Properties Of Mild Steel Research Articles

Effect of low frequency vibration-assisted shielded metal arc welding on the properties of mild steel

Vibration-assisted welding (VAW) has emerged to be a feasible alternative to thermal and post-weld vibration treatments for arc welds in order to minimize stress concentrations and distortions thereby improving mechanical characteristics. Limited research is available considering low frequency vibration. The main objective is to develop an experimental setup to analyze the properties of welded connections made with shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) using low-frequency mechanical vibrations. Mild steel (MS) plates with dimensions of 100 mm by 50 mm and thickness of 5 mm are considered in this study. Heat inputs of 80 Amps, 100 Amps and 120 Amps were taken into consideration as input current. Vibration was varied between 0 and 100 Hz at every 20 Hz interval to study the Hardness, Tensile Strength and Impact Strength of welded joints. Microstructure of welded MS plates has been analyzed using SEM analysis. Experimental results revealed improved mechanical properties due to the application of low-frequency vibrations that may tend to increase the welding speed thus reducing time and enabling stronger, durable and reliable welded joints. A fine grain structure is seen for Low-frequency vibration-assisted welded butt joints implying improved mechanical properties due to excitation of weld pool.

Improvement in Properties of Mild Steel by Electrodeposition of Ni-Zn-Cu Alloys at Different Cu Contents

In this study, the effect of copper concentration was investigated on phase structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of Ni-Zn-Cu alloys coating. Ternary Ni-Zn-Cu alloys were prepared and deposited on a mild steel substrate by electrochemical deposition method. Four different baths were prepared by varying Cu concentration. The deposition was carried out for 20 min with constant current density of 20 mAcm-2 with pH of 3 under constant magnetic field of 4.5 mT to make the coating smooth. Crystal structure, surface morphology, hardness and mechanical properties of investigated alloy coatings were characterized. The results showed that crystal structure of the all the deposited alloys is face centered cubic. The lattice parameter is decreasing and morphology of the alloys changes from large nodules to smaller nodules with the increase in Cu concentration. Mechanical properties of substrate are improved by deposition of Ni-Zn-Cu alloys and thus mild steel will become more applicable in tooling, construction and transportation industries.

Exploration of the effect of Zn-MgO-UPP coating on hardness, corrosion resistance and microstructure properties of mild steel

This paper investigated the effect of unripe plantain peel (UPP) nanoparticles reinforced Zn-MgO composite coating on the hardness, anti-corrosion and microstructure properties of mild steel. The anti-corrosion characteristics of the coatings were examined using the potentiodynamic polarization method, employing 3.65 % NaCl solution as the test medium. The hardness of the coatings was studied employing the Brinell hardness technique, while the microstructure characteristics were examined using XRD and SEM/EDS. The results of the study revealed that the as-received mild steel sample exhibited the corrosion rate and hardness value of 8.6272 mm year-1 and 136.8 kgf mm-2, respectively, while the Zn-MgO coated mild steel sample exhibited a corrosion rate and hardness value of 242.5 kgf mm-2 and 3.6362 mm year-1, respectively. The optimal performing Zn-MgO-UPP coated mild steel sample (sample coated with 20 g L-1 of MgO and 6 g L-1 of UPP) exhibited a corrosion rate and hardness value of 0.8317 mm year-1 and 245.8 kgf mm-2, respectively. The corrosion rate and hardness value of the Zn-20MgO-6UPP coated mild steel sample indicated that the UPP nanoparticles further improved the passivating and strengthening ability of Zn-MgO coating. Moreover, the XRD profile of the coatings possessed high intensities, which indi­cat­ed that the coatings exhibit microstructural and chemical homogeneity, high stability and good texture. It was observed on the SEM micrographs that the Zn-MgO-UPP coating exhi­bited a more refined microstructure compared to the Zn-MgO coating, indicating the grain refining tendency of the UPP nanoparticles. The EDS further indicated the presence of essential and dispersion strengthening elements in the coatings.

Effects of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract on the mechanical properties of mild steel in acidic medium

The effect of Alchornea Cordifolia leaf extract on the mechanical properties of mild steel in acidic medium was studied using weight loss method. The first sample was not introduced to any medium. It served as the control1 sample. The second sample was introduced to a medium containing 0.2M Sulphuric acid solution in the absence of the Alchornea Cordifolia leaves extract for 21 days, while the third sample was immersed in a vessel containing 0.2M sulphuric2 acid and 0.5g/L of Alchornea Cordifolia leaves extract as an inhibitor for 21 days. Results obtained showed a substantial improvement on the mechanical properties of mild steel exposed to the medium with the inhibitor.
 Keywords: Mechanical Properties, Corrosion, Inhibition, Alchornea Cordifolia, Sulphuric acid

Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel by Magnetically Induced Electrodeposition of Ni-Zn Alloy

Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel by Magnetically Induced Electrodeposition of Ni-Zn Alloy

Electrochemical Study of Co-Deposited Zn-ZnO on ASTM A36 Mild Steel for Marine Application

Failure of components made from ASTM A36 mild steel, due to corrosion and biofouling, has been a global menace in recent times. This study aims at evaluating the biofouling—corrosion properties of mild steel by developing a protective thin film of Zn-ZnO composite to protect it. Two plates (40 × 20 × 2) mm3, of commercially obtained steel samples, were prepared in order using sulphate electrolyte for perfect homogenization at a stirring rate of 250 rpm, pH of 4.5, with a current density of 2 A/cm3. The developed composites were characterised using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) for structural evolution. Their electrochemical degradation behaviour of the composite coating was studied using coastal seawater from the Atlantic Ocean using the potentiodynamic polarization method. From the results, the resilient coherent structure of the Zn-ZnO composite provides uniform crystal grain particulates, which are stable and defect-free. The corrosion—biofouling progression shows a pitting-free surface and less corrosion rate of 3.21 mm/years. No doubt, the coating is predominantly stable and could be applied for biofouling and corrosion application.

Optimization of Investment Casting Parameters to Improve the Mechanical Properties by Taguchi Method

Investment casting is the most adaptable and durable manufacturing process dating back thousands of years, with a rapidly increasing application. It is used primarily for the development of complex components near net-shape. A wax pattern in the exact replica of the cast part is used here. When the mold has been formed, the wax pattern is melted out. For this purpose this process is called lost wax process. In this present study investment casting process parameter is optimized by using Taguchi approach to improve the mechanical properties of mild steel. A set of experiments were conducted as per Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array to determine the most influential control factors. For test the performance characteristics, orthogonal range, signal to noise ratio and variance analysis were used. Data values are obtained under the constraint of different process parameters like preheat temperature, pouring temperature, preheat time to investigate their effects on the surface hardness, tensile strength of the final results. The variations in the trend of the mechanical properties were observed. It was found that high mold preheat temperature, higher pouring temperature, maximum preheat time significantly reduce the mechanical properties of the castings.

STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF MULTIPASS WELDING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL ON SMAW JOINT

The modern industries are still relying on welding to join two metals by fusion between the base metal and the filler material. In this Research, the focus is the multi-pass welding, as this technique is used when it exceeds the limitations of two-pass welding technique and is widely used in the industry like oil and gas, constructions and productions. The study on the effects of multi-pass welding on the mechanical properties of mild steel on shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) joint will unravel a better understanding on multi-pass welding by different types of filler material and number of welding passes. The design of experiment (DOE) for this study is two-level ANOVA which will be an essential tool to determine the outcome of this study. In detail, two-level ANOVA technique is used where two types of electrodes (E6013 and E7016) and two different numbers of passes (3 passes and 5 passes). The base material for this study is mild steel as it has good weldability and the specimens will undergo tensile and hardness test in order to obtain experimental results. After all the results are taken, all data computed and analysed using full factorial design of experiment. The outcome of the multi-pass study can be concluded that there are significant differences in the factors that were analysed. The interaction between electrode and passes shows that the interaction is not parallel with each other. Tensile strength and hardness of welded metal however there are no differences in hardness when the passes increased. The results for Rockwell Hardness test shows that the highest hardness recorded is 83.69 HRG for 3 passes, while UTS recorded was 569.46 MPa for 5 passes, both using electrode E7016. Based on the response optimizer done with Full Factorial Design of Experiment, electrode E7016 is the ideal electrode used in this study for hardness and tensile

Effect of Epoxy/Al2O3/CeO2 Coating on Corrosion Rate and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel

In any industry like a power station, corrosion is a natural process that commonly happens and one of the problems that need to be considered. The example is in the underground pipeline where sea water is transported for cooling purposes. This study mainly on corrosion rate and mechanical properties of coating material on mild steel. Theoretically, Metal can get the higher rate of corrosion when exposed to the surrounding environment. Corrosion can cause to a lot of unwanted conditions, including failures in functions and higher maintenance cost as well as it is too risky for safety. The objective of this project is to study the corrosion rate and mechanical properties of the coating material of pure epoxy, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and cerium oxide (CeO2) on mild steel. Different composition of epoxy/ Al2O3/CeO2 coating tested on mild steel specimen. There is three experimental conduct which is a Gamry test for corrosion rate and impact and hardness test for mechanical tests. As a conclusion, the results from the tests show that the coated mild steel of Al2O3-CeO2-epoxy obtained the best value in term of corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.

Fractal modeling of the structure of low-carbon steel

. Introduction . The incompleteness of formal axiomatics in identifying the structure of many materials is a consequence of the complex geometric shape of its elements. For adequate approximation of the structure elements, it is not enough to use standard techniques that are based on Euclidean geometry. The use of the language of fractal geometry allows to partially eliminate the incompleteness of formal axiomatics through the use of fractal (fractional) dimensions. Materials and techniques . The object of the study was Ст3пс mild steel. The composition, structure and properties of steel are given. A method for calculating the fractal dimension developed by the authors is described. Results and its discussion . An algorithm is proposed for fractal modeling of the structure and properties of Ст3 low carbon steel, which is based on establishing the limits of self-similarity of the structure; calculation of the spectrum of dimensions of the elements of the structure; determining the sensitivity between the quality criteria of the metal and the dimensional characteristics of the structure; formalization of the results. Conclusions . The regularities of the influence of the fractal dimension of the Ст3 structure elements on the mechanical properties are established. The developed models make it possible to predict the properties of mild steel depending on the transformations of its microstructure due to the effects of heat treatment.

Finite element analysis of mild steel - rubber sandwich composite material

Composites are widely used in many industrial applications including civil engineering, automotive, marine, aviation, etc. Major applications of composites are its strength to weight ratio. The sandwich composites are multilayered materials made by bonding stiffness, high strength skin facings to low density core material. The main benefits of using the sandwich concept in structural components are the high stiffness and low weight ratios. These structures can carry in-plane and out-of-plane loads and exhibit good stability under compression, keeping excellent strength to weight and stiffness to weight characteristics. In the present paper, the properties of mild steel - rubber sandwich specimens with varying core thickness were evaluated using a three point bending test in ANSYS and the results were correlated and analyzed.

The Effect of Aggressive Corrosion Mediums on the Microstructure and Properties of Mild Steel

Mild steel is known to be one of the major construction materials and have been extensively used in most chemical and material industries due to its interesting properties which can be easily altered to suit various application areas. In this research, mild steel is exposed to different aggressive mediums in order to observe the effect of these interactions on its surface morphology and properties. The mild steel used was cut into dimensions of 7 cm length and width of 3 cm. The aggressive mediums used are 100 mls of aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide (40 g/L), and sodium chloride (35 g/L) at room temperature. The characterizations performed are the hardness test with the Rockwell hardness tester, the surface morphology by optical microscope, surface roughness and the weight loss from the immersion test. It was observed that the hardness value and the weight loss for the different cut samples of mild steel immersed in the different aggressive mediums reduces with prolong exposure and severe pitting form of corrosion was present on its surface.

THE EFFECTS OF PACK CARBURIZING USING CHARCOAL ON PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL

The aim of this research is to study the effects of pack carburizing using charcoal on properties of mild steel. The properties are represented by the results of microstructure, hardness test and tensile test. The carburizing process was conducted in the temperature of 930oC which is the austenite temperature of the mild steel. The source of carbon was charcoal. The specimens were held for 2, 3 and 4 hours at the carburizing temperature. The carbon content of the raw amterial was 0.17%. The raw material was hypoeutectoid steel with ferrite and pearlite phases in its microstructure. After the carburizing process, the microstructure can be divided into two zones e.i. case zone and core zone. The case zone consists of hypereutectoid, eutectoid, and hypoeutectoid sub-zone. The core zone is the same as raw material. The longer the holding time will result in the deeper the case zone and the stronger the material.

Influence of MIG Welding Process Parameters on Tensile Properties of Mild Steel.

Metal Inert Gas welding (MIG) is a widely used welding method for mild steel (low carbon steel) in industry due to its high weld quality, good penetration and comparatively low investment. It is an arc welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating the job with an electrical arc struck between a filler rod and the job. A Shielding gas (argon, carbon dioxide) is used to avoid atmospheric contamination of the molten weld pool. A filler material is added for joining the work piece by MIG welding. Many researchers investigated on different welding process parameters on mechanical & microstructural characteristics. Some researchers used the welding speed, welding current welding voltage, number of welding passes & work peace thickness for stainless steel, naval grade steel & aluminum. But the shielding gas flow rate & gas mixture also important factor which affects mechanical properties of mild steel. For this study, process parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and gas combination used in the range 170-210A, 13-17 Lit/min & 0-100 % of CO2 respectively. The material used E-250 grade mild steel with 12 mm thickness. The effect of the welding parameter is investigated by designing the experiments using central composite matrix. Using the data generated by the experimentation, an empirical relation is obtained for tensile strength. The optimum value of tensile strength 356 N/mm 2 is observed at 190A welding current, 15 Lit/min gas flow rate & 50% CO2+50% Argon gas combination. Index Terms —Co2 Welding, v-butt Welds, welding current, gas flow rate, Gas combination, Tensile strength.

Experimental Investigation of Effect of Fe-Cr-C based Hardfacing on Wear Properties of Mild Steel

Experimental Investigation of Effect of Fe-Cr-C based Hardfacing on Wear Properties of Mild Steel

Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)

In the present work the annealed mild steel was processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at different temperatures of 200, 250, 300 and 350 °C. The mild steel of 60 mm height and 12 mm diameter was ECAPed for two passes through 120° die channel and 20° corner angle. The microstructure was observed through an optical microscope, the fractions of ferrite, pearlite and grain size measurement were carried out. Mechanical testing such as Vickers hardness and tensile test were conducted for ECAPed samples and the properties were compared with base metal. Inter-critical annealing was carried out to get the better combination of strength and ductility.

Analysis of Mechanical Behavior and Microstructural Characteristics Change of ASTM A-36 Steel Applying Various Heat Treatment

In this study ASTM A-36 (mild steel) is selected as specimen for testing various mechanical properties and microstructure change. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics change of selected specimen are analyzed. Annealing, hardening and tempering are the most important heat treatment processes often used to change mechanical properties of engineering materials. The purpose of heat treating is to analyze the mechanical properties of the steel, usually ductility, hardness, Yield strength, tensile strength and impact resistance. The heat treatment develops hardness, softness, and improves the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and creep rupture. These processes also help to improve machining effect, and make them versatile. The mechanical properties can easily be modified by heat treating to suit a particular design purpose. In the present study, selected samples are heat-treated at certain temperature above the austenitic region and quenched in order to investigate the effect on the mechanical properties microstructure of the mild steel. The changes in mechanical behavior and microstructure as compared with unquenched samples are explained in terms of changes in tensile strength. Results showed that the mechanical properties of mild steel can be changed and improved by various heat treatments for a particular application.

Residual Properties of TMT Steel Bars after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures

AbstractMany reinforced concrete (RC) structures use thermomechanically treated (TMT) bars as reinforcement and are designed to withstand fire loads. Though the properties of mild steel at elevated temperatures have been extensively studied, there is little information available about how TMT bars are affected. An attempt is made here to study the effect of elevated temperature exposure on the metallographic characteristics and mechanical properties of TMT bars. Fe500 high-strength deformed TMT bars were exposed to peak temperatures up to 950°C for durations up to 240 min. The samples were then allowed to cool to room temperature in air before a microstructure examination and other tests (tensile behavior and hardness) were carried out. A temperature of approximately 500°C was found to be a “threshold” for the TMT bars, beyond which substantial damage was found to occur. It was found that in addition to temperature, the soaking period could also bring about 6–8% additional loss in strength. Exposure to el...

Improving the surface topography of mild steel with the burnishing process

Abstract The effects of burnishing and other conventional machining processes (grinding, reaming, drilling, turning, and honing) on the surface characteristic properties of mild steel were investigated and compared in terms of surface roughness, circularity (roundness), and cylindricity in this study. The effect of these processes on the microstructures was also examined to understand the relationship between the machining process and surface characteristic properties. All surface machining processes were performed under constant depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed rate. The highest hardness was obtained on the burnished surface. Experimental results also showed that the roller burnishing method is the most favorable post-machining process method for obtaining optimum surface topography on mild steel.

Effects of Heat Treatment on the Properties of Mild Steel Using Different Quenchants

This study was conducted in order to improve the mechanical properties o f mild steel materials used as bolts and studs in coupling agricultural machinery fo llo wing their frequent failure in service. Heat treat ment at 900 0 C for four hours was done and six specimens of each were then quenched with different media used as the major source of strength enhancement. The universal testing machine (UTM) was utilized for the various mechanical tests. The results of the tests showed positive changes in the strength properties of the mild steel material, in terms of h igh tensile strength, toughness, ductility and hardness. Water quenched specimen has the highest tensile strength (497.76N/ mm 2 ), hardness value (138.27), toughness (168.38) and bending at yield (749.49N/ mm 2 ). It also recorded the lowest ductility of 28.36% when co mpared with ductility values for other quenchants. These desirable qualit ies are needed for durability in service, especially for rugged agricultural operations like tillage. Water proved to be the best quenchant for ach ieving these desirable qualit ies among the quenching media used.