Properties Of Low-density Polyethylene Research Articles

Thermoluminescence and ATR-FTIR study of UVC-irradiated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging

This research aims to study the effects of ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging. Main objectives include evaluating LDPE degradation and detecting UVC radiation using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) placed under LDPE samples. Results confirm accurate UVC detection after one hour of exposure, providing a useful tool for optimize food treatment procedures.ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis revealed subtle alterations (<8 % transmittance relative) in UVC-irradiated LDPE samples, including possible CH breakage (2910 and 2848 cm−1) and potential CC bond vibrations (1470 cm−1), among others. However, observed variations may stem from LDPE properties rather than entirely from UVC radiation. A comparative study of UVC-induced thermoluminescence (TL) emissions provided insights into various TLDs materials. TL kinetic analysis, using computerised glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method, unveiled trap charge activation due to UVC exposure, including partial ionization, bleaching effect and photo-transfer (PTTL) processes. LDPE samples amplified UVC-TL responses, revealing intensity differences between the TLDs attributed to the PTTL process, accentuated by the lack of an annealing treatment. Additionally, chemical composition of the TL detectors such as, type, concentration, number, oxidation states and ionic radii of their dopants may influence UVC-TL response. Consequently, TL intensity ratios follow as: GR-200 (LiF: Mg, Cu, P) > TLD-100 (LiF: Ti, Mg) > TLD-400 (CaF2: Mn) > TLD-200 (CaF2: Dy). Thus, GR-200 detects ionizing radiation but cannot distinguish between ionizing and non-ionizing UVC radiation, while TLD-100 has limited effectiveness as a UVC radiation detector. In contrast, TLD-400 is suitable for detecting UVC radiation and TLD-200 emerges as the most favorable UVC detector, showing consistent response levels and minimal PTTL effect placed under the LDPE samples without the need of a thermal annealing treatment that makes the TLD-200 to be reusable in a low-cost measurement protocol.

Studying the Effect of Inulin on the Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene

Studying the Effect of Inulin on the Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene

Utilization of recycled concrete aggregates in LDPE-bonded cementless paver blocks

This study investigates the utilization of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-bonded, non-traffic cementless paver blocks. RCA is incorporated at varying percentages (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to replace virgin coarse aggregates. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and melt flow index (MFI) were performed to characterize the thermal and physical properties of LDPE. RCA was treated using a 2-phase treatment technique to incorporate its efficient utilization. Four types of LDPE-to-aggregate mixes, namely, A (1:2.5), B (1:3), C (1:3.5), and D (1:4), were prepared to determine the optimal ratio and the quality control parameters through trial mixes. Paver blocks were evaluated based on their compressive strength, density, water absorption, and thermal strength stability. The results indicate that performing a double-treatment on RCA, optimized mix ratios, and identifying quality control parameters enhances the overall performance of paver blocks. A 35 MPa strength is achieved with 75% replacement, 1:3.5 LDPE-to-aggregate ratio, 30:70 coarse to fine aggregate ratio, and 50 mm depth, with a melt mixing temperature of 180–210°C. Microstructure analysis reveals a strong inter-transition zone (ITZ) for 75% replacement. The ANOVA, followed by a post-hoc analysis, was performed to validate the significance of these results.

Polymer Composites of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) with Elongated Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Particles of Different Shapes

Due to the intensive search for new types of advanced polymer materials for targeted applications, this work offers insight into the properties of low-density polyethylene/hematite composites. The specific feature of this study lies in the use of elongated hematite particles of different shapes. Uniform ellipsoid-, peanut- and rod-shaped hematite particles were hydrothermally synthesized and incorporated into the polymer matrix of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE/hematite composites are prepared by melt mixing. Hematite particles are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The pure LDPE polymer and LDPE/hematite composites were studied by FT-IR and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The determination of the mechanical and barrier properties was also carried out. The obtained results indicate the influence of the elongated particles on the improvement of LDPE properties. An increase in thermal stability and UV-absorption was observed as well as the improvement of mechanical and barrier properties. The improvement of the composites’ properties in comparison to the pure LDPE is especially visible in the composites prepared with low content of hematite (0.25%). LDPE/hematite composites have promising characteristics for application as packaging materials with enhanced mechanical, thermal and barrier properties as well as UV-protective materials.

Utilization of Silybum marianum extract as a high-performance natural antioxidant for polyethylene

In this study, Silybum marianum extract powder was introduced into low density polyethylene (LDPE) as a primary polyphenolic antioxidant via melt blending method. Two synthetic and commercial polyphenol- and phosphite-based antioxidants (Irganox® 1010 and Irgafos® 168) were also used for comparing the antioxidant efficiency and performance of Silybum marianum extract with commercial ones. A systematic formulation study was achieved by varying the amount of Silybum marianum extract in the range of 0.1–1.0 wt% and the primary:secondary antioxidant ratio. Antioxidant efficiency of Silybum marianum extract was quantified with the oxygen induction time (OIT) and oxidation onset temperature values determined by thermal analysis in a differential scanning calorimeter depending on the compositional variations. Some physical properties of specimens such as transparency, color coordinates, contact angle, and degree of crystallinity values were also examined. It was found that 0.2 wt% of Silybum marianum extract and 0.2 wt% of Irgafos® 168 loaded sample showed an OIT value of 22 min. at 210 °C that could be regarded as a very successful commercial potential. Increasing amount of Silybum marianum extract and Irgafos® 168 significantly improved the oxidation stability of polyethylene under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It was also found that introducing Silybum marianum extract, even the loading content of 1.0 wt%, did not alter the transparency and physical properties of LDPE. It has been concluded that Silybum marianum extract can be successfully used as a natural antioxidant in polyolefins and these samples could be used in packaging film applications.Graphical

Biomass fly ash as nanofiller to improve the dielectric properties of low-density polyethylene for possible high-voltage applications

Flexible capacitive energy storage applications require polymer nanocomposites with high dielectric properties, which can be accomplished by addition of inorganic nanofillers to the polymer matrix. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), known for its good dielectric characteristics and wide use in electrical insulation have been investigated for the desired applications. However, the improvement of its breakdown strength still continues with the use of various nanomaterials employed as nanofillers. In this study, a waste-derived material known as biomass fly ash (BFA) as a nanofiller to improve the dielectric properties of LDPE has been explored. BFA exhibits versatility in its composition with various metal oxides, making it an attractive choice as a nanofiller. The BFA-LDPE sheets were prepared using a conventional solvent mixing and subsequent hot-pressing process, incorporating BFA loadings ranging from 1 % to 4 wt%. The effects of different BFA loadings were carefully examined, and the synthesized nanocomposites were extensively characterized using various characterization methods, such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA and dielectric constant measurements, to investigate the crystallographic properties, morphology, chemical composition, and thermal stability. Among all the nanocomposites, 4 wt%BFA-LDPE exhibited the highest dielectric constant, with a value of 11.58, compared to simple LDPE that had a dielectric constant of 8.33. This improvement is ascribed to the synergistic effects of different inorganic metal oxides (SiO2, MgO, and Fe2O3) present in BFA. The results showed a significant enhancement in dielectric properties, indicating that the waste-derived BFA can be purposefully applied as an effective nanofiller in the LDPE-based composites with even less than 4% loading for electrical insulating applications in future studies.

Effects of interfacial interactions on structural, optical, thermal degradation properties and photocatalytic activity of low-density polyethylene/BaTiO3 nanocomposite

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) filled low density polyethylene (LDPE), (LDPE)100−x/(BaTiO3)x (where x = 0, 2, 4, 6 and 10) nanocomposites are prepared via a solvent-free melt-mixing method. The effects of nano-sized BaTiO3 (nBT) on the structural, optical and thermal degradation properties of LDPE are investigated to address the qualitative interfacial interaction effects due to the spatial distribution of nBT particles in the LDPE matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm the uniform dispersion of nBT nano-fillers in the LDPE polymer matrix. The crystallite size of LDPE increases with increasing the nBT content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicate the enhancement in interfacial physical interactions between the polymer and nano-fillers with increasing nano-filler content. The band gap energy of the nanocomposites decreases with increasing nano-filler content, which suggests chemical imperfections close to the interfaces. DSC results depict higher Tm values for the composites which is attributed to the heterogeneous nucleating effects of the nBT particles. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicate an increase in the decomposition temperature (TD), thermal stability and good dispersibility probability of nBT with increasing nBT. The photocatalytic decomposition of MB is highest (73.52%) for the 10% nBT incorporated LDPE nanocomposite sample. These results correlate with the effect of the interfacial interactions between the nBT fillers and the LDPE polymer matrix.

Effect of Modification with a Biocide Containing Metal Nanoparticles on Selected LDPE Properties

In this work, the physicomechanical, chemical and thermal properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) modified with a biocide containing metal nanoparticles: nanoAg, nanoCu, and nanoFe2O3 were examined. The presented studies, apart from the previously proven antimicrobial effectiveness, have shown that the application of the biocide in concentrations of 0.5% and 1% has the least influence on the remaining properties. In the remaining concentrations (2–5%), despite the lack of significant influence on the chemical structure, the biocide primarily influenced the strength properties and melt flow rate (MFR). Previous research showed almost 100% antimicrobiological properties against bacteria and fungi of samples with the addition of 4% biocide. For such samples, the presented studies showed a decrease in MFR by approx. 17%, tensile strength at break by approx. 45%, an increase in elongation at breaking by approx. 25%, a decrease in density &gt;2%, no increase in water absorption, and no significant changes in the chemical structure and in thermal properties in relation to LDPE without biocide.

Study the effect of adding olefin powder extracted on the mechanical properties of low density of polyethylene (LDPE)

The Study of the Effect of oyster from the Caspian Sea on the Mechanical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE), which is manufactured in the General state company of petrochemical industries, Basra, as function of the percentages of oysters extracted from the Caspian Sea in Iran (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% ), at particular size. ( 250 m) were investigated through several variables, such as strength, and elongation. The obtained results were appeared that the added oyster act to reduce the spaces between the polymer chains, which reflects the high ability of the polymer against the applied stress, and a high degree of homogeneity between the host polymer and the added fillers, and this increase will give further property that increase the hardness of theprepared specimens, the results lead to that the strength at both break will be affected little till the percentage (2%) which reflects the increase in the ductile of the polymer grafted with oyster and wide range of the application for this polymer .

Important modifications in dielectric properties of LDPE after contact with some foods

We analyzed the dielectric properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) grad (LA071) materials after different time intervals of contact with apple, pineapple, mango, and cow’s milk. Cole–Cole plots show the distribution of relaxation, depending on the time of contact and the type of food. Furthermore, chemical processes between LDPE and foods lead to significant changes in the dielectric properties of LDPE samples, relying on contact time and food type. In our study, contact with cow’s milk causes the most LDPE degradation, whereas contact with mango causes the least LDPE degradation. It is suggested that dielectric measurements be used as indicators of LDPE degradation and some other defects.

Synergy of low-and high-density polyethylene in a binder system for powder injection molding of SiC ceramics

Powder injection molding enables the complex shape molding of SiC. The strength of a green body is one of the most important properties in injection molding. Due to the long heating time, the thermal debinding of the wax-based binder in powder injection molding is usually a very energy-consuming process. In this study, the synergy of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in a wax-based binder was designed for SiC ceramics prepared by powder injection molding. The microstructure, mechanical properties and rheological properties of the sample were studied. The results demonstrated that the best ratio of adding LDPE to the binder was 6 wt%. A combination of LDPE and HDPE reduced the sensitivity coefficient and viscosity of the feedstock, which improved the uniformity of the green body. When 6 wt% LDPE was added to the binder, the tensile properties, impact properties and bending properties of the green body increased by 22%, 19% and 25%, respectively. The heating time of the thermal debinding was shortened by 40%, which greatly reduced the energy consumption. Based on the properties of LDPE, the theoretical model of thermal debinding analysis was performed. The short and branched chain of LDPE refines the microstructure of HDPE and provides more exhaust channels for thermal debinding. The compound binder in this work may also be used in the injection molding of other materials.

Uniaxial stretching and shape memory behavior of branched amorphous polyethylene

The current work investigates the effects of branching and temperature on the mechanical properties and shape memory properties of branched polyethylene. The results show that the mechanical properties of low density polyethylene are strongly influenced by the length, number and temperature of the branched chains. The lower the temperature, the lower the modulus of elasticity. When the length is longer and the number is smaller, the stress in the hardening phase is higher. For shape memory properties, we found that the fewer and shorter the branched chains, the better the shape memory properties, and the shape memory behavior can promote the repolymerization and crystallization of the structure, which will cause the enhancement of stress hardening.

Bactericidal Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Modified with Commercial Additives Used for Food Protection in the Food Industry

This study investigated the influence of commercially available food preservatives: Natamax® (containing natamycin) and Nisaplin® (containing nisin) on the antimicrobial properties of LDPE film, commonly used for food packaging. Studies have shown that the addition of 3% Natamax® or, alternatively, the addition of 5% Nisaplin® provides an LDPE film with effective antimicrobial protection. The applied biocides did not significantly affect the strength and rheological properties of LDPE. However, differences in optical properties were observed. The transparency of the samples decreased slightly with the addition of 3% or 5% Natamax® (by approx. 1% and 3%, respectively). A significant change was observed in the film haze, the addition of 5% Natamax® increased this parameter by approx. 80%, while 5% Nisaplin® increased it by approx. 19%. Both Natamax® and Nisaplin® agents can be successfully used to manufacture food packaging materials with antimicrobial protection. Natamax® showed a stronger bactericidal effect, while Nisaplin® changed other properties less significantly.

Nanostructural and Nanomechanical Properties of LDPE-Modified Binders

The main objective of this study is to explore the effects of various asphalt binder modifiers, including styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), elemental sulfur, reactive ethylene terpolymer (Elvaloy), and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) polymers on the nanostructural and nanomechanical (elastic and viscoelastic) properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-modified binders. The study also aims to investigate the effect of aging on the nanoproperties of such blends. To this end, we used the PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (PFQNM) test and the nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis (nDMA) test by means of atomic force microscopy. We further utilized the nanoscale results to better understand and interpret the bulk scale properties obtained using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The nDMA results indicated an increase in stiffness and an enhancement in the elastic behavior of the blends after modification. Moreover, the blends exhibited a stiffer and more elastic behavior at the nanoscale when compared with the bulk DSR test results. Using Elvaloy and Elvaloy+PPA greatly enhanced the bond between LDPE and the binder. Both blends also showed resistance to heat-induced polymer separation and aging. Furthermore, the addition of SBS+sulfur enhanced LDPE dispersion within the binder. It was demonstrated that the use of elemental sulfur showed high efficacy in stabilizing LDPE-modified binders by inducing physical interaction between LDPE and the binder. Lastly, we concluded that the nanoscale measurements are very useful in understanding the local interactions, explaining the main aspects of the response at the bulk scale, and in the design of asphalt blends with improved properties.

Effects of Filler Content and Compatibilizers on the Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/Thermoplastic Potato Starch (TPS) Blend Composite

Effects of Filler Content and Compatibilizers on the Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/Thermoplastic Potato Starch (TPS) Blend Composite

Enhancement in Electrical and Thermal Properties of LDPE with Al2O3 and h-BN as Nanofiller.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has excellent dielectric properties and is extensively used in electrical equipment. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is similar to a graphite-layered structure, and alumina fiber (Al2O3) has high-temperature resistance and a strong performance. Herein, we prepared Al2O3-h-BN/LDPE nanocomposites by using LDPE as the matrix material and h-BN and Al2O3 as the fillers. The influence of different doping contents and the mass ratio of Al2O3 and h-BN (1:1) to LDPE on the electrical properties and thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites was examined. The results showed that the suppression effect on space charge was the most obvious and average. The charge density was the lowest and had the minimum decay rate when the doping content was 2%. The breakdown strength of the film reached the maximum value of 340.1 kV/mm, which was 12.3% higher than that of the pure LDPE (302.8 kV/mm). The thermal diffusivity of the composite sample was also higher than that of the single h-BN-doped sample when the content of h-BN and Al2O3 was 7%. The thermal conductivity was 59.3% higher than that of the pure LDPE sample and 20% higher than that of h-BN/LDPE.

Oil-Based Mud Waste as a Filler Material in LDPE Composites: Evaluation of Mechanical Properties.

Traditionally, the drilling waste generated in oil and gas exploration operations, including spent drilling fluid, is disposed of or treated by several methods, including burial pits, landfill sites and various thermal treatments. This study investigates drilling waste valorisation and its use as filler in polymer composites. The effect of the poor particle/polymer interfacial adhesion bonding of the suspended clay in oil-based mud (OBM) slurry and the LDPE matrix is believed to be the main reason behind the poor thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/OBM slurry nanocomposites. The thermo-mechanical and mechanical performances of LDPE)/OBM slurry nanocomposites without the clay surface treatment and without using compatibilizer are evaluated and discussed. In our previous studies, it has been observed that adding thermally treated reclaimed clay from OBM waste in powder form improves both the thermal and mechanical properties of LDPE nanocomposites. However, incorporating OBM clay in slurry form in the LDPE matrix can decrease the thermal stability remarkably, which was reported recently, and thereby has increased the interest to identify the mechanical response of the composite material after adding this filler. The results show the severe deterioration of the tensile and flexural properties of the LDPE/OBM slurry composites compared to those properties of the LDPE/MMT nanocomposites in this study. It is hypothesised, based on the observation of the different test results in this study, that this deterioration in the mechanical properties of the materials was associated with the poor Van der Waals force between the polymer molecules/clay platelets and the applied force. The decohesion between the matrix and OBM slurry nanoparticles under stress conditions generated stress concentration through the void area between the matrix and nanoparticles, resulting in sample failure. Interfacial adhesion bonding appears to be a key factor influencing the mechanical properties of the manufactured nanocomposite materials.

Modification of the used up polymeric materials and investigation thof e properties of the materials obtained

The sources of scientific literature on the research have been investigated, various approaches to the processing and modification of polymers have been analyzed, and the main direction of the study has been identified. The changes in the properties of thin layers of industrially produced low-density polyethylene (LDPE) grades 10803-20 and 16603-01operating01 operating under different climatic conditions have been studied having, and it has been determined that changes with different intensities occur in the structure and in this connection in the physical and mechanical properties of LDPE that was in operation at different time intervals and in different climatic conditions of the Absheron Peninsula and the Aran region: melt flow index of polymer alloy, tensile strength at break, relative extension, and values of the indicator sreredeteriorate ing. sreredeteriorate. Inpolymerm,samplareasis formed 24,2 – 28,6% of the insoluble phase and as a result of oxidation up to  12,3 – 16,8�rbonyl, HDD,,ox,y,l and other functional groups. Keywords: Polyethylene, Modification, Mineral Filler, Physical and Mechanical Properties, Waste, Ecology

Quantifying time-dependent structural and mechanical properties of UV-aged LDPE power cables insulations.

This paper reports effects of ultraviolet (UV) light radiation on the physicochemical, electrical and mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) cable insulating materials. Changes in structural and morphological properties of UV-aged samples were characterized by various analytical methods such as attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, elongation at break, tensile strength, dielectric strength, and optical properties were also evaluated. Changes in some physical properties of LDPE after exposing to UV irradiation clearly highlighted that the polymer underwent the structural degradation. In addition, it was also found that such degradation yielded both crosslinking and chain scission as two competing processes during UV aging.

Effect of Ground Tire Rubber on Mechanical Properties of Low Density Polyethylene

This research explores the effect of ground tire rubber (GTR) on the mechanical properties of LDPE. This thermoplastic-elastomer blend sets the composition of ground tire rubber and low-density polyethylene (LDPE/GTR). The blend was prepared in different proportions and was processed in a compression molding machine. The optimum operating conditions of the blend set to be 220℃ temperature and pressure varied from 150-200 bars. Different parts per hundred rubber (phr) samples were obtained under these conditions, including 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, 4 phr, and 5 phr. After that, the mechanical properties of the blend were examined concerning various compositions. Different testing methods were used to determine the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic-elastomer blend, which include tensile strength, flexural strength, and Izod impact. The results obtained from these tests show that tensile strength and modulus decreases by increasing the rubber content. However, impact strength and percentage elongation increase by increasing the rubber content. This enhancement in impact and percentage elongation may be suitable for the applications in gymnasium mat and automobile industry.