, morphological and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method adding hydrochloric acid

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel method from cost-effective tin chloride (SnCl2·2H2O) and ethanol by adding ammonia solution. In a separate experiment, 4 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to this solution and SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared. Further SnO2 nanoparticles prepared without and with adding the hydrochloric acid were annealed at 200 °C for 1 h. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. As prepared SnO2 nanoparticles by adding hydrochloric acid in the synthesis process reduced the crystallite size to ~4 from ~10 nm size of the annealed SnO2 nanoparticles prepared without adding hydrochloric acid. Annealing the SnO2 nanoparticles prepared adding hydrochloric acid improved the crystallite size from ~4 to ~4.5 nm. Addition of hydrochloric acid effectively modified the morphology of the SnO2 nanoparticles from agglomerated spherical structure to cauliflower-like structure. The band gap is increased due to decrease in the crystallite size in the sample prepared adding hydrochloric acid. Fluorescence spectrum exhibits a strong emission peak at 350 nm. Addition of HCl plays a major role to suppress the hydrolysis rate and leads to the formation of SnO2 nanoparticles.

Preparation, Structural and Electrical Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Preparation, Structural and Electrical Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Tin Oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by the wet chemical method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV analysis and dielectric studies. The crystalline nature and particle size of the samples were characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The optical properties were obtained from UVVis absorption spectrum. Dielectric studies were carried out for the pelletized SnO2 nanoparticles. The variation of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied. The dielectric constants of the SnO2 nanoparticles are high at low frequencies, and decrease rapidly when the frequency is increased.

Tin oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon as adsorbent for removal of Murexide

This study investigated the adsorption properties of tin oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (SnO2-NP-AC) for murexide dye adsorption capacities in the textile industry effluent treatment. The influence of variables, such as initial pH, initial murexide dye concentration, contact time, amount of adsorbent, pH, and temperature on murexide removal and recoveries was investigated. The results obtained in the adsorption experiments carried out at pH 2, 323 K, adsorbent dosage of 0.025 g, and dye concentration of 30 mg L−1 show that the interaction between the carbon materials and the dyes is enhanced with the acidity of the carbon surfaces. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Tempkin, and Freundlich isotherm equations and it was found that Langmuir is the best model for fitting the experimental data. The results of present model were also compared to pseudo-second-order and first-order model. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, activation energy, and sticking probability were also calculated. It was found that the adsorption of murexide onto SnO2-NP-AC was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Modification of the structural and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles by Co doping and thermal annealing

Enhancement of the UV photoluminescence emission of sol–gel synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles is achieved by a combination of thermal annealing and Co doping. The UV as well as the defect-related visible photoluminescence are correlated to the structural characteristics and surface Sn(OH)2 content. The nanoparticle structure, size, crystallinity, and Sn(OH)2 content are monitored by a combination of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. In the undoped powders, a suitable annealing leads to a significant UV luminescence at around 365 nm. After doping with Co and annealing, the UV emission is further enhanced. The improvement in the UV emission intensity following annealing and Co doping of SnO2 is demonstrated to be due to a reduction in the hydroxyl content. The defect-related broad visible photoluminescence (∼400–650 nm) can be deconvoluted into three bands at around 440 nm (blue), 510 nm (green), and 600 nm (orange). The green emission is related to Sn(OH)2 determined by Raman spectroscopy. The blue and orange emissions are attributed to oxygen vacancies.

Optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in water: Influence of laser ablation time duration and laser fluence

Abstract Colloidal tin oxide nanoparticles are prepared by laser (having a wavelength of 1064 nm) ablation of tin metallic target immersed in pure deionized water. The influences of laser ablation time and laser fluence on the size and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles are studied. Prepared tin oxide nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscope, selected area electron diffraction and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. The morphology of prepared tin oxide nanoparticles is found to be mostly spherical and with sizes in the nanometric range (mean radius of 3.2 to 7.3 nm). The measured UV–Visible absorption spectra show the presence of absorption peaks in the ultraviolet region. The band gap energy of samples prepared with different laser ablation time duration is calculated and is found to be increased with decrease in size (radius) of the prepared nanoparticles. Photoluminescence emission measurements at room temperature show that all the samples exhibit photoluminescence in the visible region. The peak photoluminescence emission intensity in the sample prepared with 50 min of laser ablation time is 3.5 times larger than that obtained in the sample prepared with 10 min of laser ablation time.